مجله حقوقی دادگستری
پیاپی 111 (پاییز 1399)

There are fundamental questions and obvious differences between the jurists regarding the guarantee or non-guarantee against the death of the convict and the additional punishment imposed on her during the issuance or execution of the sentence: Well-known jurists have considered the loss of one's blood to be based on the rule that "No Blood Money for the One Killed Due to Legal Punishment". Some jurists also citing some religious generalities, have believed to Lack of guarantees pent to Lack of extremes in Punishment and a few jurists, such as Sheikh Mufid, have distinguished between the rights of God and the rights of the people. This difference of opinion among scholars has also been transferred to the Islamic Penal Code, and there are contradictions in some legal articles that need to be examined. This article critiques each point of view in a descriptive-analytical way, along with their documentation and analysis of legal materials. The author's chosen opinion in substantiation of Guarantee for Punishment leading to the deprivation of life wherein permeate of wounds is not Arising from negligence. This claim is based on the priority of the evidence of the sanctity of the Muslim person's blood over other evidence, the generalities of the murder, and also agrees with the scholarly view of Khansari in one of her possibilities and It explicitly complies with Article 13 of the Islamic Penal Code and Note 185 of the Islamic Penal Code. According to the law, if deprive of life arising from Punishment is after warning of Judge enforcing the penalty, It removes the guarantee from him.

Labour contract has a crucial role in the formation of Labour relationship, and also prove it. This contract can differentiate the given tie form other concepts and similar institutions in the Civil Code. In relation to current regulations, including labour Code, Correcting law of impediment to manufacture and industrial investment approved in the 2008, and Correcting law of impediment to competitive manufacture and improvement in the financial system with regard to the role of above-mentioned contract in the 2015, procedural and formality of its standards are in doubt. This article has gone over the various standpoints which is related to this issue in a descriptive-analytic and comparative way. Given the outcome, we make out that the formulation of indenture has been just influential in the proof step. Judicial precedent and the lack of anticipation of related sanctions leads to reinforcement of the latter statement. However, the evidence, that proves the litigations of Labour relationship is anticipated in the By-law of Labour Procedure approved 2012, There is no references of testimony and oath as a reason of specific significance. In French Law, there is no conclusive evidence, therefore, according to Civil Law, all the evidence is acceptable; as regard the Case-Law and the protective nature of the Labour Code towards labourer, it is accepted in our Law.

Regarding to acceptance of criminal responsibility of legal Persons and punishment determination for these Persons in Islamic Penal Code (IPC) approved in 2013. This question arises how to execute plurality of crime rules towards guilty legal persons similar to real persons. Answering to this question, on hand is simple and on the other hand is difficult. It is simple since criminal responsibility of legal persons in Iranian Criminal Law has been accepted and also the real persons do not have distinctive character to allocate the concurrence rule for them. It is difficult since acceptance of criminal responsibility in Iranian Criminal Law is still young and transition from humanist look of Islamic Criminal Law to the persons, brings many challenges in the way of applying plurality of crime rules to the legal persons. On of the most important Challenges provided at article 20 of the criminal code is integration and extraneous nature of the legal persons punishment. These challenges put an stable obstacle in the way of execution of constructive plurality of crime rules. In addition to mentioned above, in accordance with article 134 of the criminal code related to the legal persons, execution of real plurality of crime rules has been met challenges such as not determination of aggravated punishment and then severity punishment and prosecutor’s authority in determination of tow punishment for legal persons. Above challenges would be made impossible execution of real plurality of crime rules on legal persons similar to real persons.

following by the government of the “principle of the rule of law” and definition of the rights, freedoms and duties of the people, it requires that in order to be aware of these rights and duties, the laws should be made available to the public through publication. but the mere publication of the law is not enough to be aware of rights and duties. so it is also necessary that the content of the law must be understood by the people. The present study revolves around the central question of: Although the language of the law must be technical, how should it be formulated so that it can be understood by the people while accurately conveying the purpose of the legislature? The research approach is descriptive-analytical and library method was used to collect the research data. Upon examination, it became clear that the ambiguity factors in the law were divided into linguistic and non-linguistic ambiguity factors. Linguistic factors are the writing factors that are required in all texts, especially legal texts; non-linguistic factors include such as the multiplicity of legislative authorities, sporadic legislation, and so on. Finally, given the philosophy of law, which is the creation of rights and obligations for individuals in society, laws need to be expressed in a language that the general public can understand, although the use of standard language and simplification should not go so far as to Affect the accuracy of expression of laws and provide tools for legal abuses.

The document of "General Conditions of Contract" is one of the provisions that governs the governmental contracting contracts and cannot be infringed. Among the issues to be considered in this document are the provisions of Article 53, with the entitle of "Dispute Resolution".This article, because of the use of the words "can" and "can" in paragraphs (a) and (c), and with the prediction of quasi -arbitration and arbitration in the form of a contract term, and also as a consequence of the "Optional or compulsory will of the parties to lawsuit to the non-judicial authorities, has led to various interpretations of the designation of the competent authority to deal with disputes arising out of this kind of contracts. The absence of a uniform judicial procedure in these cases, has caused to wasting time and financial costs on litigants (employer and contractor) and the judiciary.Therefore, in the present article, we will try to rely on the method of reasoning and principles and legal rules governing the subject in one of the preliminary Court votes, while examining the structure and analysis of the scientific approach of the judge's thought, including the legal concept and nature of this kind of contracts and method of Non-Judicial Dispute Settlements, as well as the Status of Non-Judicial Dispute Resolution Authorities in the Contractual Condition, to determine the extent to which litigants have the possibility in choice of the jurisdictional or non-judicial proceeding, and as far as possible provide a functional and unified approach to deal with such disputes.Keywords: Governmental Contracting, General Conditions of Contract, Arbitration Condition, Non-Judicial Authorities, High Technical Council.

US action in assassination of senior Iranian and Iraqi military officials, including the martyred General Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Mohandes, is a clear example of State terrorism and violates the most important rules of international law, including the right to life, prohibition of use of the force, respect for sovereignty of the States and the principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs of other countries. The Trump administration has also violated US domestic law by failing to comply with the Senate. One of the harsh revenge measures emphasized by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution can be a victory in the legal war and litigation in the courts. So, the main question in this article is, what is the legal basis for pursuing this case? The result of the descriptive-analytical study of the authors, by using the case study and utilizing library resources, shows that the most effective legal mechanisms are litigation before international court of Justice (ICJ) under the convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protected persons, including diplomatic agents (1973), as well as trying to establish a hybrid court, in particular by concluding an agreement with UN General Assembly or organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). However, these measures require consideration of political and legal consequences of each method and before that, the Iraqi authorities' political will to cooperate with international organizations is the main condition for any action.

After adopting the theory of Contributory negligence and dismissing the All-or-No thing Rule, the issue of how to determine the extent of loss and Victim Fault was raised in fault-based civil liability. The key question is whether there is a difference between the defendant’s fault and the plaintiff’s. If the same act has been done by both sides and the other essential elements are the same, should the responsibility be equally shared by the two perpetrators, regardless of whether they are plaintiff or defendant? The European principles of civil responsibility and the prevailing theory of common law have adopted a "symmetrical approach to victim and defendant's behavior in determining each one's fault" and, equally, have considered the standard of reasonable care in evaluating their behavior. This view has been tempered in various ways and certain exceptions have been made to it in the Common law. Similarly, from the point of view of economic analysis and moral criticism there are some objections to this theory. This view, despite its popularity, seems to have left much criticism unanswered. In depicting an apt theory to address this issue, it will count a step forward to explain and criticize the mainstream theory.

Overseas criminal investigations in Cloud Computing and its data users face limitations stemming from the principle of territorial sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in foreign state affairs. But the United States is trying to pass these restrictions on domestic law by passing and enforcing CLOUD Act after failing in Microsoft case. This is an experience that its achievements are facing other countries in order to avoid its negative dimensions. So Investigating the legal aspects of CLOUD Act, from function to its achievements and defections in overseas criminal investigations into cloud of technology companies, is the subject and purpose of this paper, which has been dealt with in a descriptive analytical and critical approach. Main research question is, what is the function and achievements of CLOUD Act in the criminal justice system of the United States and other states in conducting overseas criminal investigations in Cloud Computing and its defections? Research findings indicate that the CLOUD Act nevertheless directs the United States to its primary goal of accessing the stored data of the Cloud user in data center overseas. But access to data of Cloud Computing user in these circumstances is also affected by the disregard of the restrictions arising from the principle of territorial sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in foreign state affairs, which this time was justified in the domestic law stature but not permitted and accepted due to a violation of Cloud Computing user privacy restrictions.

One of the important issues related to child and adolescent crime is the adoption of a response pattern that can generally be considered in the four types of restorative, criminal, estimated and rehabilitation. An attempt has been made to investigate the issue in the territory of the Iranian legal and judicial system using the field method. The methodology used in this study is qualitative and is based on the data base method. The statistical population is composed of a number of judges of justice in Mazandaran province, assistants of the Correctional Center and professors familiar with children's and adolescent rights. Samples were purposefully selected and interview was used in data collection. The data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. The results of this study have shown that three types of response patterns namely criminal, restorative and rehabilitation patterns can be used in Iranian criminal policy regarding how juvenile and juvenile offenses are dealt with, but the estimated pattern is not relevant, but how the criminal justice system is treated. In juvenile and juvenile offenses in Mazandaran province it is sometimes maximized and sometimes minimized, so that at the level of judicial procedure of juvenile and juvenile courts in Mazandaran province more use of the two patterns of criminal response and rehabilitation according to the age of individuals can be made. Is identified and the use of the less restorative pattern observed in judicial verdicts has been.

Maritime liens are real security against the maritime estate and subject of the special system of payment and particular procedural rules which encourage the maritime creditors to help the vessels for continuing the voyage by providing the maritime liens and enforcing them immediately. In the contrary, procedure of bankruptcy include specific rules in relation with liquidation and reorganization of bankrupt which are governed the stay of proceedings against the debtor and collective proceedings which could make some conflicts in enforcement of maritime liens. This paper deals with the variety kinds of these conflicts and provides the manners of solving them through the analytical and descriptive method and by using the library resources and the comparative study in legal system of Iran, England, and France. Finally, regarding being the special law of each systems of bankruptcy and maritime, it seems necessary to add a rule that is overriding in this matter. In this respect, it is proposed that security rights over the ships are addressed within the particular regime they belong to, regardless of the time of their creation (before or after the bankruptcy procedure over the shipowner commenced).

Although the Islamic Penal Code (enacted in 2013) has clearly recognized criminal liability for legal persons, only nine articles have been adopted in the Criminal Procedure Code (enacted in 2015) to investigate these crimes. Since, for many years, criminal responsibility for legal persons was not adopted in Iran’s Law (except for some few cases), it was not a big challenge to deal with these crimes. After recognition of criminal liability for legal persons in the Islamic Penal Code, many challenges will arise from a formal perspective in conducting preliminary investigations into the allegations against them; given that legal persons are abstract in meaning and considering the fact that provisions adopted in the Criminal Procedure Code are essentially natural person-oriented. Presumably, these Challenges may include how to summon and prosecute a legal person, voluntary annulment of a legal person during preliminary investigations, issuance of judicial orders, and using certain favorable institutions such as filing a lawsuit or suspension of prosecution. The present study tries to analyze challenges through analytic-descriptive method and introduce recommendations to deal with them. These recommendations may include: Specifying suitable legal sanctions when legal person’s representative ignores presence in court; making judicial orders compelling; and consideration of legal sanctions to prevent violation of these orders.

Generic trademarks are not entitled to exclusive rights, since due to lack of distinctiveness they deprive competitors of necessary words required to introduce goods and services and eventually, they create confusion for consumers. For some reasons, trademark may become the generic name for the category of services and goods which it belongs; In this case, death of trademark which is called Genericide will occur. Semantic gap as a result of non-existence of product or class name along with novelty of trademark, death by patent, shorter length and simplicity compare to product name and also market dominance as well as fame are among the prominent linguistic and social processes of trademark genericization. In order to confront unjustified monopoly of generic trademarks, pre-registration and post-registration, legislators can provide couple mechanisms that the most important ones are: refusal ground for registration, invalidation trial, cancellation or removal of the registry and limitation of exclusive rights. However, three questions shall remain to be answered case by case in judicial proceedings: First, what is the genus of goods and services with respect to key aspect of product? Second, trademark from point of view and perception of which group (end users, intermediaries or manufacturers) shall be deemed generic? Third, considering the evidences particularly surveys, linguistic tools, search engines and testimony of members of trade in relevant sector, what is the perception of relevant public regarding primary significance of tradeamark? The goal of this article is reviewing genericization processes, conducting comparative study of anti-generic mechanisms of trademark law and elaborating procedure of determining genericness of trademark in judicial proceedings in light of US, EU and Iran courts judgments. Finally, as and when needed, providing suggestions to overcome legislation shortcomings and gaps as well as optimizing proceedings regarding generic trademark.