Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Cancer Research
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Fall 2020

Trichomonas vaginitis is the most common non-viral disease that is transmitted sexually. Although metronidazole is the most effective medication for this disease, it has some adverse effects. Herbal medicines have fewer side effects and are more popular among people. This study aimed to review the plants, which are effective against Trichomonas vaginalis and their therapeutic effects. For this purpose, the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were searched for the articles published during 2000-2019 by keywords, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, complimentary, complementary therapies, herbal medicine, medicinal plants, and their Persian equivalents. All in vivo and in vitro trial studies were included in the present review. The data indicated that some compounds, including eucalyptus, case, and garlic were effective in inhibiting the growth of T. vaginalis.

   As the most common cancer type, breast cancer has been recognized as the second mortality cause among women. The KIT proto-oncogene is one of the important factors involved in tumor development. The previous findings have demonstrated an increased copy number and overexpression of this gene under the influence of breast cancer development.

  This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the copy number variation (CNV) of all exons of KIT gene and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, P53, stage, tumor size, Ki67, annexin V, histological type, age, molecular subtype, and node status by surveying breast cancer tissues collected from 64 patients. The CNV exons and clinicopathological variables were assessed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and IHC techniques, respectively.

  Sixty percent of cases in exon 17, 60% in exon 18, and nearly 67% in exon 19 with increased CNVs had a tumor size of 2-5 cm; these results were significant. Also, patients with an increased exon 7 CNV were significantly in stage 3. Other exons did not exhibit significant relation to other clinicopathological variables (P>0.05).

  Exons 7, 17, 18, and 19 are the key coding domains of tyrosine kinase, involving the activation of various upstream transcription factors that regulate apoptosis, cell differentiation, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Variation in exons can influence drug resistance (for instance, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)). The results of this study can contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, although their confirmation requires further examinations.

 Soluble Leptin Receptor (sOB-R) is the most important leptin-binding protein that can affect the level of active biological leptin. The Gln223Arg polymorphism in the leptin receptor gene is associated with obesity, which can be a factor for infertility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sOB-R levels in women with unexplained infertility and to investigate the effect of leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphism on sOB-R serum level.

 One hundred and two women with unexplained infertility and 112 fertile women were studied in this case-control study. The subjects in both groups had a normal hormonal profile with the age below 40 years. The sOB-R levels were measured using ELISA method.

 There was a 2-fold decrease in sOB-R level in the infertile group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Although sOB-R levels were lower in overweight and obese infertile subjects, this difference was not significant. However, this difference was significant compared to the control group. There was a direct correlation between BMI, age, and infertility. Although sOB-R levels in Arg/Arg genotypes were higher in the infertile group than Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln genotypes, they were not statistically significant. A significant decrease was observed in sOB-R levels of Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln genotypes in the infertile group compared to the control.

 There was a reverse correlation between sOB-R levels and unexplained infertility. It seems that by a decrease in serum sOB-R, the serum leptin levels increase which can enhance leptin inhibitory effects in infertility.

  Premature preterm rupture of membrane (PPROM) is a cause of preterm birth. This study investigated the effectiveness of Doppler ultrasound in predicting fetal complications and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with PPROM.

  In this cross-sectional study, a total of 23 pregnant women with PPROM were chosen in their 24 to 34 weeks of gestational age. The fetuses’ blood flow indices were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound pulsatility index (PI) in the middle cerebral, main pulmonary, right kidney, and fetal umbilical arteries and descending aorta at admission (because of PPROM) and 24 hours before delivery. Neonatal outcomes were assessed within the first week of birth.

  The kidney artery PI increased (P=0.047) and pulmonary artery PI decreased (P=0.024) at pregnancy termination time. There was a negative correlation between the 5-minute Apgar score and fetal umbilical artery PI at admission (P=0.003) and pregnancy termination times (P=0.031). The fetal umbilical artery PI of neonates with abnormal brain ultrasound imaging results significantly decreased at admission (P=0.002) and pregnancy termination times (P=0.004).

  Fetal artery Doppler ultrasound PI may be a valid tool for predicting neonatal outcomes of women with PPROM.

  Pregnancy is a known risk factor for urinary incontinence (UI) due to physiological and anatomical changes, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of UI in the third trimester of pregnancy and its related factors in pregnant women.

  This cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy, referred to the perinatal care clinic of Yas Hospital in 2016-2017. The sampling method was convenience sampling. Then, the prevalence of UI and its related factors were investigated in these participants.

  The mean age of the subjects was 30±5 years old. Totally, 98 pregnant women (29.7%) had UI. The rate of urine leakage was mild at 26.4% and moderate or severe at 3.3%. The time of urine leakage in 6.4% of women with UI was before reaching the toilet, 1.2% was permanent, 19.4% was related to cough and sneezing, and 2.7% of women did not indicate a specific time. In evaluating the relationship between each of the variables and UI, three factors were identified to be completely related to UI, i.e., morbid obesity (P=0.038), gestational age between 32 to 37 weeks (P=0.012), and age ≥ 35 years old (P=0.009).

  It seems that one-third of pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy have UI, which is a multifactorial issue and therefore requires multidisciplinary programs to prevent it.

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by localized or widespread skin absence. The most common site is the scalp and the main cause is unknown. Here we report a case of extensive ACC with scalp involvement. A female infant with an Apgar score of 9 and weighing 3406 gr was born by cesarean section in Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. A lesion measuring 5×10 cm with highly prominent vessels was on the forehead and parietal bone without scalp, skull, or bone tissue leading to the brain tissue being covered with a thin membrane. Other clinical examinations were normal. The newborn suffered from a ruptured aneurysm and intracerebral hemorrhage and underwent pharmacologic treatment. She died after 21 days of hospitalization. In order to prevent mortality in infants with skin defects, infection control is a priority. Antibiotics could be administered in cases with extensive lesions to prevent neonatal sepsis and improve scar tissue formation. Moreover, restorative measures should be taken if necessary.

Vaginal adenosis is one of the precursor lesions of the vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA). The most common symptom of vaginal adenosis is abnormal vaginal pain and bleeding. About 90% of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy have vaginal and cervical adenosis in female fetus. DES has been reported rarely with no history of fetal use.

In this article, we report two vaginal adenosis patients with no history of DES during pregnancy. There was no vaginal cancer in the follow-up of the patients.

Vaginal adenosis is considered as a non-common differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding that can be diagnosed by physical examination, colposcopy, and biopsy.

Congenital partial agenesis of the portal venous system is a very rare anomaly in which part of the portal blood bypass the liver, and is usually associated with the portosystemic shunt (PSS). The prognosis is good and they usually have excellent hemodynamic status with normal fetal growth and a survival rate.

Case report: 

In this study, we report two rare cases of fetal portal system anomalies at second trimester which mainly involved portal sinus. They are the first cases that have ever been reported without any systemic shunt. Both fetuses were born normally and have had normal outcomes ever since.

Partial portal system agenesis with only minor changes in portal system anatomy and without PSS can be considered as variants of portal system with good outcome.