مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 61 (زمستان 1399)

Today, due to Population increase, planning and evaluation of ecological potential of land are considered as factors of sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to determine the land use and priority of cultivation for olive, peach and citrus products. The study region with an approximate area of 16500 hectares is located in the city of Khodaafarin . Geomorphologically, lands are located in plain (Alluvial, Flood, Piedmont) and Alluvial fan. In order to achieve the goals of 11 land units (Represents 11 dominant soil series), which differed in terms of characteristics affecting the growth of selected products, they were isolated. Based on the climate outcomes, the area is nonsuitable for olive and citrus cultivation and it is very suitable for peach, and the most important soil limitations for growth, is slope in the hillside, flood plumbing, lime and coarse fragment. Estimates of suitability classes by various FAO methods showed that the Square root method relative to the Storie is relatively more favorable, because the index of the calculated area with this method has more correlation with the actual production. It seems that the reason for this is to consider the interactions between the effective features of product performance and the use of the Liebig's law of the minimum, and placing the least feature outside of the radical. The Peach utilization type is introduced as the most suitable product considering the climatic conditions and the characteristics of landscape and soil in the study area and it's in the Cultivate priority.

In this research, we have used images of eight and seven Landsat, topography and geology maps, hydrological and field data. First, in order to investigate the hydrological changes in the study area, the data between the two Abgarm and Firouzabad stations, using the 27 hydrologic indicators, was investigated. In the next step, the t-test was used to analyze the significance of hydrologic changes. Then, using water indicators, the river route was extracted from satellite imagery. In the next step, the river was divided into four intervals and eight routes, and river geomorphology parameters including curvature coefficient, central angle and sinusoidal coefficient of path were measured.According to the results of this study, the construction of the Givi dam and its associated implications have exacerbated the hydrological changes followed by river morphological changes. The maximum effect of dam construction was on maximum flow changes, which decreases peak flow after water absorption, and decreases the amount of sediment input downstream in the second interval by sediment trapping by Givi dam. Therefore, reducing the sediment load increases the transfer capacity by the outlet water from the dam, resulting in increased wear and tear strength and substrate digging in the second interval. In the third interval, the erosion is increasing, leading to the formation and development of the meander pattern. In the fourth interval and at a distance from the dam, the depth and width of the bed decreases due to sedimentation.

Identifying effective mechanisms and urban expansion forces is an important step for better understanding of the spatial pattern, process and consequences of urban expansion   that it is essential for planning and urban growth policies and sustainable urban development. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the factors affecting on sprawl of the city of Ahvaz. This research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of objective, applied analytic. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. Fuzzy Delphi technique was used in two stages for reaching a group consensus among experts (20 expert). Based on the results of the research, the factors affecting the urban sprawl of Ahvaz include are Lack of integrated urban management, Government policies in the housing sector, urban development plans, natural population growth, migration, construction laws, lifestyle changes, integration of peripheral villages, decline and deterioration central textures, natural environment of the city, the abundance of land, the price difference of land, personal ownership of the car, access to roads, cheap fuel, public transportation, Land speculation, personal preferences of individuals, zoning regulations, inefficient planning and management, economic justification of urban residences, increasing poverty, Steel industry, universities and higher education institutions, the existence of military lands within the city, the conflict between the interests of the public sector and the municipality, the issue of land ownership in the city, land exchange, railways, Karoon River, settlements and institutional homes, Expensive and shortages of housing for low-income groups administrative corruption, informal settlements, taxes, municipal income, Separation of uses, ambiguity in laws and regulations, change in the use of agricultural land, ethnicity, oil facilities, underground water , climate, conflict between the interests of the municipality and the private sector and the bridges.

This research aimed to analyze effective factors on the adoption of agricultural insurance by palm growers in Iranshahr County. Descriptive-correlation study and survey technique were used. The study population consisted of 3000 date palm growers. The sample size was estimated 345 based on Cochran formula. Cluster random sampling method was used to select samples, in which 180 adopters of agricultural crop insurance and 165 of non-adopters were selected from 15 villages. Data were gathered by questionnaire. Questionnaire validity was confirmed by faculty members and experts of agricultural bank and insurance company of Iranshahr County. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cranach’s alpha coefficient (α=0.8). The results showed that adopters of agricultural insurance have a higher level of education, production, favorable attitude towards agricultural insurance, prospective, risk acceptance, awareness about insurance and commitment to the agricultural bank than the non-adopters. Furthermore, their palm trees are older than non-adopters. Furthermore, those who did not adopt agricultural insurance have more experience in date cultivation and more distance between homes to the agricultural bank. Results of fitting model of logistic regression analysis revealed that the adoption of agricultural insurance can be explained based on nine variables including acquaintance of insurance expert, involvement in non-farm occupation, attitude towards agricultural insurance, number of people under patronage, awareness about insurance, risk acceptability, age, distance from the agricultural bank and amount of the debt to the bank.

The fundamental goal of development has been growth and elevation of humanity in all aspects; and existence of spatial inequality in different economic, social and skeletal aspects, etc. are signs of non-development. Regions known as developed regions now have high economic and social indices; distribution of income and facilities in these regions is also fairer. Objective of this survey is to study and analyze challenges and opportunities ahead of achieving sustainable development in the villages of mountainous regions and plain regions around the city of Gorgan; and for this purpose, two methods of library research and field study (researcher-made questionnaire) were used. The statistical population was the villages in the central part of Gorgan including 4 mountainous villages and 7 villages in the plains with 5145 families in them; and the sample size was achieved as 358 families by the use of Cochrane’s formula. In order to measure the research variables, independent t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used. The results achieved from these tests showed significant difference with up to 99% confidence between most of the economic, skeletal, and social indices between the villages of mountainous and plain regions subjected to this study. It showed the challenging situation of non-development and grave differences in the villages of mountainous regions and plain regions in terms of their levels of facilities. Improving rural roads and collecting fresh water in mountainous areas; It is also suggested to pay attention to the conversion and complementary industries of the agricultural s

Understanding the status of discharge and sediment of watersheds area provides an understanding of the hydrological processes. Uniform assuming of discharge and sediment in a watershed leads to the application of unit planning and management for the entire watershed and leads to a failure to achieve the goals. The present study was conducted with the aim of studying spatial variations and zoning of discharge and sediment values in Ardabil province during 10 years (2005-2014) at 37 stations with hydrometry in Ardabil province. IDW interpolation methods, simple kriging, ordinary kriging and cokrigring were investigated to determine the best method for studying spatial variaions, discharge and sediment variables. Based on the results of the evaluation indices of IDW (RMSE=1.172, MAE=0.644, MBE=-0.2, MSE=1.373) and cokriging (RMSE=0.107, MAE=0.08, MBE=-0.001, MSE=0.011) and the correlation coefficient between measured and estimated values by IDW (r=0.429) and cokriging (r=0.554) respectively, as the best method for evaluating the discharge and sediment variables were chosen. Based on the results of the IDW method, the amount of digestion in the Western parts of Ardabil province is greater (4.84-5.8 m3/s), and in the central section, this amount is the lowest (0.04-1 m3/s). According to the results of the interpolation of the sediment variable with the cokrigring method in the Western and Southern parts of Ardabil province with a higher amount of sediment (0.16-0.19 ton/ha/year) and in the central parts of the sediment deposition (0.01-0.04 ton/ha/year).

Rural development requires attention to the cultural, economic and social conditions as well amenities and capacities of rural areas. Implementing the development strategies in each region will fail without considering these issues. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize development strategies in rural areas of Asadabad. Therefore, this research was carried out through two stages using qualitative-quantitative method and a questionnaire-based protocol. The statistical population of this study was 45 rural development organizations’ experts and rural informants in Asadabad County to identify the strategies and 8 experts to prioritize these strategies, which were selected through purposeful (Typical Case) sampling method. First, strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of development in rural areas were identfied using SWOT technique. Then, rural development strategies were prioritized based on Analytic network process (ANP) analysis. The results showed that the "government's financial support from farmers to buy new equipment for rural and agricultural development by providing low-interest credit facilities and long-term repayment" strategy was ranked as first priority. The second and third important rural development strategies were:"diversification of villagers' income and recruitment of educated young people through investing on agriculture, tourism and agricultural processing industries " and "Formation of farmers' union or cooperatives (farmers' network) to increase agricultural productivity and farmers’ bargaining power as well the sale of agricultural products and handicrafts". Given that diversification strategies have been placed in higher priority, it is suggested that investment on rural off-farm activities like handicrafts and tourism as well agricultural processing indestries be increased.

Urban sprawl, in particular in small and medium-sized urban areas with economies based on agriculture and livestock, has clear economic impacts. This trend in North Khorasan province has significantly changed the integrated and traditional agricultural land use pattern. This province is located in northeastern Iran, and it is a relatively rural province. The main benefit of such an approach is helping rural stakeholders to assess urbanization patterns at the scale of the prospect and determine their real consequences. For this purpose, this study attempts to discuss this issue using the descriptive and analytical method. The required data from satellite images of 1972, 1992, and 2012 and comprehensive designs were obtained. The collected data, are examined according to the seven common indicators in sprawl research (all aevelopment, low intensity development, all development clumpy, low intensity development, impervious per capita clumpy, density change, and population change) and in order to give more tangible results, the indicators are combined together and the main analyses were analyzed with this combined index.The results show that not only the urban sprawl rate in this province is at a significant level (from less than -6/311 to more than +4/974), but the economic effects of this trend have also greatly affected the income and employment of residents in rural areas and in fact, the negative consequences of this trend are heavy on the villagers, rather than being imposed on the city population in the form of transportation costs and urban infrastructure.

Karst is a result of numerous processes that occur in limestone areas and different climatic, geological and hydrological conditions and its effects in various shapes, such as pits and caves in the ground and underground. We in this article study due to the vast area of the region and the lithology dispersion of lime in various altitudes. Based on documents such as geological maps 1: 100000, the digital model of elevation with a power of 12.5 m and topographic maps of 1: 50,000. The first of the karstic forms Located in Zagros in the Arc GIS software and required data was extracted using Mapper Global, Google Earth software, and their dispersion analyzed in terms of height, seams and cracks (faults) and Excel. The results of the dispersion of karst shapes and complications relative to height indicate. They the density of the forms at different altitude levels has increased with increasing elevation. Their frequency in the upper classes is several times higher than the lower classes, and the dispersion of the karstic forms concerning the distance from the fault shows that all types of karst except Hum, without exception, have the highest density at a distance of fewer than 20 kilometers from of the failure. The dispersion of these forms, including Doline and caves at that space, indicates that Karst's evolution increases according to the gaps and the dissolution process, especially in the deep karst, increases.

Today, Awareness of the spatial structure of cities and the reasons that dominate its spatial development in different periods is necessary to control its expansion. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the development of the physical-spatial structure of Qom city with the approach of Perspective studies. The present research is aimed at applying a combination of exploratory and exploratory methods based on a perspective approach that has been implemented using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The method of data collection is library and field studies. In this research, structural analysis and Delphi technique have been used. The software used in this study is MIC MAC software and ARC GIS software. Based on the structural analysis model, 38 indicators were identified and evaluated in 6 groups of variables based on previous studies and experts' opinions. The results of the system analysis indicated that the level of influence of physical and Political – managerial variables is far more than their effectiveness, and in fact they were recognized as the most important variables affecting the physical and spatial development of Qom. On the other hand, among its indices, the indices of converting the city of Qom to the province in 1996 and promoting the city of Qom to the provincial capital, the prosperity of trade and the formation of the market and its expansion, and government policies and urban laws and regulations were identified as the most important indicators.

Today, one of the ways to save villages from poverty, migration, social and economic problems, is to develop tourism in rural tourism-prone areas. According to this, the present study seeks to analyze tourism strategies in the development of rural areas of Sarbaz county using the set of internal factors (strength, weakness) and the set of external factors (opportunity, threat). The present research is descriptive-analytical of survey type and method of work based on the combined model of SWOT strategic analysis and QSPM strategic planning model. Devices related to tourism) and the Internet. The results of SWOT model show that the study area, despite its strengths such as natural attractions (forest, river cover), tropical fruits, agricultural products and the existence of various wildlife, especially Iranian crocodiles, as well as the basic barriers to non-existence. Government planning and investment in this area, the inadequacy and inadequacy of health and service facilities, and the inadequacy of environmental and physical infrastructure as a weak point. According to these studies, research results show that the right strategy to achieve tourism development in rural areas is in an aggressive position. In this study, the prioritization table of QSPM selected strategies was also formed, among which the strategy of emphasizing natural tourism and ecotourism has a high priority over other strategies due to the existence of relative advantages in the region.

Today, tourism has become one of the factors influencing the socio-economic and cultural development of societies. It is also one of the sectors that can be valued significantly when it comes to planning and paying attention to the economic benefits it can bring to the employment of a large part of the unemployed. Urban tourism, which is one of the sub-sectors of tourism, has recently been the focus of planners and trustees. In the meantime, Ardebil city has and always welcomes a large number of domestic and foreign tourists, due to its historical background and its potential and actual potential. Therefore, conducting extensive studies and up-to-date studies in order to evaluate the tourism status of Ardabil city and identifying its tourism areas in order to optimally manage tourism affairs in this city is an important and necessary issue. Therefore, in the present study, using descriptive-analytical research methods and tools such as GPS and ARCGIS software and Vikor, AHP and Fuzzy models, the zoning and identification of tourism areas in Ardabil has been done. The results of the present analysis indicate that the central core of Ardebil city with the axis of the Balchaychay River and Shurabil Lake and in the northeast-southwest direction, has high potential for attracting tourists. has it. In fact, these areas can be named as the dominant tourist center of Ardabil. A place marked by an extraordinary concentration of historical, tourism and leisure attractions. In fact, it can be said that the tourism area of ​​Ardebil and the areas with high tourist attraction were a function of the central and historical core of Ardebil and the Adjara River and the Shurabil Lake. This has led to the over-concentration of tourism elements in the vicinity of these elements.