نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز 1399)

Cross-border tourism is a part of the tourism industry that, if properly planned and managed, can be the creator or driver of a developed process to achieve sustainability in these areas. The present article has been developed with the aim of investigating the impact of tourism development on the sustainability of Nowshahr city. The research method is survey and descriptive-analytical and the data were collected using library and field studies. The statistical population included the citizens of Nowshahr. The sample size was 384 based on the Cochran's formula. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.72). The results indicate that the development of tourism has played an effective and significant role on each of the dimensions of sustainability in Nowshahr city. Based on the obtained results, tourism development has had the greatest impact on the dimension of economic sustainability and the least role on the dimension of environmental sustainability.

Due to its strategic position, the Caspian Sea has a geopolitical, economic and especially military importance, which with these outstanding features has been constantly considered by neighboring and non-neighboring nations and governments since ancient times. On the other hand, the northern borders of this strategic sea, considering the threats it faces at the transnational and sub-national levels, indicate the need to establish appropriate defense systems on the shores of the Caspian Sea and the full readiness of military forces in this region. To be effective in the deployment of these systems, we pointed to the natural component, which, with proper knowledge of them, can be very successful in deploying maritime systems on the northern borders. The main question of the research is whether natural components affect the establishment of defense systems in the Caspian Sea. In terms of its objectives the present study is of applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-analytical study. For collecting the required data and documents library resources, maps and statistical yearbooks as well as Geographic Information System (GIS) were employed. Findings indicate that due to the high frequency of conditions and natural factors in military and defense operations, these factors can be effective in determining the defense systems of the Caspian Sea; in contrast, the lack of awareness of these conditions can challenge the deployment of defense systems. In this regard, attention should be paid to the deployment and maintenance of defense equipment and systems in the Caspian Sea and the organization of military forces in accordance with these factors.

Nowadays, one of the main concerns of governments is having an efficiency military force and deserves to increase their development and development. In military, law enforcement and defense issues, it is obvious that there are capable border guards who can protect the country's borders and lead their subordinate units towards development or management in time and operational scenes. Therefore, it is necessary that the staff of Mehran Border Regiment be operationally prepared to perform the assigned tasks and carry out important missions. Therefore, in this study, we will try to identify the factors affecting the operational readiness of mehran border regiment personnel.

In terms of applied purpose, this research is a field research in terms of data collection and in terms of research is a qualitative research with an exploratory approach that can be concluded by exploratory factor analysis. The statistical population of this study includes 90 commanders of all Han groups, checkpoints and border bases in Ilam province. In this study, sampling was not done and the census method was used. In this study, in-depth interviews were used to collect information and identify the factors affecting the operational readiness of the staff of the Mehran Border Regiment.

The results show that personal characteristics, training, skills and technical abilities, managerial and organizational, financial, infrastructure, intelligence and operational from the respondents' point of view are among the factors affecting the operational readiness of Mehran Border Regiment staff.

International responsibility of states for changes in international borders is considered an important issue in international law. Tensions and movements by real or legal groups across international borders can pave the way for divergent approaches between neighboring political entities. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the issue of international responsibility of governments, treaties and agreements on border regulation between Iran and Pakistan and the responsibility of these two countries in securing their borders and the international responsibility of the Pakistani government against terrorist groups located in the southeastern international border of the country. The findings show that if proven support or negligence in the fight and prevention of the emergence of terrorist groups on the international borders of countries that cause damage and hurt to the neighboring country, the injured countries may, in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 687, as well as in accordance with paragraphs 2a and 2c of Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, take the necessary measures to claim damages from the country. The results show that the activities of terrorist groups in the southeastern borders of Iran and the creation of hostages and clashes with border guards and the martyrdom of those who flee to Pakistan after any activity and due to lack of prosecution, impunity and lack of the expulsion and extradition of members of existing groups by Pakistan was considered an international violation that would give the country international responsibility in international courts to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

One of the prerequisites for the entry of neighboring countries into the process of globalization and the establishment of sustainable regional and global peace in the twenty-first century is convergence. Given some of the obstacles to Iran's convergence with neighboring countries, the need for feasibility studies and the design of appropriate strategies with emphasis on border interactions to create convergence, taking into account the realities of time, seems necessary. One of the most important neighboring countries around Iran is Iraq. Despite having the most common border, as well as various similarities, even after the fall of the Ba'athist regime and the rise of the Shiites, Iran and Iraq still suffer from some obstacles to sustainable and systematic convergence, which if not addressed can lead to divergence and serious challenges in the coming decades. Therefore, the present study, with a mixed method design (descriptive-analytical and survey) and multi-criteria decision-making problem-solving method seeks to answer the question of whether the role of border interactions with respect to regional and international conditions in the twenty-first century is the most appropriate strategy in Iran in creating convergence with Iraq? In this regard, by using library and field studies and using SWOT technique, 4 strengths, 4 weaknesses, 5 opportunities and 3 major threats in border interactions affecting Iran's convergence with Iraq were identified and 8 practical strategies were developed. Strategies were prioritized using the MCDM method through questionnaires and interviews. The results of the pairwise comparison questionnaire show that the strategy of "creating geo-economic links in border interactions" to create the grounds for Iran's convergence with Iraq were in the first place and other strategies were in the next ranks.

The aim of this article is to study the emigration flows from the Iran's border provinces over the last three decades. The research method is secondary analysis of migration data from census for 16 border provinces during the period of 1986-2016. The results showed that the yearly number of out-migrants during period 1986-96 was 150901, which increased to about 241996 in 1996-2006, then declined to 174042 during 2006-2011, and finally aging increased to 186643 during 2011-2016. Among border provinces, Ardebil, Ilam, Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces have always been the most emigrant provinces in the last three decades. Analysis of emigration flows from border provinces showed that men were more likely to migrate than women and young people aged 15-29 years old than other age groups. The main destination for migrants has always been Tehran and their neighboring provinces. In recent decades, Alborz province after Tehran province has been one of the main destinations for migration from the western and northern border provinces of the country; among the southern and eastern border regions, only Khuzestan province has migrated to Alborz province. Employment, education, and military service especially for young people aged 15-29, have been the most important reasons for emigration from border provinces.

Border villages are very important due to the important position of the border in the development planning process, security and planning of the country, but in recent decades a large number of villages have been depopulated due to lack of employment, sufficient income and infrastructure facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue of employment in border villages in order to protect the population for land use, security and defensive reasons. Using a heuristic approach and discovering spatial patterns, this study investigates the spatio-temporal changes in employment indicators of rural areas located in the border city of Raz and Jirgalan in 2006 and 2016. In order to study the spatial changes of employment in both time periods, Moran index (spatial autocorrelation) and general index G, have been calculated for the total employment index by gender and the spatial pattern of hot spots has been drawn. Then, the percentage of changes in employment during the two periods was compared to each other and it was determined what changes in each rural area in terms of employment compared to the previous period (decrease, increase or no change) have been occurred. The results show that changes in employment rates in 83% of villages (some villages of Jirgalan, Baghlagh and Raz rural areas) have a decreasing trend and only in 17% of villages have an increasing trend, which contain rural areas of Hesarcheh, Baghlagh and Raz. There have been decreasing changes in the employment rate of men in 76% (some villages of Jirgalan and Raz villages) and the employment rate of women in 78% of villages (some villages of Jirgalan, Raz villages). By examining the spatial patterns and spatio-temporal changes of employment, it can be said that, unfortunately, no achievement has been made in rural employment and regional development from this border position.