International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:9 Issue: 85, Jan 2021

Self-concept plays an important role in understanding behavioral patterns. The purpose of the present study was to explain Iranian adolescent girls' self-concepts of eating behaviors.

In this qualitative study, conventional content analysis was used and participants were selected through purposeful sampling. This study was conducted in the government girls’ schools of Shiraz City, Iran from October 2018 to March 2019. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews with 42 girl students. Interviews were recorded with the audio recorder and continued until data saturation was achieved so that no new conceptual information was obtained after 35 interviews, while individual interviews were conducted with seven other individuals to ensure data saturation, and no additional conceptual information emerged from the seven interviews. The data were analyzed according to the conventional content analysis approach.

From the analysis of the data, six categories for adolescent girls' self-concepts were drawn including: (1) physical self-concept, (2) social self-concept, (3) academic self-concept, (4) self-satisfaction, (5) self-confidence, and (6) self-esteem. These self-concepts included subcategories of effective eating behaviors on appearance, physical energy status, morals, academic performance, satisfaction and happiness, self-confidence and popularity and respect.

Adolescent girls' self-concepts of eating behaviors encompass a wide range of dimensions such as physical, social, academic, self-satisfaction, self-confidence and self-esteem, and their identification is one of the determinants of the development of intention to adopt healthy eating behaviors.

Background:

 Neuroglobin is a member of the globin family that reversibly binds oxygen and increases oxygen delivery to brain. It also protects brain in hypoxemic or state levels, and so, decreases brain insult. We aimed to evaluate whether neuroglobin can be considered a neuroprotective in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) by measuring its serum level in such cases.

This is a prospective case – control study that was conducted in Minia University Children’s hospital, El-Minya, Egypt on 30 term neonates who were diagnosed to have hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and another 30 apparently healthy term neonates as a control group. For both cases and controls, detailed history, clinical examination and serum neuroglobin level were done, while arterial blood gases, serum electrolytes, liver function, renal function tests, CBC, CRP, and CT- brain were done for cases only.

The results showed that serum neuroglobin levels were significantly higher in cases with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy than control group (p < 0.001). In this study, serum neuroglobin levels were higher (p < 0.001). We observed a weak negative correlation between serum neuroglobin level and Apgar score at one minute in studied cases with HIE. Also, we found that presence of both brain edema and hemorrhage in CT brain in cases with HIE was associated with a high mean serum neuroglobin level, than in either finding alone (p < 0.001).

Conclusion :

Neuroglobin could be considered as a neuroprotective in neonatal cases with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and this may be considered in the future potential therapeutic options in such cases.

Increase of stored data in medical databases needs allocative tools to get access to data, data mining, discover knowledge and efficient use of data. Medical and treatment fields are two examples of data mining tools to analyze massive data and predictive modelling. In medical sciences, prediction and precise-quick detection of multiple diseases has to reduced exprense and also save people’s lives. Group based methods (Ensemble Methods) are approaches that use hybrid models to recover classification. Coronavirus (COVID-19) has killed many people around the world so far, and this could be a good reason to present a new model for diagnosing the disease using data mining algorithms. This research presents a hybrid model of basic data mining and hybrid algorithms according to information in medical and laboratory records of patients suffering Covid-19 in Emam-Reza (AS) hospital in Mashhad, Iran, to diagnose the sickness. The proposed method uses Ensemble base (hybrid) classifiers, where the general model can be used to provide diagnoses with higher precision rather than classifiers. To execute the proposed model, data mining tools including Rapid Miner 9.7 and Python 3.7 were used. This study used stacking classifiers composed of basic algorithms including simple baze, decision tree, K- nearest neighborhood backup vector machine for basic section and uses chaos jungle algorithm in stack section that has gained 86.5% accuracy for diagnosis of Covid-19.

We aimed to determine the importance of myocardial tissue Doppler flow rates, pulmonary artery/aorta diameter (PA/Ao), pulmonary venous flow transit time (pPTT), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAcTc), and right atrium area index (RAAI) parameters in the prediction of prognosis patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

This retrospective study was done on 30 patients with systemic pulmonary arterial hypertension confirmed via catheterization who had negative vascular reactivity test results (pediatric patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and secondary pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease). PA/Ao diameter, PAAcTc, pPTT, and RAAI were calculated. The patients were grouped as those with PA/Ao <1, 5>, SaO2% , and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) , and those receiving combination therapy or monotherapy, and the parameters were compared between the groups.

pPTT was shorter in the group with SaO2 > 90%, which was attributed to the high number of patients with idiopathic PAH in this group and more severe PAH stage. PAAcTc was shorter in patients who showed no clinical improvement on monotherapy and required multidrug therapy. RAAI was significantly increased in patients with pro-BNP > 100 pg/ml. A decreased pPTT, accompanied by a lower PAAcTc in the group with PA/Ao >1.5, indicated the severity of PAH in this group.

When managing PAH patients, the presence of RAAI > 18 cm2/m2, PA/Ao > 1.5, and PAAcTc < 80 msn indicates a higher disease severity, and suggested that the patients’ treatment regimen should be re-evaluated based on these parameters. Also, the RAAI parameter shows the closest association with pro-BNP levels, which is one of the correct prognosis indicators.

Therelationship between anthropometrical and physiological parameters of elite young boys in breaststroke and butterfly swimming is essential. We aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometrical and physiological characteristics with breaststroke and butterfly swimming time in elite swimmer boys. This study was a descriptive research, comprised of 122 elite young boy swimmers (age 12-13 years; height 1.540±8.24 m; weight 47.820±6.84 kg), who participated in the national championship of the country’s selection in 2018 in Shiraz, Iran, and who had signed the consent form Anthropometrical and physiological parameters were measured for 5 days. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between variables. There were significant negative relationships between supraspinatus fat (r=-0.461, P=0.009), right leg strength (r=-0.376, P=0.037), and static balance (r=-0.629, P=0.0001) with 50 m breaststroke time, between leg power (jump length)(r=0.448, P=0.015), and static balance (r=-0.529, P=0.003) with 100 m breaststroke time, between head circumference (r=-0.472, P=0.023), and leg power (jump length)(r=-0.454, P=0.030) with 200 m breaststroke time, between subscapularis fat (r=-0.434, P=0.012), and trunk flexibility (r=-0.350, P=0.046) with 50 m butterfly time,  between trunk flexibility (r=-0.445, P=0.029), and100 m butterfly time. Whereas, there were significant positive relationships between leg action and reaction velocity (r=0.411, P=0.013) with 50 m breaststroke time, between dynamic balance (Internal)(r=0.368, P=0.050), and 100 m breaststroke time, between leg power (jump length)(r=0.511, P=0.002), and 50 m butterfly time, between triceps fat (r=0.489, P=0.015), and subscapularis fat (r=0.561, P=0.004), and dynamic balance (lateral)(r=0.424, P=0.039) with 100 m butterfly time. There was a significant relationship between anthropometrical and physiological characteristics with elite young boys in breaststroke and butterfly time.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that COVID -19 is a public health emergency requiring international concern. Children patients with cancer are highly vulnerable to this virus during SARS-CoV- 2 outbreak. These children have varying degrees of immunosuppression due to primary illness and also anti-tumor therapy. Although children in comparison to adults have a milder course of COVID -19 infection, pediatric patients with malignancies had a higher risk for severe clinical events due to COVID-19 in comparison to children without cancer. Most neoplasms in pediatric population have an aggressive manner and therefore require prolonged periods of multi agent chemotherapy. In adults with cancer who have stable disease, postponement of therapy is possible, but in children delay in onset of treatment is not a suitable option. One of the most effective strategies in order to prevent COVID -19 is minimizing the risk of exposure and also extreme isolation. Moreover, in the majority of children with cancer hospital admission is required. At present, there is no specific antiviral treatment for SARS -CoV - 2, hence the increased surveillance and preventive strategies in order to reduce the risk of exposure should be considered. There are many unanswered questions in management of children with cancer who were infected with COVID -19. In this setting, treatment decisions need to be individualized on a case-by-case basis and in order to deliver a suitable treatment, patient stratification is required. Pediatric patients with cancer should receive their anti-cancer treatment in the setting of vigorous screening for SARS -CoV - 2. Further studies are needed to understand the course of COVID -19 infection in children with cancer.

Background :

Previous studies have well documented that oldest students in a given school class typically have better academic performance than their younger mates. However, there are many phenomena regarding the effects of relative age on academic performance of school students that must be considered. Because of its importance in academic performance of primary school children, handwriting would be of interest. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of relative age on handwriting of second grade students in primary school with considering the role of visual-motor integration as a possible underlying mechanism.

The present study used a descriptive-correlational approach. Based on the guidelines of Krejcie & Morgan, four hundred boys (100 boys from each year-season) in second grade from four regular national primary schools in Gorgan, Iran, in 2019 were selected by a cluster random sampling method and asked to perform a standard handwriting tool and visual motor integration test. Legibility and speed of handwriting were measured to assess handwriting quality.

Means of age of children who were born in fall, winter, spring, and summer were 94.99, 92.12, 89.04, and 85.88 months, respectively. Results demonstrated that older children in comparison to younger children had significantly better handwriting legibility in both copying and dictation, besides, they copied the text faster (p <0.05). Furthermore, older children compared with younger children had significantly higher scores in visual-motor integration (p <0.05).

  Conclusion:

 Based on these results, it seems that relative age affects handwriting performance of children. Furthermore, visual-motor integration might act as a possible underlying mechanism for the effects of relative age on handwriting performance.

Background:

 One of the major adverse effects of chemotherapy is chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) which can obviously reduce patients’ quality of life. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), an herbal supplement, has been used for centuries for gastrointestinal complaints. Although many surveys have been conducted to find the efficiency of ginger on CINV, its benefit has not been proven yet. We aimed to find ginger’s efficiency on pediatric patients throughout their chemotherapy cycles.

This was a double-blinded, randomized, single institutional, placebo-controlled trial conducted at oncology ward in Aliasghar children’s hospital, Tehran, Iran. The study took place between October 2017 and October 2018. We included 49 chemotherapy cycles, 25 cycles for treatment group and 24 cycles for placebo groups. Intervention group took encapsulated ginger which contained 240mg of powdered ginger (Nausophar), and control group took placebo. All patients took the study medication four times per day (every 6h), starting on the first day of chemotherapy until 24h after completion of chemotherapy.  Frequency and severity of nausea and vomiting were measured by Edmonton’s Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) from the first day of chemotherapy until 24h after completion of chemotherapy.

The median age of all participants was 13 (IQR=8-14 year-old). Fourteen patients were male (28.6%), and 35 patients were female (71.4%). There were no significant differences in distribution of patients’ characteristics in two groups. The frequency and severity of nausea and vomiting were significantly lower in ginger group (p <0.05).         

Conclusion:

 According to our findings, ginger acts as an efficient antiemetic for pediatric patients. We recommend that ginger be prescribed as well as other antiemetics like Granisetron, with no loss of function.

Background:

 Biting is one of the major medical and social problems in many tropical and subtropical regions, including the Middle East. Identification of clinical signs and other factors in children and adolescents is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory symptoms and prognosis of snake and scorpion bites in children under 18 years.

This retrospective descriptive study was performed on 60 bite patients with an age range of one month to 18 years in Ali-Ibn-Abitaleb hospital of Zahedan, Iran. Demographic data, bite characteristics and clinical symptoms were recorded from files withdrawn from hospital data center. Frequency of studied variables was expressed as percentage.

From all patients 32 (53.3%) were male and 28 (46.7%) were female with mean age of 9.73 ± 4.26 years. The most children with scorpion or snake bite were male gender, older than 10 years, more happened in summer, represented mostly by pain, swelling in the area, hematuria (58.3%), and hepatic enzymatic abnormalities. 95% of patients had complete recovery without complications and only 5% recovered with complications. Most of them took less than an hour to reach the clinic.

Conclusion:

 Due to the high prevalence of scorpion bites in specific seasons and the lack of specificity of clinical signs and symptoms, it is necessary to treat patients in case of high-risk bites.

Background :

  The growth and development of infancy are vital to health and the quality of life throughout a person's life. We aimed to investigate the factors affecting the growth of head circumference in a sample of Iranian children under 18 months.  

This is a retrospective cohort study conducted among 274 children aged under 18 months in Zanjan, Iran. Multi-stage cluster sampling was applied to obtain a representative sample of residents. About eight representative healthcare centers, including four urban health centers and four rural health centers, as clusters, were randomly selected. We used multiple linear regression and marginal models of Generalized Equation Estimators to examine the predictors of head circumference cross-sectionally and longitudinaly, respectively.  

Of the subjects, 49.5% (n=136) were females. The mean head circumference of newborns was 34.5±1.57. The marginal model showed that there is a significant association between sex of newborns, gestational age, high risk pregnancy, height and weight of newborns with head circumference over time (p <0.005). In multiple regression models, mothers' job and educational level also showed a significant association with head circumference in addition to sex of newborns (B=0.33, 95% CI:[0.31, 0.53]), gestational age (B=1.47, 95% CI:[0.99, 1.94]), high risk pregnancy (B=0.37; 95% CI:[0.15, 0.57]), height and weight of newborns (p <0.005).  

Conclusion  :

 In our study the mean of head circumference was similar to standard value of 34.9 cm. The sex, gestational age, high risk pregnancy, height and weight of newborns showed a significant association with head circumference, both in cross-sectional (at birth), and longitudinal models (at birth to 18 months); mothers job and educational level showed a significant association with head circumference only at birth.

Background:

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate on the perioperative agitation in pediatrics with elective herniorrhaphy.

Materials and Methods:

 In this randomized clinical trial study, 120 pediatrics, 6 months to 10 years-old who underwent elective herniorrhaphy were admitted. Sixty pediatrics in the intervention group received 5 ml/kg of 20% dextrose solution manufactured by Samen Company as carbohydrate beverage exactly 2 hours before surgery and the control group (n=60) received distilled water. The perioperative agitation score was calculated as follows. Score 1: quiet, silent child, score 2: mild but agitated, score 3: medium aggression, and score 4: severe agitation measured before surgery, at recovery, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after intervention. Also, the incidence of nausea and vomiting was recorded in each group.

Results :

Of the 60 pediatrics in the intervention group, 54 patients were quiet and silent at the time of entry into the operating room, and 6 patients had mild agitation; in the control group, 7 patients were quiet and silent, 41 patients were mild but agitated, and 12 were moderate. There was a significant difference in agitation between the two groups (P = 0.001). Five minutes after surgery, 54 patients scored 1, 6 patients scored 2 in the control group, 27 patients scored 1 and 33 patients scored 2. There was a significant difference between agitations of children 5 minutes after intervention in the two groups.

Conclusion :

Five ml/kg of 20% dextrose solution as carbohydrate beverage exactly 2 hours before anesthesia may lead to parental satisfaction and improvement in positive behavior of pediatrics at anesthesia induction and wake up from anesthesia.

Adopting a healthy life style in children may protect them against osteoporosis in later life. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed using mobile phones short-messages service (SMS) intervention in promoting knowledge, attitude and preventive nutrition behaviors of osteoporosis among a sample of Iranian female students. Adopting a healthy life style in children may protect them against osteoporosis in later life. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed using mobile phones short-messages service (SMS) intervention in promoting knowledge, attitude and preventive nutrition behaviors of osteoporosis among a sample of Iranian female students. Adopting a healthy life style in children may protect them against osteoporosis in later life. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed using mobile phones short-messages service (SMS) intervention in promoting knowledge, attitude and preventive nutrition behaviors of osteoporosis among a sample of Iranian female students. The results of the study showed that gain-framed text messages significantly improved adopting osteoporosis preventive nutrition behaviors than loss framed text messages.

Each year, many of Muslims including children and adolescents fast in Ramadan. This year, the month of Ramadan is in the period of the outbreak of COVID-19, and due to its spread, fighting this disease has brought about a new challenge for all Muslims in the world. Given the lack of studies on this issue, as well as the direct effect of fasting on the body and soul in the period of COVID-19 pandemic, this study intends to reflect the positive results of fasting in a mini-review. Therefore, online databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, EMBASE and Magiran were screened using the key words including: "Fasting", "Ramadan", "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", "Obesity", "Mental health", "Muslim" for the latest information. These keywords were searched from November 2001 to November 2020 in Persian and English languages. This study revealed that fasting by reducing obesity can help people to control their diabetes and cardiac diseases which are among the underlying diseases of COVID-19. In addition, fasting has an effective role in reducing violence and social problems. Interestingly, avoiding eating and drinking will reduce the contact of infected hands with mouth and reduces infection through swallowing.

Background :

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a recently evolving public health problem. This study aimed to establish home care system for patients with acute respiratory infections in treatment centers and hospitals covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

In this pilot study, which was done as cross-sectional design from February 29, 2020 until May 4, 2020, all the patients with acute respiratory infections suspected of corona and referred to centers of health comprehensive services and outpatient clinics of Mashhad, Iran (referral level 1), were assessed based on protocol developed by Ministry of Health. Then, patients who do not need hospitalization services based on diagnosis of specialized health care team were referred home by prescription of medication and self-care training (home quarantine). Afterward, the required information based on care need, improving and thoroughly improved along with patient home visit and follow-up calling were implemented by physician. In the last phase, patients’ and their families’ satisfaction regarding health care team was assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire.

In this pilot study, 200 patients (men: 62.9%) with Covid-19 underwent home quarantine and care and treatment by a specialized treatment team comprised of physician, nurses, and psychologist and health experts. The findings showed that 84.5% of patients and family had partial satisfaction regarding the way of treatment of the health care team. Satisfaction on explanations provided regarding disease, diagnosis, and treatment method in 68% of patients was full satisfaction.

Conclusion:

 Home quarantine decreases stress and fear in patients and their family and prevents social labelling for these individuals. Patients were highly satisfied regarding being cared for in their home and by family members.

Weaning methods play an important role in children’s future feeding status. Poor maternal practices, such as early or late weaning and applying unsafe methods, can be influenced by prevailing cultural beliefs in a society. Recognition of mothers’ cultural beliefs about weaning by health care providers can be helpful in providing culture-based education and consultations. The aim of the present study was to determine Iranian mothers’ cultural beliefs about weaning.

This was a cross-sectional study with 310 mothers recruited from health centers in ...in cities of west Mazandaran province (Ramsar, Tonekabon, Chalus, Noshahr), Iran. Data were gathered with questionnaires assessing ‘demographic characteristics ‘and ‘mothers’ cultural beliefs about weaning’. SPSS software were applied for data analysis.

The mean age of mothers was 31.6±5.2. The last child average age was 3.0±46.85. Most mothers had High school education (51.6%), were housewife (59.7%) and had city living (89%). Current duration of breastfeeding was 19-24 months in the majority (38.8%). Scores vary from 19 to 245. The mean score of weaning beliefs was 147.14±3.47; while the highest mean component score (59.74±2.71) was related to ‘‘contexts’’. There were also statistically significant relationships among the variables of age (p = 0.01), number of children (p = 0.001), breastfeeding duration (p = 0.001), living location (p = 0.001), and children’s gender (p = 0.03) with cultural beliefs about weaning.

The results of this study have shown the obvious role of negative beliefs about weaning. Therefore, healthcare providers can increase mothers’ awareness regarding appropriate weaning times and methods during pregnancy and post-childbirth care programs by holding both educational and consulting sessions for mothers.

Background :

Postpartum depression (PPD) can have serious consequences for both the mother and infant. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of postnatal depression and associated sociocultural, obstetrics and child-related factors among Iranian women.

This is a cross-sectional study carried out in Bushehr, Iran. 290 women from 10 public health centers were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from women within 12 weeks postpartum in 2019. PPD was assessed using Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS), and score of >12 was considered having PPD.

The mean age of the respondents was 28.48 ± 5.50 years. The prevalence of depression was 24.1% in 12 weeks after delivery. Higher social support was associated with lower PPD [OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.95; p <0.001]. The risk of developing PPD was 4.84 times higher in mothers with cesarean section [OR: 4.84, 95% CI: 1.89, 12.36; p =0.001], 5.19 times higher with preterm birth [OR: 5.19, 95% CI: 1.44, 18.27; p =0.01], 4.47 times higher with a history of depression [OR: 4.47, 95% CI: 1.40, 14.24; p =0.009]. The women who were satisfied with their marital relationship [OR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.96; p=0.04], and the baby's sleep habits [OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.82; p =0.01] were less likely to suffer from PPD.

Conclusion:

 Postpartum depression was found common among mothers. The poor social support, poor marital relationship, cesarean section, preterm birth, positive history of depression, and adverse baby's sleep habits were associated with PPD. The vulnerable women should monitor their mental status and should be educated about the effective intervention strategies.

Background :

Nephrotic syndrome (NS), defined as massive loss of urinary protein results in a triad of hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. We aimed to determine the frequency of clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and treatment response in children with Nephrotic Syndrome.

We conducted a longitudinal retrospective study from 2009 to 2019 at a single regional pediatric center, Zahedan, Iran, on 206 children (up to 14 years) with NS that were selected from all clinical records files. Parameters extracted included age, sex, presenting symptoms, blood pressure. Laboratory information included complete blood count, urine analysis, 24-hour urinary protein excretion, creatinine clearance, serum electrolytes, serum urea and creatinine levels, total protein and albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol, acute phase reactant, treatment and outcome. All the data extracted were recorded in pre-prepared forms.

A total of 107 men (52%) and 99 women (49%) participated in the study. Edema was most commonly found in 197 (95.6%), respiratory distress in 2 (0.9%), abdominal pain in 45 (21.8%), nausea and vomiting in 28 (13.5%), and gross hematuria in 6 (2.9%). Leukopenia was seen in 0.5% followed by 42.4% of normal white blood cells (WBCs) and 57.1% leukocytosis. 74.4% of all patients had anemia in their laboratory tests in spite of thrombocytopenia only seen in 1.7%. 49% had pyuria and hematuria was seen in 41%. The mean level of serum albumin was 2.5 g/l, cholesterol was 381 mg/dl, triglyceride was 287 mg/dl and the mean level of 24-hour urinary protein excretion was 2084 mg/dl.

Conclusion:

 The most common clinical symptom in nephrotic syndrome was edema followed by nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain.

Background :

Fever is one of the most common causes of children’s referral to pediatric emergency department (ED), and almost 20% of General ED referrals relate to febrile children. When it comes to febrile pediatrics patients, co-infection is a very important issue to discuss. This topic has been considered in current literature so, we considered to examine the epidemiology of these co-infections in febrile children younger than 5 years in emergency department.

This cross-sectional study was carried out retrospectively with the enrollment of children younger than 5-years-old (accessible sampling) in the emergency department of Mofid Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during November 2017 to December 2018.  After designing and completing a check list.  

Totally, 388 patients with the mean age of 25.4 ± 12.4 months were studied (51.5% Girl).  The source of infection was unclear after using all of the diagnostic tools in 27.5% of cases. Based on the findings fever-associated diarrhea (132 patients, 46.9%), and cellulitis (1 patient, 0.4%) were the most and least frequent source of infections, respectively. The co-incidence of different source of infections showed that the most frequent co-infections were sepsis and UTI; otitis and UTI; pneumonia and UTI; pneumonia and URI; and sepsis and otitis.

Conclusion:

 It seems that co-infections have been significantly increased in girls and in theage range of 6-36 months. The most and least prevalent infections were fever-associated diarrhea and cellulitis among the patients with at least one type of infection. The co-incidence of different source of infection showed that the most frequent co-infections were sepsis and UTI; otitis and UTI; pneumonia and UTI; pneumonia and URI; and sepsis and otitis.

Background :

Consequences of fashion tendency on adolescents’ behaviors are not well documented. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of attitudes toward fashion on participation of adolescents’ students in physical activity and sport. We applied the theory of planned behavior as theoretical basis in the present study.

The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 384 students (192 boys and 192 girls) aged 12 to 15 years (mean age of 13.81±0.75 years) in grades 1, 2, and 3 from regular middle schools of Saqqez city, Kurdistan province, Iran, in 2019. The dependent variables included attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and actual physical activity which were measured by standard questionnaires. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman test, and structural equation method by using Smart-PLS software were utilized to analyze data.

Results of Mann-Whitney U tests revealed no significant differences between boys and girls in all research variables. There were significant relationships between the components of the theory of planned behavior (e.g., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) regarding fashion with intention to physical activity and actual physical activity behavior in adolescents (all p <0.001). Furthermore, the results of path analysis indicated that the components of the theory of planned behavior (e.g., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) regarding fashion significantly influenced intention to physical activity and actual physical activity behavior of adolescents (all T>1.96).

Conclusion:

 People who tend to use fashion might consider sport and physical activity as a means to achieve good body fitness so that the clothes look more beautiful on their bodies.

Background  :

 Various accidents threaten children and adolescents. One of these accidents is Traumatic dental injury (TDI). This study aimed to review systematically TDI in children and adolescents in Iran.  

This study is a systematic review of the literature that has searched TDI articles from the April 2000 to 31 April 2020. Search was conducted by the keywords Persian and English including Epidemiology, Prevalence, Traumatic Injuries, Dental Trauma, Traumatic dental injury, Etiology, Pediatric, Children, Adolescent, Iran, in English or their Persian equivalent using the "AND" & "OR" search strategy. Search was conducted at the domestic sites of Iran (SID), Magiran, Iran Doc, as well as at international sites such as Scopus, PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cinahl, and Science Direct. The articles were analyzed after entering the End Note x8 software and reviewing them according to the instructions of the systematic review articles.  

In this review, all the studies conducted in Persian and English language in the context of DT among Iranian children and adolescents were evaluated. Finally, eight articles entered this systematic review. The sample size in 8 extracted articles was equal to 4,567 children and adolescents. According to the findings, the prevalence ranged from 8.9 to 36.9%. The prevalence of dental trauma was also higher in boys and adolescents of the male sex. One of the most common causes of fall trauma as well as trauma occurred in environments such as home, school, playground and passages.  

Conclusion:

   Given that most dental trauma occurs in boys; it is necessary to give this group the necessary training to reduce trauma.