فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی
سال پنجاهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

Occasionally, the conflict of laws becomes more complicated with factor intervention. In fact, the situation created and eliminated at the moment are very rare, and often they continue to develop over a certain period of time. It is clear that expanding these situations in time makes them sensitive to changes in laws. The effect that these changes can have on the law applicable to the legal relationship creates the problem of conflict at the time. But what further complicates this problem is that time-domain interference has many kinds to take into consideration that recognizing this issue will result in the identification of suitable solution for each of the conflicts of time. In this article, a variety of these states and their solutions will be investigated and it wiil be shown that time factor interference does not lead to the same results.

Certainly, rising material wealth is considered as a tool to pave the way for development. In this way, experts have found that in economic analyses, non-economic factors as important as economic factors. Accordingly institutional economic has focused on economic transactions and criticized the zero transaction cost world. As a result, institutionalism has announced that institutions (formal and informal rules) are important to achieve the economic prosperity, because they are as the rules of the economic game which can provide secure atmosphere, reduce risks and costs, and increase economic incentives to investment and trade. In this regard, the quality of legal institutions, especially legal institutions that create legal core of market (property and contract law) have been highly emphasized. Thus, this paper seeks to answer why property and contract law could contribute to economic growth and sustainable development? It is concluded that suitable legal institutions may provide a secure environment for investment and trade. These elements are vital to achieve economic growth and sustainable development.

The banking secrecy system is designed to build trust in the bank-‎customer relationship to ensure that the customer's privacy is ‎protected. But in turn, the system can also be used as a means of ‎purification income from criminal activity and tax evasion. Thus, the ‎private interest of bank customers which is based on the ‎confidentiality of information on the one hand, and the public interest ‎on the prevention and detection of such crimes on the other hand, are ‎in conflict that is Described in the present study through a ‎descriptive-analytical approach, to address the challenge, pursuit of ‎the general interest of society should not be presumed to be a breach ‎of privacy in any case without authorization and should not be ‎arbitrarily violated. Therefore, only when the public interest prevails, ‎disclosure of confidential information is made on the basis of clear ‎and transparent law and, as the case may be.‎

There are two types of questions in legal studies: questions that pertain to the rules of law, and questions that concern its relevant subjects. Accordingly, there are two types of reasoning that are used for finding answers to these different types of questions: legal reasoning and judicial reasoning. The question concerns the logic of reasoning in law in each of the following three stages: proving the imputability of facts to the defendant; identification and legal description of the facts; and discovering the stance and rules of law of the legislator in view of the case in point. The present study attempts to explicate the structure and proses of the logic of law. The present study draws upon a descriptive and analytical (rational and reasonable) methodology that will be applied according to the nature of the topic under study. Based on the findings of the present work, the logic of legal and judicial reasoning has a combinatory nature. Although it appears to follow the Aristotelian formal logic, in researching the content of the premises of reasoning and proving imputability of subjects to individuals, the logic of reasoning, according to the nature of the subjects as well as the research sources, benefits from a hermeneutical method, rational and reasonable analysis, deductive reasoning, and literary and linguistic rules.

Writs form one of the most important types of judicial decisions in courts. The question which always challenges lawyers mind in terms of analyzing the type of judgments of the objectionable by a third party is whether or not writs can be objected similar to judgements by the third party. The compilation quality of the relevant regulations from the code of legal procedure in 1290 to the civil procedure law in 1379 and applying the terms » every kind verdict and writ« in previous laws and the phrase » every kind judgment« in new code, as objectionable judgements, the necessity of obtaining condition of disorder to the right of third party for accepting the protest, the elements and features governing to » judgement of court « and the other principles governing to procedure rules, have caused to law intellectuals to be different in opinions on the possibility or impossibility of the third party protest to the interlocutory writs, finals decrees or writs of attachment. Regarding the studies on different opinions and relevant explanation, the present essay, will reveal the fact that in spite of the general application of the term »judgment« in articles 417 and 418 of the code of procedure… in civil matters 1379, the rules of third party objection only includes the judgements not any writs.

In most legal systems, including the Iranian legal system, the three elements of loss, harmful act, and causality are necessary to prove litigation, both tort and contractual. On the other hand, although most modern jurists tend to apply the principle of complete compensation against damages, it is generally believed that any damages cannot be compensated. Only damages that meet the requirements of civil liability law can be awarded. The condition of "direct loss" is one of these conditions, which in our legal system is also referred to as the "no intermediaryloss " condition.Our lawyers, under the rules of French civil law, have introduced the above condition into Iranian law and do not consider "indirect damages" to be compensated. The author is of the opinion that despite the pillar of causality in civil liability, there is no longer any need to claim direct damages and removing this limitation will not impair the structure of the litigation. What is meant by the direct and immediate disadvantage of our rights is the establishment of a customary causal relationship between the harm and the harmful act.

It is certain that Perelman's concern is to go past the formal logic and analogical reasoning. However, his theoretical framework for this transition suffers from a vagueness that seems to be extended to the triad of fairness, rationality and acceptability of the judicial reasoning that Perelman emphasizes. Perelman’s emphasis on practical reason only and the fact that he seeks practical reason independently from theoretical reason have added to this vagueness. Perelman occasionally discusses the sociology of law in his works, and it seems that he is going to move away from analogical reasoning through sociology of law and its realism. Also, he sometimes underscores value judgments, the general principles of law, and the unwritten legal rules as the components of this value judgment. Do value judgments and general principles of law not imply acceptance of a type of natural law by Perelman? A type of natural law that can be considered as the theoretical framework of Perelman's Juridical Logic by denying the duality of theoretical reason and practical reason and, as a result, liberates this logic from the vagueness emanating from the pluralism of the social structure.

One of the most challenging issues in civil litigation is the cases where the legislator has made compulsory insurance policies, including accidental damages and labor damages. Given the importance of this institution and the lack of coherent study of the impact of the fault in cases where the legislator made it compulsory for one of the parties to provide insurance, a careful examination of the damaged fault in these particular cases seems necessary, and in spite of The change in the law of compulsory insurance in 1395 has not been carried out in accordance with this law and usually the articles in this area have been invoked to the insurance law approved in 1347. Therefore, in order to quantify the relative impact of the existing vacuum, this study examines the extent of the impact of damages caused by accidents and Due to the work in Iranian law, it deals with the comparative study of French law And seeks to answer the question whether the fault of workers and driving accidents is consistent with the general rules of civil liability or that it is subject to a special system. The hypothesis of this article is that the effect of damaged fault in insurance cases Mandatory does not comply with the general rules of civil liability, and the supportive aspect of such laws imposes the basis of civil responsibility from the theory of fault to the alleged fault. The contents of this research are based on a library method in two sections. The first section addresses the concepts and foundations, and the second part deals with the damaged fault in cases of compulsory insurance in Iranian and French law.

Sometimes, the arbitrator award include some kind of vagueness or incomprehensiveness which make interpretation necessary. Despite its importance, the regulations remain silent about the rightful authority for interpreting the arbitrator award and the doctrine, which discuss a lot about arbitration and its regulations, doesn’t mention this subject expressly. Comparing with the judge, it should be said that arbitrator himself is responsible for offering an interpretation for his award. Furthermore, the concept of interpretation and the independency of the arbitrator confirm the aforementioned claim. However, the exclusivity of the arbitrator’s authority, incomparability with the judge’s authority, possible negative effect and court recess are opposed what was said.

Blockchain transforms many aspects of governance. By employing this technology transparency, fraud detection, contract enforcement will be secured and the role of intermediary agents will diminish. If this is a real effect of above-mentioned technology, which roles can be assigned to law and legal science which has been evolved to perform similar role in organizing society. It seems to me that legal science will transform fundamentally. It is not that societies do not need laws any more, but some branches of legal science such as property right law, contract law, commercial law and so forth will change profoundly and computer based codes will replace them. Then, code governance must be taken seriously because it has deep effects of legal science. In comparison, other branches of legal science will evolve to accommodate to new technologies and new emergent conflicts of interest.

In jurisprudence and law of Iran and France, unilateral act is not a strange phenomenon, and the two terms of the contract and unilateral act together represent the deep roots of these two institution. But what has been the subject of doctrine in French law since the 19th century is the role of unilateral act to create obligations. In other words, it has many effects, but there is doubt about whether it can create obligations. In 2016, with the amendments of French Civil Code unilateral act has been drafted in the area of sources of obligations, which could be a reflection of this fact that unilateral act is as a unilateral source for bilateral obligations and it is a new achievement. In law of Iran, unilateral act to create obligations is not raised as a general theory, but there are examples of civil law that can be considered as an example of acceptance of this theory. The study of French law as one of the legal systems in this field can be used as a platform for a general theory of law in Iran, which will be presented in this paper in a comparative way.