نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 128 (پاییز 1399)

Increasing crop production to meet the food needs of a growing population of the world has needed for many (Barea, 2015). Intensive agriculture is a farming system characterized by a large use of inputs (chemical fertilizers and pesticides), causing a large pressure on the environment. Today, the current agricultural ecosystems due to the limited arable land and the need for products produced in most communities increase agricultural systems leading to unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers (Scotti et al., 2015). The use of chemical fertilizer: nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), potash (K2O) in 2014-year ad around the world to 85.5, 32.2 and 20.4 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively. In comparison with year 2000 (Within 14 years), 64.9, 25.9 and 18.2 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively: 31.7, 28.1 and 12 % it has increased (FAO, 2015). The enhance health and food security, agricultural products produced in systems in order to maintain the dynamics of ecosystems, crops based on ecological principles is important. Unbalanced and inconsiderate use of chemical inputs cause instability in agricultural ecosystems and irreparable economic and environmental effects as agriculture is known around the world. Sustainable agriculture with a view to achieving sustainable production and sustainability in the long term, the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs in agricultural production is based. Biological fertilizers contain preservatives with a dense population of beneficial soil microorganisms one or more and or metabolic products are available to improve soil fertility and appropriate supply of nutrients needed by plants in a sustainable farming system used and Global approach to agricultural production Toward Production and use of these microorganisms in the arable system.

This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season of 2016 at the experimental field of Beiran Shahr town of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 31' E, 33° 40' N and 1653m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of three factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal M (Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mossea) in tow levels (M1= inoculation, M2= no inoculation), 2. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 15) A, in tow levels (A1= inoculation, A2= no inoculation) and 3. Different Cultivars of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three levels (V1: landrace beiran shahr, V2: Akhtar and V3: Goli varieties). Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta. The Protein percent was carried out by Macro–Kjeldahl method and for measuring Root colonization, Gridline Intersect methods were used.

The results showed that the main effect of biological fertilizer, leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content, root colonization, seed protein percent, seed yield and straw yield in the red bean cultivars were significantly increased, and as well as the tow interacation effect of the mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, root colonization were significantly increased. Based on variance analysis effects of triple action between Azotobacter×Mycorrhiza×Cultivars there were observed significant (P≤0.05) for seed yield. So that caused inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×Cultivars, to seed yield in landrace beiran shahr, Akhtar and Goli varieties increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent compared to ttreatment non inoculation, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×varieties Goli (2981 kg. ha-1) plants with progressive indeterminate growth type.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the studied traits of Red Bean cultivars were influenced by used biological fertilizer. It seems that the use of biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) through better root and shoot growth, the balance between vegetative and reproductive development and improvement of leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content and root colonization, could bean cultivars to significantly increase of economic performance. Generally, the application of these microorganisms provided the conditions necessary to improve the key characteristics associated with the growth and qualitative performance of bean plants. Which can be considered with respect to the sustainable production objectives of this plant, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in sustainable ecosystems.

Given the performance and desirable quality characteristics of the fruit in the promising D7 line, the introduction of this line as a new variety of eggplant was very justified and will certainly be associated with a much higher economic income for the producer. In addition, the new version of Brilliant Eggplant is a very serious domestic competitor for foreign cultivars, which is completely in line with the goals of the Resistance Economic Program and is certainly a step towards preventing the outflow of foreign currency and helping domestic employment. Therefore, the promising Line D7 was introduced in 1397 as a new variety of bright eggplant.

In the project "Selection of Lines from Five Indigenous Masses of Eggplant in Iran", 5 indigenous masses of eggplant in the country were collected and subjected to a pure line selection correction program. Selected lines along with Varamin pen as a witness, for one year in three regions of Karaj, Varamin and Dezful under the project "Investigation of selected lines of native eggplants in advanced experiments" in the form of complete block statistics accidentally and were repeated in 3 replications. The performance stability of the genotypes was evaluated using the relative superiority coefficient method. The selected lines of advanced performance experiments in five regions of Karaj, Jiroft, Urmia, Dezful and Mazandaran were studied for two years. The experimental treatments included 4 advanced lines of sweet and semi-sweet eggplant and three witnesses (local Borazjan, Qasri Dezful and Black Beauty). Finally, an experiment was carried out in the field of farmers' farms in Dusari city, located in the south of Kerman province, with the cultivation of promising Line BJ30, D7, D1 and non-hybrid eggplants Results &

At the end of the first year of the project (2006) and due to quantitative and qualitative traits and with special emphasis on fruit traits, the top single plants were selected and at the end of their fruits were sown. In the second year of the project (2007) it was done as an agent, the top lines were selected, and the D7 line was selected as one of the selected lines with a difference of 10.3 tons per hectare with the mother control (Dezful Qasri Mass). At the end of the third year of the project, which was done in the form of a completely randomized block design and according to the average comparisons, the selected lines were selected and introduced for advanced experiments. As a result of these studies, the D7 line was selected with a yield of 39 tons per hectare and a difference of about 10 tons per hectare with the Varamin pen witness and having the highest yield among the selected lines from Dezful Palace. In advanced yield tests (2010) in Karaj, Varamin and Dezful regions, D7 line with a yield of 37.1 tons per hectare and with appropriate quality characteristics was selected as a top line. The results of compatibility and sustainability studies during the years 2011 to 2013 showed that this line with an average yield of 31.4 tons per hectare and the high sustainability. Line D7 was introduced as Derakhshan variety with its high yield, uniformity and good fruit quality.

The new Derakhshan eggplant (D7 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced by the method of pure line selection (single plant selection) during the years 2006-2018 from Qasri Dezful eggplant landrace. This line has always been selected as one of the top lines during all experiments such as Augment, preliminary, advanced and compatibility and stability Keywords: Quality, Uniformity, Yield stability. References Bagheri, M. 2010. Selection of lines from five native eggplants of Iran. Final research project report. Varamin Agricultural Research Center. Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization. 37Pp. (In Persian with English Summary) Bagheri, M., Zarifinia, N., Emami, A., Khoshkam, S., and Amoli, N. 2015. Assess the compatibility and sustainability of the country's advanced eggplant laying lines. Publications of the Seed and Seedling Breeding Research Institute, Final Report. 24Pp. (In Persian with English Summary) Brancourt, M., Hulmel, G. 2000. Selecting Varieties for the Environment Selecting the Right Varieties for the Environment and Taking Account of Genotypes/Environment Interaction. Oleagineux, Crop Gras, Lipides, 7(6): 504-511.

The findings of previous investigations show that the best density to achieve high yields with most of the beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), including the local Khomein cultivar, stands roughly at 40 plants m2 (Mehrpooyan et al., 2010). There is no comprehensive information available on bean yield performance under drip tape irrigation. Common bean is widely cultivated in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, however, given its high water consumption and due to drought spells in the region in recent years, its production has sharply declined. While common bean requires 7000 to 8000 m3 of water per hectare during the growing season (Alizadeh, 2003), farmers use more than 15000 m3 of water per hectare for beans throughout the growing season. The use of drip tape irrigation can reduce water consumption in beans. The use of this irrigation method requires changing the planting method and proper arrangement of cropping systems. The objective of the present study was to determine optimum plant arrangement in common bean varieties under drip tape irrigation conditions.

In this study, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in spring and summer of 2016 and 2017 at Chahartakhte Research Station in Shahrekord region. The first factor was cultivar (Koosha chitti bean, Yaghut red bean and Dorsa white bean), and the second factor was the planting arrangement (row spacing of 75 cm with 2, 3 and 4 planting lines per row, and the row spacing of 60 cm with 2 planting lines on each row). Different traits at vegetative and reproductive stages of bean plants were recorded and at the end of the growing season, yield and yield components of the cultivars and water productivity were determined. The experimental data were analyzed by using SAS statistical program and the means were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

The combined analysis of variance showed that plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, grain yield and water productivity were affected by bean cultivars and planting arrangement. The interaction effect of cultivar and planting arrangement was significant on 100 seed weight, grain yield and water productivity. The grain yield components were significantly difference among different cultivars. The highest number of pods, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield were respectively recorded with Yaghut red bean, Koosha chitti bean, Koosha chitti bean, and Koosha chitti bean. The traits such as number of pods and weight of 100 seeds are controlled and affected by genetic and non-genetic factors such as environment. The number of seeds per pod is the most stable trait of beans and is mostly influenced by genotype (Salehi, 2015). The cultivars studied in this experiment exhibited differences in plant height, grain yield components, grain yield, and water use efficiency. Among crops, bean has the highest diversity in growth habit, seed size and maturity. There are a wide variety of genetic variations in bean pool genus. Therefore, due to genetic differences, under the same climatic conditions, the occurrence of different phenotypes (grain yield, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, etc.) is inevitable, and the difference between them is the result of genetic differences and their different response to the environment. Drip tape irrigation produced the highest water use efficiency when three or four lines of beans were planted on a 75 cm row, while plant density was constant for all treatments. The highest water use efficiency was obtained from Koosha chitti bean, which can be explained by the highest grain yield.

The highest grain yield and water productivity were obtained from Koosha chitti bean cultivar. Although the four lines per row arrangement on the 75 cm row gave the highest seed yield and water productivity, it did not differ significantly with the three lines per row on the 75 cm row. Therefore, if the goal is to reduce water consumption and increase water productivity, planting three or four lines per row can be considered on 75 cm row, but because of the ease of planting three lines per row on 75 cm row, it can be recommended to farmers.

Medicinal crops production is well interested in Iran due to market demand in recent years. Silybum marianum L. is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean region, which now could be found in other warm and dry regions. Silybium marianum is used traditionally as a hepatoprotective agent and supportive treatment of liver disorders. Its fruits contain flavonolignan compounds, silymarin, which silybin is the main constitute (Abdolahzareh et al., 2012). Management of planting date and integrated nutrition systems in medicinal plants have to be considered. Sowing date affects the crop yields through changing weather parameters in the growth period. In addition to planting date, fertilizers rate and type, has an influence on crop production. Today continuous and excessive application of chemical fertilizers may have negative impacts on soil health and environment causing environmental problems (Mohammadpour Vashvaei et al., 2017). Bio-fertilizers are considered as sustainable alternative sources of nutrients compared to the synthesized fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of sowing date and fertilizing system (chemical, biological and integrated) on the morphological traits and yield of the milk thistle under Birjand, Iran conditions.

This research was carried out at the research farm of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran, in 2018. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three sowing dates (March 6, April 4 and May 5) and 6 fertilizing systems (non-fertilizer as control, NPK, vermicompost, Akadin, 50% NPK + 50% vermicompost, 50% NPK + 50% Akadin) were as main plots and sub plots respectively. In the study the responses of some morphological traits and yield of Milk Thistle were evaluated. Soil texture in the site of study was loam. Soil pH and EC were 7.4 and 2.3 mmos/cm respectively. Nitrogen, P, and K content of the soil were 3.8, 11.6 and 75.2 mg/kg at the depth of 0-30 cm, respectively. All data were analyzed by SAS statistical software and means were compared by LSD Test at 5% level.

The first planting date (March 6) had the highest average morphological traits (plant height, capitol diameter and number of branches) and seed yield components (capitol number per m2, number of seed per capitol, 1000-seed weight, seed yield). On the other hands the treatments 50% NPK and 50% vermicompost fertilizers had statistical superiority for most of the studied traits. The highest (3327.7 kg/ha) and the lowest (318.4 kg/ha) seed yield were related to the treatments NPK+ vermicompost at the first planting date and treatment of non-fertilizer application at the third planting date, respectively. It seems that seed yield declining for the planting date of May 5, was related to the shortening of growth season and the coincidence of pollination with summer heating. This caused a severe decrease in the number of capitol per m2 and the number of seed per capitol. Normally, using organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers improves physical aspects of the soil; increases microorganisms activity in the soil, nutrients availability, photosynthesis, yield components and eventually seed yield (Mohammadpour Vashvaei et al., 2017). Similar results also have been reported by Zarghani et al. (2019). Morphological traits quantity positively correlated to yield components and seed yield. Thus the highest value for these traits were observed for the first planting date under using NPK+ vermicompost. As a result, the superiority of seed yield of Silybum marianum in this treatment compared to other treatments, was to be expected. The results of regression analysis showed that traits capitol diameter, number of capitol per m2, number of seed per capitol and 1000-seed weight were entered into the regression model, which explained 84.57% of total seed yield changes.

In general, the planting date of March 6 was superior to the other two planting dates and this planting date could be suggested as a suitable date for the cultivation of Milk Thistle in Birjand region under using 50% NPK+ 50% vermicompost.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) belongs to the Liliaceae family and has more than 800 species around the world (Fritsch et al., 2010). This plant after onion is the second and most consumed alium genus, which has high nutritional value due to its minerals. Asexual propagation of garlic during the centuries may resulte in a genetic restriction. However, the study of ecotypes shows that phenotypic variation is significant in size, color, leaf length, growth habits and agronomic traits such as stress and drought tolerance. In according to Iran was the most important exporting country at the world in the past, the study of ecotypes to meet the demands of domestic markets as well as the export of this product is a necessity. Due to the fact that in south of Kerman province for cultivation and production of garlic from different ecotypes of the country, incompatibility of some ecotypes has caused a lot of problems for the farmers of the region. On the other hand, different planting dates (September to December) it is common in this region where the best ecotypes and planting dates have a great importance for obtaining high yield and can be of great help to the farmers of the region.

In order to achieve the best ecotypes and planting dates, as well as to estimate the genetic diversity and heritability of traits, an experiment was carried out for two years at the Agricultural Research Center of Kerman Province. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Five planting dates and six garlic ecotypes included experiment factors. Traits of flowering percentage, number of coating layers, number of cloves, clove weight, onion weight, onion diameter; dry matter content and yield were measured during growth season. Analysis of variance and mean comparison carried out with using SAS software. Correlation matrix and cluster analysis based on Ward’s method conducted with use of SPSS software. Finally, for the ranking of ecotypes based on all traits, use of Arunachalam and Bandyopadhyay (1984) method.

The results of compound analysis indicated that different planting dates differed in terms of most of the traits, in terms of dry matter and number of coating layers, and it was also determined that the effect of ecotype on all traits was significant, so that Ecotypes of Mazandaran and Guilan had the highest yield. Sandhu et al. (2015) reported a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of all traits. It was also found that the percentage of flowering, number of clove, clove weight, onion weight and yield were affected by the interaction of planting date in ecotype so that the highest yield was related to Jiroft and Shahdad ecotypes in the planting date of September 15. Among the ecotypes studied in this experiment, Gilan and Mazandaran ecotypes had flowering and flowering in other ecotypes was zero. Flowering is a genetic trait and this trait varies among ecotypes. The desirable characteristics of ecotypes related to the south of the country were non-flowering, which shows the superiority of these ecotypes to the ecotypes of Gilan and Mazandaran, although the ecotypes of Gilan and Mazandaran were superior in terms of yield. High broadscence heritability, high genetic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for flowering percentage, number of cloves, clove weight and onion weight were observed, indicating that these traits are more influenced by genetics and the probability of observing traits is higher in the next generation with the same quality. The cluster analysis divided the ecotypes into three groups. This indicates the genetic similartiy of each group ecotype.

Finally, the ranking based on Arunachalam and Bandiopadia (1984) showed that the most suitable ecotype among the studied ecotypes is the Jiroft ecotype so that there is no delay in its cultivation.

Plant Protection Organization (PPO) has registered sixteen commercial herbicides formulations for weed control of corn in Iran (Nourbakhsh, 2016). Among these herbicides, eight herbicides contain one active ingredient and the other seven have two or three active ingredients including acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme inhibiting groups - similar-auxin groups, photosynthetic inhibitors of photosystem II and inhibitors of fatty acids and cell division, which are sometimes formulated with safeners. Previous studies show that existing weed species do not similarly respond to herbicides and therefore the percentage control of some of the weed species is lower than the other species (Hadizadeh, 2016). These hard-to control weeds are naturally resistant to herbicides. Thus, new herbicides with several active ingredients are suggested to be used to suppress such weeds. The aim of this work was to find the best chemical treatments against weeds in corn production based on using new herbicides thiencarbazone + isoxaflutol + cyprosulfamide and comparing their efficacy with the common registered herbicides in the major corn growing areas of Iran.

A field study was conducted in four regions of Iran, including Mashhad, Karaj, Shiraz and Kermanshah during 2017 growing season. The statistical layout was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Seven chemical treatments were mesotrione+ s-metalachlor+ terbuthylazine (Lumax® 537.5SE pre-emergence, 4 l ha-1 or post-emergence, 4.5 l ha-1), foramsulfuron+iodosulfuron+thiencarbazone (MaisTer Power® 4.25%OD, 1 l ha-1), topramezone (Clio® 29.7%SC, 150 ml ha-1) and the new herbicide thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide with three recommended doses (Adengo 46.5%Sc, 330, 440 and 550 ml ha-1). A hand-weeded treatment and an unweeded treatment served as controls. Weed density and weed dry weight for each plot were measured four weeks after the last application the herbicides. Corn was harvested from 10 m2 of each plot after removing border plots. Corn grain yield was determined after adjusting the moisture level of grain to 14 %. To measure corn biological yield, samples of 10 corn plants were taken and then were dried in an oven. Data from each region were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS/STAT statistical software and the means were separated by LSD (α=5%).

The results showed a diverse spectrum of weeds (17 species) at the experimental locations. Pigweed species (Amaranthus retroflexus and A. blitoides) were dominant in all tested locations. The next dominant weed species were Portulaca oleraceae L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Convolvulus arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Physalis divaricate L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Setaria viridis L. Across the experimental locations, thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide was efficient at 440 and 550 ml ha-1 concentrations for weed control (75 to 88%). However, when applied at dosage of 330 ml ha-1, its weed control efficiency was lower (30 to 50%). Topramezone was inefficient in controlling weeds in all the locations, which was in agreement with the findings of some previous studies (Hadizadeh et al. 2015). Foramsulfuron+Iodosulfuron+Thiencarbazone (1l ha-1) was efficient in weed control (70-85%) in Mashhad and Karaj. All herbicides (except topramezone) effectively controlled P. divaricate as an invasive weed. E. crus-galli and G. glabra were identified as difficult-to-control weeds. None of herbicides showed injury symptoms on corn.

Thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol (440 and 550 ml ha-1) showed 70-85 weed control efficiency averaged in the all experimental locations and it could be recommended to be used in corn field after registration process. Due to environmental concern, it should be applied at low doses. Foramsulfuron+ idosulfuron+ thiencarbazone was found to be the next efficient herbicide. Barnyard grass and licorice were difficult-to-control weed species or there were not controlled by new herbicides. We also suggest evaluation of the herbicides for their residual effects on the succeeding crops. Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Professor Eskandar Zand, Dr. Mehdi Minbashi, Dr. Saeed Khavari and Mr. Yahya Javid-Shafiee for their very useful contribution to this project.

Monitoring the growth stages and yield of crops in agricultural areas is essential for food security and farmers' income forecasts. Progress in remote sensing has greatly contributed to the process of monitoring of various developmental stages of agricultural crops and the evaluation of their yield (Anastasiou et al., 2018; Shi & Mo, 2011). Remote sensing (RS) and global positioning systems (GPS) can be used to evaluate the changes in crop dynamics, including its yield and spatial diversity (Dadhwall & Ray, 2000). Spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) are a combination of the spectral absorption and spatial distribution of plants in different electromagnetic spectral range and are used to measure the characteristics of a product. SVI provides a simple method for measuring spectral responses of plants throughout the season, which uses fundamental differences between soil and plants, and often as a kind of relationship between the energy of electromagnetism reflected in red and infrared wavelengths the red near (NIR) is expressed. Green healthy plants exhibit relatively low reflections in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (high absorption of light for photosynthesis); however, its reflection is usually high in the near infrared region (Al-gaadi et al., 2016). Therefore, in this study, the remote sensing method spectrometric data were used to predict the yield of corn in the Moghan plant in northern Ardebil province.

Landsat-8 satellite images were prepared during four growth stages of corn, and simultaneously at the dates when the satellite images of the study area were taken, spectroscopy of the plant samples was performed using the Field Espect-3 spectrometer. In this study, 30 corn fields were selected in the Moghan Plain to estimate the yield of corn. First, using the GPS device, the position of the farms was determined. Then, at different growth stages e.g. four-leaf stage, growth differentiation stage, flower emergence stage and physiological maturity, soil and plant samples were prepared according to standard methods and then the specimens were measured. Vegetation indices of NDVI, SAVI, MNDVI and OSAVI were calculated based on satellite data and laboratory spectrometers.

The results in both cases- the use of Landsat 8 satellite images and laboratory spectrometer at flower emergence stage- showed that the correlations for coefficient of determination for leaf area index and yield were from 54% to 72%, which were more robust as compared to other growth stages. On the other hand, the evaluation of the indices obtained from the spectrophotometric results and the use of spectral data and the comparison between the two showed that the correlation for coefficient of determination for NDVI and SAVI was 70%, which were determined as effective indices for estimating leaf area index and yield using satellite imagery. While MNDVI and OSAVI indices were 72% and 69%, respectively, they were found to be the most suitable indicators for estimating leaf area index and yield based on the results of laboratory spectroscopy. Therefore, using satellite images, these indices are more likely to be present, while for MNDVI and OSAVI indices, particular wavelengths are studied, and given the fact that the laboratory spectrometer shows the slightest variations in each wavelength, these indicators can also be considered as robust.

The results of the study showed that among the growth stages of the plant, flower emergence stage was the best for predicting the yield of the crop, and on the other hand, NDVI and SAVI indices resulting from Landsat 8's satellite imagery were found to be the most robust in predicting crop yield and MNDVI and OSAVI indices were found to be the best predictors of crop yield based on the results of spectral laboratory data.