مجله آموزش و سلامت جامعه
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پاییز 1399)

Gastric cancer is the most common cause of death among all cancers in Iran. Due to the role of proper nutrition to prevent gastric cancer the present study was aimed to determine the impact of educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model on nutritional behaviors associated with gastric cancer among female employees in Fasa, Fars, Iran.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 100 working women covered by two health centers in Fasa who were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, knowledge, Health Belief Model constructs, and performance measurement that were completed before, 3, and 6 months after the educational intervention by the experimental and control groups. The training program was held in 8 sessions of 50 to 55 minutes in the hall of the health center with group discussion method along with showing videos and educational images for the experimental group. Questionnaires were collected and analyzed by SPSS 22 statistical software using Chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, and RMA NOVA (Repeated Measurement ANOVA).

The mean age of the subjects in the experimental group was 35.64±5.30 and in the control group was 35.70±5.38. Results showed that before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy and performance (p>0.05). But in the 3 and 6 months after the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in each of the above except the perceived barriers compared to the control group, and in the perceived barriers construct the test group significantly decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Designing and implementing educational interventions based on the Health Belief Model was effective in preventing gastric cancer with a focus on nutritional behaviors in employed women.

Marital satisfaction is an individual self-assessment of marital relations and the quality of marriage in addition to being an effective factor in countering psychological pressure and guaranteeing good behavior in life. This study was determined by the level of marital satisfaction and related factors in married men and women living in Taft County.

An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of 365 married men and women in 2019. The sampling method was multiple including stratified, cluster, and random sampling. That way multistage sampling was used for sampling in the village. At first, 12 comprehensive rural health service centers were considered as classes, each with some health houses as clusters. Therefore, a health home was randomly selected from each class in each health home, 14 People (7 women and 7 men) were randomly selected. The stratified sampling method was used for sampling in the city as each of the 3 urban centers was considered a floor, then in each center, 77 to 78 samples were selected randomly from the clients. The data was gathered through questionnaires about marital satisfaction, social support, and Internet addiction. Then the data were analyzed by applying the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and multiple linear regression by using SPSS 22.

The mean marital satisfaction score was 64.19±13.62 for men and 65.37±12.73 for women, which were not significantly different (p=0.368). The mean social support score was 64.56±11.44 and the mean internet addiction score was 29.35±12.90. The variables of social support (p<0.001), spouse’s education (p=0.018), income (p=0.020), internet addiction (p=0.002), the individual’s occupation (p=0.002), spouse’s age (p=0.008), and the fate of the parents’ marriage (p=0.043) were able to predict approximately 0.235 of the variations in marital satisfaction scores.

The results of the present study demonstrate that, in addition to social support and internet addiction, demographic variables, such as spouse’s education and age, income, the individual’s occupation, and the fate of parents’ marriage can affect marital satisfaction positively or negatively.

Improving childrenchr('39')s health is one of the most important indicators of a communitychr('39')s health and preventing injuries in children requires safety. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of theory-based education (Health Belief Model) on motherschr('39') safety behavior in preventing injuries from pediatric accidents.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with 220 mothers with children under 5 years old. The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on knowledge, Health Belief Model constructs, behavior, and home safety checklist that was completed before and after educational intervention in both control and test groups by a Self-Report Method. The educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model was performed in 3 sessions using feedback speech, group discussion, clip display, and images. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 statistical software and Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, t, and Chi-Square tests.

The mean age and standard deviation of mothers were 28.50±5.20 years. There was a significant difference between the mean score of awareness, behavior, home safety and structural beliefs of the health belief model in the intervention group before and after the educational intervention (p<0.001) and in the control group between the mean score of perceived sensitivity and perceived barriers, behavior, home safety increased significantly. There was a significant difference in the score difference each of the variables before and after the intervention between the two groups.

The educational program designed based on the Health Belief Model is effective in improving motherschr('39') beliefs and enhancing the safety behavior of mothers in preventing childrenchr('39')s accidents.

Adolescents overcome social challenges and problems by empowering their behaviors in different contexts. The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between social deficits and individual skills with behavioral empowerment in Yazd high school students.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional. The statistical population of this study were all high school students of Yazd city in the years 2018 to 2019. The samples were determined 372 people according to Morganchr('39')s table. The method was cluster random sampling. Research tools included standard questionnaires of social self-empowerment, Individual skills, and social deficiencies. The data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression using SPSS 20 software.

There was an inverse relationship between social deficits and studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment. This relationship was significant with cognitive, behavioral and motivational aspects (p<0.05), but there was no significant relationship with emotional competence (p>0.05). In addition, there was a positive significant relationship between personal skill and behavioral empowerment of students, as well as its dimensions (cognitive skill, behavioral skill, emotional competence and motivational competence; p<0.05). Also, the variables of social deficits and studentschr('39') personal skills can predict the changes in studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment (R2=0.175).

The social deficits are positively correlated with studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment and individual skills can be predictive of studentschr('39') behavioral empowerment.

Early childhood development is one of the priority areas of social determinants of health. A wide range of factors influence a childchr('39')s development. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with developmental delay in children under 5 years.

This study was a case-control study that conducted from April to August 2019 in Hamadan city. 462 children under 5 years and their mothers participated (231 children that have a developmental delay in the case group and 231 healthy children in the control group). The risk factors assessed were demographic characteristics, mothers’ awareness, and childhood developmental care. The data analysis were performed using Logistic Regression by Stata11 software and a significant level of 5% was considered.

The results showed that there were statistically significant relation between the developmental delay with mothers’ age (OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.00-1.08), history of child hospitalization (OR=2.57, 95%CI:1.63-4.05), tobacco use by parents (OR=2.09, 95%CI:1.20-3.64), and mothers’ awareness (OR=0.44, 95%CI:-0.25-0.82).

Mothers with children under 5 years need to be educated on various aspects of development and caregiving behaviors that protect their children from developmental delays, and the Identify these factors can help planners to reduce developmental delays and their effects.

Pediculosis is one of the most common health problems in children and especially in girls.  This study aimed to investigate the effect of education based on the Health Belief Model using social network messenger on promoting pediculosis preventive behaviors among school girls.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Bojnourd in 2018. 145 students were selected through cluster sampling from 12 schools and randomly divided into the intervention and the control groups. For the intervention group, the training program was implemented for 2 weeks and 3 days each week by uploading videos and educational materials about pediculosis in social network messenger. Data collection tools included a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model and a demographic questionnaire that were completed by the students before, immediately, and 3 months after the education. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 and by using Chi-square, Exact Fisher, Mann-Whitney, and ANOVA tests.

Based on the results there was a statistically significant relation among the mean scores of awareness, perceived sensitivity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy in the intervention group, immediately after the intervention compared to before the intervention (p<0.001). Also, mean score of the perceived severity cues to action and behavior increased significantly immediately after the intervention in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results showed that education based on Health Belief Model using the social network messenger is effective in promoting preventive behaviors of pediculosis in girl students.

Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables has many positive effects on adolescent health. However, many adolescences do not intake the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to determine the predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in first-grade high school female students in Ilam city using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).

The cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 332 high school female students in Ilam in 2018. The samples were selected from 5 public schools by multistage random sampling. Data were collected using a 42-item researcher-made questionnaire based on Social Cognitive Theory. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the qualitative method and its reliability was calculated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression by SPSS 19 software.

The mean age of the subjects was 13.72±0.97 years with a range of 12 to 16 years. Studentschr('39') fathers were often (45.2%) employees and their mothers were often (78%) housewives. Most fathers had a university degree (52.1%) and mothers had a diploma (36.4%). Overall, social cognitive structures predicted 20.9% of behavior variance. However, only self-regulation predicted behavior significantly (p=0.001), and other structures did not predict behavior significantly.

The Social Cognitive Theory can be used as a suitable theoretical framework for predicting adolescent behaviors associated with fruit and vegetable intake.

Doing healthy behaviors and having a healthy lifestyle in students is important. This research was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors in first-grade high school students in Rafsanjan city.

The current study was a randomized control trial conducted on 120 first-grade high-school male students in Rafsanjan city. Data were collected before and 3 months after the intervention by a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. the collected data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software and analyzed by paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square test.

After the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group and the difference was significant (p<0.001). Also, the rate of addressing healthy lifestyle activities among students in the intervention group significantly increased after the intervention (p<0.001).

Educational intervention based on planned behavior theory of healthy lifestyle behaviors increased in intervention students after educational interventions.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic health problems worldwide and self-care behaviors are an important part of managing blood pressure in these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE model on the promotion of self-care behaviors of patients with hypertension.

This randomized controlled trial was performed among 102 patients with hypertension who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in 2018. Data collection tools included demographic information and a standard questionnaire based on the PRECEDE model constructs which were completed by interview. The experimental group participated in 4 training sessions. Questionnaires were collected before and 3 months after the educational intervention from the participants of the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS 19 software using Chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, and linear regression.

The results showed that knowledge, attitude and enabling factors predicted 20% of the variance of self-care behaviors of patients with hypertension before the educational intervention. After the educational intervention, the mean scores of all structures of the PRECEDE model were statistically significant between the experimental and control groups (p<0.05), except for the enabling factors (p>0.05). Also, the mean score of self-care behaviors 3 months after the educational intervention in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Increasing the average of self-care behavior in patients undergoing educational intervention indicates the effective role of education in the use of self-care behaviors. Proper planning for educational interventions based on the PRECEDE model as well as providing the necessary structures is necessary to facilitate the realization of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension.

Smoking in adolescents show worrying trends, and at this age, media threats and media attention increases. Therefore, to determine the role of media in the intentions to smoke in adolescents, this study was conducted.

The systematically electronic search from international databases including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct until April 2019 was conducted, and observational studies addressing the associations between media exposure and smoking in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years were analyzed. The results of related studies were evaluated with the Newcastle and Ottawa Guidelines and the JBI (The Joanna Briggs Institute), and Chi2 and I2 statistics assessed between-studies heterogeneity.

In this study, 20 articles were entered, and 13 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The ORs (95% CI) exposure to the media contents associated with intentions to smoke in adolescents was as follows: in persuasive media OR=1.27 (95% CI 0.98, 1.64) and protective media OR=0.76 (95% CI 0.67, 0.86) with the intention of smoking in adolescents. Also, films with cigarette content were considered the strongest media were encouraging the intention to smoke OR=1.54 (95% CI 0.91, 2.59).

The present study provided a clear picture of mediachr('39')s role and how a medium platform influences the intention of smoking among adolescents and emphasizes the need to acquire and improve media literacy skills to prevent them.