نشریه پژوهش های بین رشته ای ادبی
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Ferdowsi in his masterpiece, Shahnameh has revealed his thoughts and beliefs in some segments of his work. One of the most important occasions where he has spoken his thoughts repeatedly for about 80 times throughout Shahnameh are the verses in which he composed after almost every tragic event or death of kings, heroes and, other characters. In those verses, Ferdowsi has expressed his hatred towards the world’s hypocrisy, ruthlessness and, disloyalty. In these segments-which in this paper has been referred to as Ferdowsi’s complaints- the poet according to Burke’s theory of dramatism emphasizes on the scene for communication. Emphasis on scene in communication according to Burke’s theory is associated with philosophical fatalism which is a doctrine that stresses the subjugation of all events or actions to destiny, and is commonly accompanied with the consequent attitude of resignation in the face of future events which are thought to be inevitable. Among factors that have contributed to the formation of this attitude in Ferdowsi’s complaints, one is Shahnameh itself which is the story of the deterioration of the Persian Empire and other is the social, economic and political instability of Iran after the Arab conquest until 10th century A.D. Shahnameh and the social, economic and political instability of Iran can be seen as the common grounds (substance) Ferdowsi and his audience shared in this period of history. This paper studies the factors that helped to generate the common grounds between Ferdowsi and his audience

Representation of Worldly Pleasure in the Poetry, Painting and Architecture Safavid Era Based on Henry Ramack Approach address the linkage among literature, painting & architecture in Safavid era. Embedded in Remack’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept has been represented in different forms in poetry, architecture and painting in that era. Findings show that joy on earth or entertainment-related reading, one of the main components of secularism, seems to be one main presupposition which makes the building blocks of thought and art in the era. In fact, Safavid poets, painters and architects have specifically drawn their own attention to joy/entertainment related aspects. In fact, Safavid poets, painters and architects have specifically drawn their own attention to joy/entertainment related aspectsIndeed, they have created their own work in various forms referring to this component. Key words: Safavid Era, comparative literature, Henry Remack, poetry, painting, Architcture.

A French perfume is novel by Amir Tajesser, a Sudanese novelist and physician. By narrating the main character of the story and dealing with other characters which is expressed in interaction with the main character he is trying to portray the oppressive conditions of society and its people. Karen Horney is a German psychologist and one of the most important theorists in the field of personality. According to Horney's theory, Experiences that have been accumulated and concentrated during the adult social and cultural life, ddetermines how a person behaves. She divides people into three types of sealer, supremacist and secularist. The main topic of this research is the Influence of Community Conditions and the Creation of "Ideal Self" and the Study of the Character Type. In this paper, using a descriptive analytical method based on Horney's theory, the characters of the French perfume novel are examined to explain the personal struggles of the characters and their defense mechanisms against main anxiety. The result of the study showed that all the characters in the novel at least show one of the personality aspects of Horney's theory: the moving towards others, moving against others, and moving away from others.

The Shahnameh that wrote by Abolghasem Ferdowsi Tusi, an iranian poet, about one thousand years ago is not only a literary and simple book, but also an essential and fundemental part of Iranian culture and identity. Interpreting and analyzing this huge book by interdisciplinary approaches and using different knowledge; primarily, criminal science can lead to its revival providing the readers with profound insight. The legal ontology of the world of Shahnameh introduces the concepts and historical legal institutions of ancient Iran to us. The essay is mostly a review and understanding Iran's law history that lets us briefly review some aspects of criminal procedure in ancient Iran. In this regard, by interpreting of Siyavash's story, we have attempted to compare the principles of fair trial to Siyavash criminal process. We have studied the story by a narrow-minded approach based on interpreting the "Innocence principle", "unification of investigation procecution" and "Ordeal".

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, criticism, and sociology that emphasizes the social function of language in society and politics and how social and political powers are reproduced. Critical discourse analysis means the study of the sociology of language and the study of the linguistics of society; An approach that discusses language as a social action in relation to ideology, history, power, and society. According to Norman Fairclough's theory, in order to discover the underlying layers and analyze the discourse pattern, three levels of "description", "interpretation" and "explanation" must be considered. To achieve the discourse pattern at the level of "explanation", which is the main and fundamental level in the study of the sociology of language, one must have the level of "description" (linguistic features, formal elements of language and grammar of the text) and the level of "interpretation" (processes of discourse. The contextual context of the text and intertextual factors) should be considered. In this article, we try to examine the dialectical relationship between language and power and language and discourse in the novel I turn off the lights, Zoya Pirzad's work only on two levels of description and interpretation. In this novel, the author indirectly reflects the political, social and cultural concepts of society and reflects the common components of the discourse model. The application of the novel's discourse model I turn off the lights. Structures and social action and the author's critical worldview in the context of sociological components.

The love story of Majnun Layla, a legend that originated in the Middle East, has been translated and retold so often that it has become part of our global literary imagination. The story has been often received, compared, and studied in connection to Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. This is despite the fact that there are fundamental differences between the two masterpieces, not to mention that the reception of Majnun Layla has exceeded literary reception, extending to other media. The first part of the article presents new social, political, religious, and literary interpretations of Majnun Layla. The second part of the article discusses the legend’s migration from seventh-century Arabic culture to its operatic adaption in Azerbaijan in 1908 (the first opera to be staged in an Islamic context), its first cinematic adaptation in Malay language in 1933 in Bangladesh, its first scholarly treatment in comparative literature in Iran in 1938-1940, and finally its most recent cinematic representation in the 2011 American movie Habibi. The article notes the most important achievements and elements that have been added to the story during the legend's cross-cultural and multidisciplinary journeys. The article concludes by proposing that the multiple-horizontal-circle model of comparative literature and post-colonial studies is more adequate for understanding texts like Majnun Layla than the conventional binary-vertical-linear model for research in Arabic and Middle Eastern comparative literature and world literature.

In this article, the two main characters of Souvashun's novel (Yousef and Zari) are psychoanalyzed by Karen Horney's theory of neurosis. Karen Horneydescribes different types of neurotic behavior as a result of overusing coping strategies to deal with basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. She identified three broad categories of three neurotic needs in her theory: needs for power, prestige and affection. Horney considers the presence of anxiety as the main sign of nervous conflict in personality. Psychoanalytic analysis showed that the male character of the novel (Joseph) reflects all kinds of natural desires, feelings, and behaviors without anxiety, and that his behavioral contradictions are the kind of natural contradictions seen in ordinary human beings. But the character of the female one (Zari) is very anxious. The fundamental contradiction in his behavior reflects the symptoms of a benevolent nervous personality. Severe anxiety in Zari's character breaks down his character's defense structure. Eventually the fear of madness comes. Here, the neurotic character prepares to heal and undergo treatment. In Souvashun's novel, Dr. Abdullah Khan, by referring Zarito her real self, helps her overcome the gap between her imaginary self and his real self and regain her lost courage.

Highly dreamy or dreamy associations and literary texts, including avoidance of direct speech, image, metaphor, and symbol, cause psychologists and literary critics to find similar ways of discovering a subject. On the other hand, it is well known that the dream resembles a short story. In his stories, Ismail Fasih did not use the dream as the main approach, but his repeated use and sometimes use of it to advance the story was not without effect. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dream in five stories of elaborate stories in which the dream is used and to answer questions 1. What effect do dreams have on the progress of his story? Which of the two theorists can be interpreted from the perspective of eloquent stories? Are dreams in these stories prophetic or evangelizing or influenced by past events?  The study used a descriptive-analytic method and the results showed that most dreams are based on stressful and anxious situations of the past and cause stress for the viewer to sleep in moments of awakening. The healing of everyday pain, the subconscious part of the mind, comes with the help of the viewer's sleep and evokes sweet memories to bring the needed relief. Fasih, on the other hand, has used dreams well to introduce the fictional characters, both for the reason they are present in the main character's life and in the past, as well as for the relationships that are hidden in awakening to the reader.

This investigation aims to study cognitive megametaphor of "love" in the Now a Girl is my Homeland, a poetry book by Sherko Bekas, a Tucholsky awarded Kurdish poet. Cognitive megametaphors in which are needed to understand the literary words, talks about a conceptual discourse model which treats the undercurrent aspects of texts. According to cognitive approach and by using these data poems, megametaphor of "love" will be discussed. Analyzing data is based on theories about conceptual metaphors and megametaphors presented by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and Kovecses (2010). The main questions of this study are: how megametaphor of "Love" is shown in Bekas poetry and also how micrometaphors in the undercurrent of the poems form megametaphor at the superstructure. The results of the study show that "Love" is the most common concept in these poems, and all micro conceptual metaphors in these poems appear in the realm of love megametaphor.

Communication is the process of knowingly or unconsciously, intentionally or unintentionally, through which feelings and opinions are expressed in the form of verbal or nonverbal messages. In nonverbal communication the element of speech is not involved in message transmission and in most cases the effect of nonverbal communication is higher than verbal. This type of relationship has different types that are sometimes played by different organs of the body. The use of body language, and especially the language of gaze, has always been important among humans. The importance of this in contemporary poetry is twofold. Has that been true in classical poetry? This article aims to explain the language of gaze in classical Persian and Arabic poetry based on the American school of comparative literature and using a descriptive-analytic method. The findings of this study indicate that whenever looking at a "talking" bed, the message is wisely conveyed while it contains a coded and sign language.

The reflection of city and village in the Persian literature shows that the kind of viewing to these two words in the classic literature is different with the ones in the contemporary literature. The past Persian poets and writers look at the city and village in a way that is now common among the people. The images of poets, the symbols of mystics and the proverbs of people all show the different looks at the city and village. The village has the negative portrait that all indecent adjectives have been attributed to it. In contrast, the city has been regarded as a symbol of positive conceptions. But in the contemporary literature this subject is different.In this paper, our main approach is based on the study of city and village in the works of past literature. In addition to this, we will mention the portrait of city and village in the contemporary literature. The influence of cultural and social backgrounds on symbols made by city and village and the influence of environment on mind that Mowlavi has paid attention to it are result of this paper.

The image is one of the origins of metaphor. One of the most recent ideas provided by the semantics linguists is visual imagery. This theory was first introduced by Mark Johnson's linguistics (1987). Image schema is the complexity of human mental concepts because of its voluminous understanding of concepts, Hence, one of the basic infrastructures of conceptual metaphor. Adnan al-Saqaq is one of Iraq's most prominent contemporary poets who has taken the best of aesthetic and innovative work in his poems. Image schemas are a clear semantic tool for understanding Adnan's poems. The use of visual schemas has created a special metaphorical and poetic style for Adnan al-Sayegh. He uses the intelligent approach to translate his concepts and concepts into his audience. In this article, an attempt has been made to use a descriptive-analytical method to first look at theoretical literature of research in the following, we will analyze and analyze the visual schemas in the metadata of Adnan al-Saqaq. The most important finding of this article is that the motion schema is one of the most frequent types of schemas used in the Adnan affair.

It seems that content sequencing upon empirical work is the most significant steps for upgrading the quality of educational resources in the literature teaching. This investigation focuses on content sequencing in Persian literary texts. The principles for content sequencing are literary genre, chronology, stylistic periods etc. It seems that there are not appropriate criteria for sequencing the content of materials for teaching Persian literature to non-Iranian language learners. This investigation attempts to answer this question “what is the most appropriate criterion for sequencing the content of resources in the teaching of Persian poetry and prose to to speakeres of other languages?” To this goal, a researcher-made questionnaire, after being piloted, was randomly distributed among 52 Persian language teachers teaching Persian to non-Iranian Persian language learners. The results showed that the participants significantly preferred the chronological content sequencing as the most appropriate criteria in teaching Persian prose literature; they considered the literary genre and stylistic periods as the second and third criteria in this regard. Unlike Persian poetry literature, the participants did not show statistically significant difference concerning the use of existing criteria, and they considered all criteria appropriate for content sequencing in teaching Persian prose.