کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1399)

The Kufa and Sham sermons of Hazrat Zainab (PBUH) are full of manifestations of stability against the rule of the Umayyad and they have had a great impact so Elhami Kermanshahi much that he brought the manifestations of stability in his poetry by relying on the sermons of Hazrat Zainab (PBUH). He has been well-versed in rhetorical language in the field of simile, and in quoting the words of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) as well as describing the Ashura scenes from Karbala to Sham, he has relied on the reliable historical sources. The present study has explored the principles of sustainability in the sermons of Hazrat Zeinab (PBUH) and their functions in the system of Elhami Kermanshahi’s Shahnameh based on the theory of comparative Islamic literature that is according to Muslim cultural and religious commonalities and the relationship between historical influence and effect with a descriptive-analytical approach. Accordingly, the research shows that awareness is such a key element of stability, the promise of victory of right over wrong and hope for revenge, oppression and protest, condemnation of the people of Kufa and the rulers, confrontation with the oppressors, culture of martyrdom and perseverance and finally victory of right over Falsehood is one of the manifestations of stability in the sermons of Hazrat Zainab (PBUH) to which the Elhami Kermanshahi has paid attention and has made the thematic basis of his poetry.

Mahmoud Darvish and Qaisar Aminpour are both poets in whose works identity, both social and individual, have found special growth, maturity and crystallization; social commitment and giving meaning to the formal and structural ideals of a poem have been inseparable components of committed poetry; as many critics have considered the ultimate goal of poetry to be the fulfillment of this commitment. The existence of individual and collective identities in poetry pave the way for the emergence of personal and social ideals by which the poet demonstrates his identification with society and a specific audience. Mahmoud Darvish and Qaisar Aminpour have both used their collective identities to preserve the values of society and the revolutionary spirit, so much that many of the content characteristics of their works can be analyzed from the point of view of this tendency. They are comparable with the love for the homeland, resistance and struggle, collective nostalgia, the history of a nation, etc. that are the tangible pillars of this view. In addition to this committed response, the personal identity has also been clarified - not as a collective identity; but the context of its growth and development has never been completely limited to the individual spirit, and the poet has always taken a step towards the desire to socialize and leave the personal identity.

The word oppression evokes the concepts such as savior, hero, and oppression; in the same vein, about sixty years ago, the tyranny of the Belgian and American colonizers led the minds of the people of this land to seek a way to liberation until Patrice Lumumba put an end to this expectation, with the support of internally displaced elements in the Congo. The present study has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and it has been based on the American school of comparative literature and by examining the interaction of Persian and Arabic cultures as well as the literary view of poets of these two languages on the epic of this hero, the political events of Lumumba's life, it explores the fate of the Congolese people. Through this comparison, the following results were obtained: A: In the poetry of Persian poets centered on Patrice Lumumba, the intellectual dimension prevails over the emotional dimension, while in Arabic poetry, the opposite is true. B: The reaction to the Lumumba revolution in Persian and Arabic poetry takes two different forms; thus, most Arab poets hope for revolutions such as the Lumumba revolution and they believe that a bright future awaits the revolutionaries; Whereas in Persian poetry, poets are not very optimistic about the end of revolutions like the Lumumba revolution and they are afraid of the repression of revolutionaries and the worsening of the situation. A: Poets have used symbols such as sword, eagle and guiding star to describe Lumumba.

The Hindi style is considered an appropriate context for the prosperity of sonnets. By composing 2859 sonnets, Bidel Dehlavi is one of the most well-known poets of Hindi style of Persian poetry and he is considered a pioneer of sonnet composition who formally and semantically expanded the style of composing sonnets. The main difference between his sonnets and those of other great sonnet composers of Hindi style is the theological and spiritual tone of his works. In his sonnets, he draws upon the lifestyle and behaviors of Imams (PBUT) and the Holy Prophets (PBUT), among which his allusion to Moses is more significant (as in the Holy Qur’an, Moses is mentioned more than any other prophet). This analytic-descriptive study shows in his sonnets, Bidel sometimes utilizes literary adaptation to refer to the conversation between Moses and Allah, “You shall not see me”, “Show me”, “I am Allah”, and so on. Sometimes he alludes to the miracles performed by Moses including his cane, splitting the sea, bringing about garlics and lentils, and peace and prosperity. Bidel intermingled his poetry with the Qur’anic characters in the era of Moses such as Khidr, Korah, Samiri, and so on, and he constantly refers to Mount Sinai, Sinai’s fire, the tree on that mountain, and the peaceful land. With a symbolic look he called Mount Sinai, the land of the lovers, the manifestation of both worlds, the school of love and kindness, the secret of decorum, the symbol of heart, the symbol of loneliness, and so on.

The two stories “Al-Alem Naaqes-an Vahid” by Mayslun Hadi and “Qanimat” by Sadegh Karamiyar are among the contemporary stories of Iraq and Iran in the field of war literature that their authors in their novels in an artistic ways to transfer of their intended purposes and themes to the audience, using descriptive tools and expressing philosophical and human themes about death, life and war. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method based on the American School of Comparative Literature, which deals with the aesthetic dimension, and with the aim of discovering the functions of description in drawing the decoration of the aforementioned stories, a comparative study of the function of this narrative pattern in the structure of these stories, (Character, time, place), findings show that since the story of “Al-Alem Naaqes-an Vahid” revolves around only one specific event, its descriptive aspect overcomes its narrative aspect. In the story of “Qanimat”, it has made its narrative aspect prevail over its descriptive aspect. The description in the story of Mayslun Hadi with cognitive, explanatory and interpretive functions, realism, aesthetics and symbolism of the events of the story, but in the story of “Qanimat”, often the descriptions in the story have a realistic and cognitive functions.

Today, humanism is one of the most important themes in world poetry. Humanism or the school of humanism is an attitude or philosophy that gives originality to the growth and prosperity of man and it considers man as the existential truth of everything. The creator of "Superman", Friedrich Nietzsche, claims the transition from humanism and leaving man behind as the goal of existence and reaching higher levels. The present article examines humanism and superhumanism based on Nietzsche's ideas in the poetry of two contemporary Iranian and Egyptian poets, Ahmad Shamloo and Raf’at Salam, in an analytical-descriptive way, in the field of comparative literature, in relation to the ideas of these two poets that deal with the theory of creator. Among the collections of poems of these two poets, two collections of unblemished praises Biseleh va Hakaza Takalam al Karkadan Sermons have been the subject of research. The results show that the man included in this series has gone beyond the stage of a fighting man and it has been replaced by a wise man, a man who has lost his heart from heaven and he is now relying on his earthly forces and hope for the future. In Raf’at Salam's poem, the two components of "naturalism" and "human orientation" are more prominent than the other components after the interpretation of "God's death".

Attention to the Islamic Revolution in contemporary Algerian literature indicates the interest of the poets of this land in matters of destiny such as independence, human dignity and the spirit of martyrdom and self-sacrifice; accordingly, there are many similarities between the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Algerian Revolution. This study, relying on the descriptive-analytical method examines the image of the Islamic Revolution and its Islamic and revolutionary components in the poetry of Mostafa Mohammad Ghamari - revolutionary poet and Algerian Commitment. This revolutionary poet who has dedicated one of his poetic collections to the Islamic Revolution of Iran, entitled Khazra Tashregh Man Tehran; he considers the existence of the religious authority as the most important features of the Islamic Revolution, that is inspired by the reformist ideas of the Ashura uprising, the martyrdom. The present study finally came to the conclusion that some factors have sought the attention of this committed poet to the Islamic Revolution and the praise of a unique figure such as Imam Khomeini in his poetry, the most important of which are the poet's religious education, revolutionary spirit, and the martyrdom wish of Imam Khomeini (ra) is anti-colonialism and it needs to establish an Islamic and divine government based on the teachings of Islam and the teachings of the Qur'an. One of the most important features of the Islamic Revolution in Ghamari poetry is the deep connection with the divine teachings, the existence of a culture of stability and independence, the support of oppressed nations and the creation of unity and solidarity among Islamic nations.