فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

This study aimed to develop an appropriate model to achieve optimal distribution of sport facilities and identify those factors that affected the realization of sport per capita in Tehran city. This study was applied – developmental and descriptive – analytical in terms of data analysis. Factors were identified using multi-stage Delphi technique questionnaire and data were analyzed using SPSS and Mic Mac software. The results showed that four important factors were identified to achieve the model of optimal distribution of sport facilities using the Delphi technique; they were categorized in 12 key factors using the Mic Mac software. Finally, these factors were proposed in 4 political, economic-financial, physical-space and cultural planning domains. Political domain (with the highest score) was the most influential factor; the second factor was physical-space and the third one was economic-financial and the last factor was the cultural domain.

Strategies of furin control, inflammatory factors and also increased CTRP-12 are effective to prevent and treat metabolic disorders associated with obesity and diabetes. One of the effective strategies is training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic interval and resistance training on levels of furin, CTRP-12, TNF-α and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic women. 30 diabetic women (51.9 ± 5.09 years) were randomly divided into two groups of training (aerobic interval and resistance) and one control group. The training groups performed aerobic interval and resistance training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Furin, CTRP-12, TNF-α, and lipid profile were measured using ELISA kit.  Data were analyzed by ANCOVA at the significance level (P<0.05). The results of ANCOVA showed a significant difference between the study groups after 8 weeks of intervention in the furin (P=0.046, F=3.472) and CTRP-12 (P=0.016, F=4.893). The results of LSD post hoc test showed that resistance training significantly decreased furin (P=0.020) and CTRP-12 (P=0.004) compared with the control group. However, the significance of TNF-a was not confirmed (P=0.055, F=3.245). It seems that changes of CTRP-12 with resistance training are more affected by furin and less affected by TNF-α inflammatory adipokine in diabetic patients. This pathway controls insulin resistance as well.

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of awareness of legal responsibilities in sport among coaches, professors and the faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The present study was descriptive-survey and field in terms of data collection. To fulfill the aims of the study, modified scale of legal responsibilities in sport by Allyn and Bacon (1980) was used. The statistical population included 163 subjects who were divided into three groups. Due to the nature of the study, the sample was equal to the statistical population using census sampling method. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used at the significance level of 0.05. The findings showed that the sport insurance, laws and regulations, sundries, medical responsibilities and the record of the athletes’ data were undesirable and supervision and administration, caregiving standards and equipment and facilities were desirable. Generally, due to the covert sensitivity and the legal cases which may result from unawareness and disregard of different aspects, legal awareness of coaches, professors and the faculty members of faculty is essential.

Failure sets rapidly promote muscle strength and endurance. Cluster sets are highly efficient in developing maximum power and strength. This study equated the volume and intensity indexes in two types of resistance training (failure sets versus cluster sets) to investigated high sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I (hscTnI), N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) responses. 12 male athletes (mean age 22.16 ± 2.48 y) voluntarily preformed two types of training protocols (failure sets and cluster sets) separately with pretest and 30 minutes, 4, 12 and 24 hours of posttest. Both protocols consisted of 9 movements in equal training volumes and intensity range (8-10 RM); three cycles of 8 to 10 rep were performed for failure sets and nine cycles of 2 to 3 rep were performed for cluster sets. During the training, the mean HR of the third cycle was lower than the second cycle in both training types (P<0.05). Only in the first cycle, RPE in cluster sets was lower than the failure sets with the effect size (d=1.60) (P=0.001). 24 hours after the intervention, mean hscTnI increased in both failure (d=2.07) and cluster (d=1.61) sets (P<0.05). The mean Nt-proBNP in the failure sets was higher 24 hours after the intervention than the other posttests while this increase in the cluster sets was observed only in comparison with the baseline and 30 minutes after the training (P<0.05). When failure and cluster sets are exactly equated, their intervention effects on myocardium injury markers are close together. No matter what type of training is used in the protocol, the greatest effect of training stimulus belongs to the total training volume.

Economic sanctions mean civilian actions that have undesirable effects on transfer of goods, services or capital to a particular country. Sport is also not an exception in Iran. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iran sport. This was a field study using a mixed method. The sample included the experts of management and sport (n=92) in qualitative and quantitative phases. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis in Amos22 software were used. The results indicated 5 significant factors resulting from sanctions in sport including financial problems, knowledge and technology, international interactions, marketing and economics. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed the construct validity of the questionnaire. Based on the obtained results, it is obvious that authorities should pay special attention to solutions offered in economic sectors, interactions, attention to production and privatization especially the economic and income-generating infrastructures in the sport sector in order to develop sport which could be the key to tackling this issue.

Intensive and prolonged resistance training puts pressure on the ventricular walls and can severely disrupt ventricular mechanical work. On the other hand, the effect of high intensity resistance training on cardiac mechanism disturbance is not obvious. Therefore, this study investigated right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) functional responses to two types of training (failure sets and cluster sets) with balancing intensity and volume index. 12 male athletes with training history of 9.33 ± 2.99 years voluntarily preformed two training protocols of failure sets and cluster sets separately with pretest and 30 minutes, 6 and 24 hours posttest design. Both protocols consisted of 9 movements in equal training volumes and intensity range (12-15 RM) which were performed in 3 cycles of 12-15 repetitions for failure sets and 9 cycles of 4-5 repetitions for cluster sets. At the posttest, heart rate with effect size (d=0.87) and percentage change (PC=24%), stroke volume (d=0.69) (PC=14%), cardiac output (d=2.06) (PC=35%), end systolic volume (d=0.68) (PC=10%) and end diastolic volume (d=0.85) (PC=13%) were higher after failure sets compared with cluster sets. However, mean blood pressure (d=0.99) (PC=10%) and systemic vascular resistance (d=0.91) (PC=35%) were low (P<0.05). In both training protocols, no significant changes were observed in the ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and (E / é) ratio (P>0.05). RVFAC (d=1.03) (PC=11%) and RVGLS (d=1.38) (PC=21%) decreased in 30 minutes after the failure sets, which returned to the baseline after 24 hours (P<0.05). RV function was severely disrupted and deteriorated after the failure sets, which was associated with increased diastolic and systolic end dimensions of the RV. The heart is trying to optimally maintain the LV function in blood pumping and ventricular injection by modifying the ventricular filling and injection procedures.

It is inevitable to identify regional differences and study the structures and those factors influencing sport in order to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of priority sport fields in Isfahan province with a spatial planning approach. The statistical population consisted of Isfahan sport experts. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation (n=50) using theoretical and snowball sampling methods. A combination of qualitative methods (open questionnaire and interview) and quantitative methods (coefficients and ranking) were used to collect and analyze the data. An open questionnaire was used to collect data. The model was provided by the descriptive-analytical method using Geographic Information System (GIS) and a part of the obtained data was analyzed in the Arc - GIS software. The results showed that taekwondo, football, weightlifting, handball, basketball and Wushu were selected as the priority sport fields in Isfahan province. Generally, it can be concluded that the creation and deepening of the planning approach to balance the planning factors and better synergy of sport in organizations can be considered as the most important strategies in the sport sector of this province.

The frequency spectrum of electromyography is one of the important indicators to identify the amount of fatigue in the muscles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quadriceps fatigue on the electromyography frequency spectrum in lower limb muscles in elite men during the Apdoliochagi. 14 male taekwondo players (mean age of 24.50±1.74 years) with at least 3 years of participation in national competitions were voluntarily and purposively selected with coordination of the taekwondo board of Ardabil province. A wireless electromyography system with 8 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes was used to record the electromyography activity of lower limb muscles during the Apdoliochagi (sample rate: 1000 Hz). Paired t test was used to analyze within-group differences (P≤0.05). Results showed a significant decrease in the frequency spectrum of electromyography in vastus medialis (P=0.042, d=0.93),vastus lateralis (P=0.044, d=0.90), rectus femoris (P=0.003, d=1.18), biceps femoris (P=0.020, d=1.13), semi tendentious (P=0.029, d=0.94) and gluteus medius (P=0.023, d=1.06) after fatigue compared with the period before fatigue. The results showed a significant decrease in the frequency spectrum of electromyography in muscles of the hip and gluteus medius after quadriceps fatigue. Although such results were not obtained in the muscles of tibia anterior and gastrocnemius, this difference can be attributed to the differences in muscle mobility in terms of motor behavior. So, coaches and players are recommended to focus on those exercises which increase endurance of quadriceps, hamstring and gluteus medius.

The aim of this study was to identify indicators of maintaining and developing international sport positions. This study was applied with a qualitative research method. The sampling method was purposive and convenience. The statistical population included experts, managers and officials of the National Olympic Committee and sport federations, athletes, international Iranian referees and academic elites. Firstly, indicators of maintaining and developing international sport positions were identified by interviews. At this stage, 22 subjects were interviewed. In the second stage, indicators identified in the first stage were prioritized by classical Delphi method. At the Delphi stage, 26 subjects in the first stage and 21 subjects in the second stage participated. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data in the second stage. Based on these findings, having sufficient international knowledge, fluency in English, having high public relations, having plans and having financial support were the five indicators of maintaining and developing international sport positions. Therefore, it is recommended that Iranian sport officials should consider the indicators identified in this study so that Iran can gain more international positions and defend the right of Iran sport in different cases.

Female athletes are more likely to have knee ligament injuries than men due to less coactivation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 4 weeks of plyometric training on the coactivation level of the lower limb muscles of active girls in different phases of drop jump. 20 female physical education students (mean age: 21.8±0.63 years, height: 1.64± 0.05 m, weight: 56.98± 9.26 kg) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental plyometrics (n=10) and control (n=10). The experimental group performed plyometric training twice a week for four consecutive weeks. In pretest and posttest, surface electromyography was performed on tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris. The coactivation level of dominant thigh and shin muscles was calculated during 3 phases of drop jump from 20 cm height. Analysis of covariance was used to investigate the effect of training at the significance level of P≤0.05. The results of univariate analysis of covariance with controlling the pretest effect showed no significant differences between experimental and control groups in posttest coactivation of thigh and shin muscles in phase 2 (pre-activity, P=0.14 and P=0.07), phase 3 (contact, P=0.41 and P=0.11) and phase 4 (fly, P=0.65 and P=0.12). In the plyometric group, the coactivation level of thigh and shin muscles showed increasing and decreasing trends respectively. Backward plyometric movements increase the activity level of leg dorsal muscles and help the ACL stability.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of experiential marketing on impulsive buying tendency word of mouth with the mediating role of satisfaction and emotional response of sporting goods customers. The statistical population consisted of customers of sporting goods stores in Kermanshah city. Due to the lack of official statistics, the population was considered as unlimited and 384 questionnaires were collected using Cochran formula for sample size calculation. The research method was descriptive-correlation and applied in terms of objectives. Experiential marketing questionnaire (Schmitt, 1999), impulsive buying and word of mouth marketing questionnaire (Flynn et al. 2000) and the researcher-made questionnaire of satisfaction and emotional response were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS. The content and construct validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and the general stability of the questionnaires was calculated as 0.89. The results showed the positive effect of the experiential marketing components on impulsive buying and word of mouth marketing with regard to the mediating role of satisfaction and emotional response in customers. Sporting goods marketers can use experiential marketing to obtain customer satisfaction, encourage them to buy and turn the customers their advertisers.

Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in regulating vascular activity by producing vascular active substances such as endothelin-1 and nitric oxide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of plasma endothelin and nitric oxide to a session of aerobic exercise with restricted blood flow in active girls. A quasi-experimental trial study was conducted as pretest and posttest. The statistical population consisted of healthy and active young women in Islamshahr, aged between 20 and 25. The sample consisted of 16 healthy and active girls who were divided into two groups of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction. The blood flow restriction group with a cuff and 100 mmHg pressure and the other group with no cuffs performed the activity with the speed of 5-7 km / h on a treadmill with 60% maximal heart rate. Blood samples were collected 15 minutes and 2 hours after the activity ended. Independent t test results showed that plasma endothelin-1 concentration significantly increased in no blood flow restriction group; this increase was significantly different from the blood flow restriction group (P=0.0001). The results of independent t test showed that nitric oxide concentration was significantly higher in blood flow restriction group than the other group (P=0.0001). Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function by increasing the nitric oxide secretion and possibly decreasing the function of endothelial-1 receptors.

The aim of this study was to develop strategies to create an adventure tourism hub in the mountains of Ardabil province using the SWOT technique. This study was applied in terms of objectives and descriptive in terms of data collection which was carried out with case studies and in the area of strategic studies. The statistical population consisted of high ranking experts and officials in tourism and sport management in Ardabil province (N=35). As the statistical population was limited, the census sampling method was used. 3 questionnaires including an open questionnaire, a closed questionnaire, and a prioritized closed questionnaire were used to collect data. The open questionnaire was used to collect internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). After encoding the theories, the contents were transformed into a closed questionnaire in order to prioritize these factors. After Friedman statistical test and comparing the mean using the SPSS21 software, the researchers provided the research strategic committee with the third questionnaire (the prioritized questionnaire). The committee approved these factors; then this committee determined the importance coefficient and ranking and specified the mountain locations in the province in order to create an adventure tourism hub through verifying the vision, mission, core values and qualitative goals. Finally, 13 strategies were extracted with regard to the analysis of the strategic matrix of internal and external factors, which were turned into practical plans.