نشریه اقتصاد دفاع و توسعه پایدار
پیاپی 6 (زمستان 1396)

The purpose of this study is to identify and recognize the problems of Military Pension Fund of Islamic Republic of Iran and provide solutions to strengthen its financial situation. In this regard, documentary analysis, applied method and statistical forecast model are used. According to the investigations, this pension fund performs in the form of defined benefit (DB) and its mechanism is based on PAYG system. In fact, in this system the retirement pensions are provided from insurance Deductions of employees. Furthermore, dependency ratio of this fund (the number of retirees to employees) is about 0.85, while its normal ratio is 7. So, it can be concluded that military pension fund is exposed on a severe financial deficit. In fact, since 2011, all retirement salaries of this fund have been paid by government. In other words, the amount of government assistance from budget source to this fund has increased more than 6 times in the past decade. One of the fundamental solutions to prevent the possibility of Military Pension Fund bankruptcy is that it will operate independently and without full support of government. For this purpose, capital adequacy of this pension fund should be increased based on Value at Risk approach which is applied in this study.

Today in many developed countries, renewable energies has been considered as an alternative for fossil energies. Expecting to run out of fossil energy resources and the pollution resulting from using them are the two main reasons that many countries are focusing more and more on renewable energy resources. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on fossil energy sources and the pollution caused from it, Iran is also turning its focus toward alternative resources and there is still much room for improvement in this area. This study aims to investigate the impact of using renewable energy resources through a different aspect in the country. The impact of using renewable energies on the national security of Iran is the subject of this article. In order to investigate that, national security is divided into four dimensions including economic, social, environmental and energy.The impact of using renewable energies has been examined on each of these dimensions using vector autoregression method. The result shows that using more renewable energy resources amplifies each of these four dimensions, hence amplifying the national security of Iran.

The military weapons industry is among the most profitable today's industries. These markets are very diverse in terms of geographical scope and range of goods, but all have been rooted in the demand side for security. The Middle East is one of the most important markets in the global industry, with weapons suppliers showing particular attention. The prominent feature of securing power along with securing investment in the form of a need that is being addressed in the military weapons market, with the exception of armaments and military services, has no alternative substitute, which makes the demanded function less demanding and consequently, actors in the supply chain are more likely to be priced on this market. In this research, after studying the defense industry and recognizing the general structure of the global defense market, the Middle East's military weapons market position was identified in the international arms markets, and then after examining the structure of the Middle East market, using the CR indices, Herfindahl And Rosenblut, the market power of suppliers and the barriers to the natural and strategic entry of the market and their desire to create them were examined. Finally, because the Islamic Republic of Iran possesses the strategic infrastructure of defense industries, the possibility of the Islamic Republic of Iran entering and operating in military weapons markets, in order to benefit from commercial and non-commercial interests, is examined.

The realization of sustainable growth in today's highly volatile and unstable world requires the recognition and application of new tools. Identifying the risks in the economic, social, geographic, political, technological and environmental fields is suggested by research centers and experts as a prerequisite for any country for achieving sustainable growth. The method of determining these hazards varies according to regions and communities. For example, floods and earthquakes, severe climate changes, the presence of microorganisms and pollution of metropolises, lifestyle changes and the existence of intelligent sanctions in countries can be considered as a threat. Investigating the experiences of different countries shows that some of them are resilient to external risks and shocks and have the ability to withstand and overcome these shocks at low costs, while others may be less resilience. The main objective of this research is to design and provide a system for assessing resilience of Iran in terms of economic and social indicators and estimating the resilience of the most important economic and social sectors during the period of 1370-1395 (Hijri-Shamsi). In this regard, using the MIMIC method and the maximum Likelihood estimator (ML) and using macro, micro, developmental, social, monetary and banking indicators, Iran’s resilience condition investigated. Results show that the state of social and economic indicators of resilience is heterogeneous and dangerous, which in many sectors, the situation was identified as "unstable and irresistible". Based on these results, financial intermediaries, construction sector, unemployment rate, imports, average income and expenditures of urban and rural households, suicide commitment and robbery are in bad situation.

Sustainable and high economic growth has always been one of the most important development indicators of countries and its achievement is considered to be the most important economic goal of the states. As a result, identifying the factors influencing economic growth and using these factors as a means to achieve high growth rate, is so interesting for researchers and its results are important for policy makers. On the other hand, security and defensive power are also important indicators of welfare in different of economic, social and cultural aspects of life. This study aims to achieve a balance between these two goals and examine their relationship. The main questions of this study are the relationship between economic growth and security and defensive power. Is this relationship different among different countries? In this regard, after examining the indicators, military expenditures to GDP ratio is used as a proxy for security and defensive power. This research divides countries into two groups of major exporter and importer of military equipment and uses panel data regression analysis to estimate the model using Eviews software. The research has used data of 28 countries during 2005 and 2015. Results show that the increased military spending will lead to an increase in economic growth in exporting countries of military equipment, although leading to a decline in economic growth in the importing countries of military equipment

For ages, war and peace have been an inseparable part of human life. Hence, the need for defensive power, military forces and the demand for weaponries has been an important issue of societies and governments. Freedom, independence, security, the preservation of the boundaries of the borders as well as citizens, are considered as the most important tasks of the statesmen in any country. Therefore, in responding to these needs, governments should allocate some share of their budget resources to defensive affairs. However, defense and security should not be dependent on market fluctuations. The economy of defense and security of every country should be in full stability, because during periods of crisis and uncertainty, the demand for defense and security increases. Considering the scarcity of resource, it is evident that the subject of economic defense has always been the subject of economists' attention. It is not clearly known that which scientist has introduced the term "economics of defense" into scientific discussions for the first time. It appears that a German philosopher and mathematician introduced the term military economics into economics literature in the late seventeenth century in which the relationship between military activities and economics was explained. In this study, we aim to explain in detail the defense economics and its place in various economic schools.