نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Neighborhood relationships are regarded as declining social relations among citizens in metropolitan areas. In this research first the neighborhood relations were studied, then the hypothesis of weak relations of neighborhood residents were estimated in Tehran. The factors influenced the variables were investigated according to available theories and approaches. The study considered three viewpoints: Determinism theory, Compositional theory and Subculture theory. Neighborhood relations were explained regarding to two main components of social capital: social trust and social participation as well as the existence and use of public spaces. The data-gathering was conducted through 9 districts from down, center and up areas in Tehran by interviewing 270 respondents. The findings showed that the female and married respondents have a stronger tie to neighborhood relations than the male and married ones. Also, the variables of age, length of residency, type of housing ownership, level of neighbor satisfaction, social participation, interpersonal trust, beliefs on neighbors, place belonging and the use of public spaces have a positive effect on neighborhood relations. On the contrary, the variables of employment, membership in secondary groups, population density and size of neighborhood units, relocation, rationalization, and complex division of labor were in negative relations to neighborhood relationships. As a result, by recognizing the impact of these factors, the way can be paved to prevent the reduction of face-to-face relationships with the neighbors, who are in the adjacent social network outside their homes, and neighborhood relationships can be turned into a social asset. Social participation as a systematic process, in which the people involve consciously and collectively with considering certain objectives, and share the power resources, was found as the most effective factor on the continuity of neighborhood relationships.

Ethics from the point of view of sociology is one of the foundations of social order. But now such an order has been threatened in various societies. This situation is referred to as an "ethical crisis". From the perspective of this research, Iranian society is in such a critical situation. This issue has been examined based on the anomie theory. The population of the research is Tehran citizens aged 18 years and over in 2017. A sample of 400 people from this population is selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research method was survey and data was collected using questionnaires and secondary statistical data. The objective and statistical findings and the subjective judgments of the respondents indicate an ethical crisis. The variables of perceived inequality, dissatisfaction, perceived weakness in social controls and individualism together explain 70% of the changes in ethical crisis.

The main aim of the present research is to examine the health policy of the Iran. By studying resources and history of Iran one might come to this question: why there isnchr('39')t any comprehensive, systematic and process-oriented policy in the health. Considering that health policies cover a wide range of people, the consequence of the lack of comprehensiveness health policy is a widespread social problem. The theoretical framework is generally in the field of social welfare and particularly is in the framework of comprehensive health policy. With the rise of social welfare, social harm (destructive forms) is reduced and increases individual and social health. The research method is quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The statistical population of the study is the section of health of Five-Year Development Plan Acts. Information processing tools are text scanning and encoding. Quantitative findings are based on the description, analysis and evaluation of "health dimensions" and "government targeting in achieving health levels." The analysis of qualitative content in relation to the two themes of "fundamental principle comprehensive policy" and "health agenda" indicates: The lack of a framework for welfare ideology, the lack of systematic and cultural look, the existence of inconsistency in affirmation and targeting health within each law and the entire development law. Health programs have undergone major changes as each government has different political orientations. Therefore, the persistence of instability and the continuation of heterogeneous health policies in both countries is a short-term and temporary policy-making process. It eliminates the possibility of any long-term planning for health.

The sense of local belonging is a factor that alters a space into a place of special sensory and behavioral characteristics for individuals. The sense of belonging represents public perception of an environment and more or less conscious feelings about a place; however, there are several factors that weaken the sense of belonging, one of which is the insecurity resulted from vandalism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between rural vandalism and weakening the sense of belonging among the peripheral rural areas of Birjand County. In this study, descriptive-analytical research method was used to investigate the problem. The population of the study consisted of 13 suburban villages of Birjand County. The sample was composed of 191 people determined based on Cochran’s formula with an error rate of 0.07%. The results showed there are three types of rural vandalism in suburban villages of Birjand County, included: violating cultural norms, rubbery and demolition, and infraction. The main reason contributing to vandalism was the weak law enforcement. Overall, deprivation of settlements in suburban Birjand, compared to the central areas, along with ethnic and cultural diversity have led to "spatial boredom" of the population and occasionally their confrontation with it. This issue, on the one hand, reflects the low quality of life and poor welfare of the residents and, on the other hand, it calls for the special attention of the planning system to achieve "local acceptability" among the residents.

Violence in family or domestic violence is a kind of violence that takes place in a private environment and it generally happens among people who are linked together because of blood relation or legal relation. The objectives of this study are to achieve the meaning of violent behavior among women, the typology of domestic violence and womenchr('39')s experiences of domestic violence. The research tried to identify women’s lived experiences from domestic violence by phenomenological methodology. Research field includes divorce reduction unit of social emergency center in Esfahan city. Deep interviews were conducted by using purposive sampling by 18 women and data analysis were conducted by using a Colizzis seven-step method. In addition to providing the exact typology of the violence women have experienced, the results also show that how each of these women defines violence, according to the type of the violence that has been used against them. They also noted why their spouses used violence against them. In this regard, women refer to interferences of husband’s family, husband’s personal and moral characteristics, lack of sufficient knowledge about one another, and patriarchal thoughts and ideas. Also, those women who consider themselves too weak to fight back, passively compromise and tolerate the violent life, hide the violence, and finally defend themselves while being beaten. On the other hand, those women who have the power to fight back, actively pursue measures to recover the situation, disobey husband’s demands, revile against their husband’s verbal violence, and finally if the mentioned proceedings fail, they go into a sulk and leave their homes.

The present paper focuses on the role of individual religiosity in the potential for political protest. The long-standing knowledge reserve of the social sciences in many sociological perspectives suggests that as far as religion plays a role in justifying or supporting existing traditions and order, it reduces the potential for political protest. However, some social scientists in recent years have argued that religion and religiosity can influence political mobilization and protest behavior in a variety of ways and through a variety of channels. These various channels or mechanisms through which religion and religiosity can influence protest behavior are described in the present article and then, by separating religiosity into  two main dimensions of "religious beliefs" and "religious rituals", theoretical arguments are provided for rationalizing the two opposing hypotheses. First, religious beliefs reduce the potential for political protest; And second, participation in religious rituals increases the potential for political protest. Finally, these assumptions were evaluated with data from survey studies in Tehran to reveal the their emperical fitness. Overall, the results of the research showed that the potential for political protest respondents was independent of their religiosity, and neither of the two dimensions of religious beliefs and religious rituals had any real connection with the potential of political protest.

This study aims at the investigation of the construction of the addictchr('39')s mind and his/her family influenced by dominant discourses during the decades after the revolution of 1979. In other words, the process of constructing the mind is affected by "the enonce" of addiction in the dominant discourses. The process of shaping emotions and thoughts in the area of addiction has been consided via studying the structure of language and its developments regarding the economic, cultural, and historical situations. In this study, using Foucaultchr('39')s critical approach, field study with the   in-depth technique interviews with addicts and their families has been used.. The findings of this research based on the lived experiences of the addicts and their families indicate that the addicted people are constructs of the continuations of dominant discourses in the family and in the camps based on the four epistemic formats dominant over the addiction and the addicts in Iran since 1979 till now. It includes the revolutionary discourse, social discourse, economic discourse, and market discourse. The process of construction of the addictchr('39')s mind and his/her family under the influence of "the enonce" of addiction and objectizing the addicts in these discourse formats based on the experience of their lives is represented. It is remarkable to mention that in some cases of lived experiences of the subjects the power mechanisms of these four discourses reveal in the form of a compound (or a mixture) . Also, the mind of the addict and his/her family is affected by these speeches and discourses formed by the Association of Anonymous Addicts. This discourse affects in two ways .One way is introducing the "enonce" of addiction  as a weakness in spirituality and the other way is to represent addiction as a natural thing and not as a social phenomenon and  is placed in line with the dominant discourses in the society and  it desensitizes the family against the addict person .

Given the importance of civic institutions as the main indicator of social development, the present study seeks to use the social interpretive approach to study the context and reasons for the growth of NGOs in Sanandaj and experience and understanding civic activity in a sample of Kurdish citizens of Sanandaj. The research methodology is qualitative and the qualitative data in this study were collected using in-depth interview technique. Grounded theory has been used to analyze the findings. Based on purposive sampling methods and maximum diversity and theoretical saturation criteria, 27 Kurdish citizens of Sanandaj participated in this study then their understanding and interpretation of the reasons and areas of activity in non-governmental organizations were examined and analyzed. The data collected in the form of 116 basic concepts, 9 major categories and finally one core category were coded and analyzed.  The results of the research indicate that the grounds such as inefficient administrative system and social inequality (feelings of discrimination and objectification of structural pressure) have a great role in their participation and activities in NGOs. In the meantime, the use of organizational channels and  liberating from dailiness and giving life meaning have been operated as facilitative grounds and social responsibility and  achieving social reputation has worked as interfering conditions. Meaningful reconstruction of experience and the understanding of civil activists through their attendance and participation in NGOs signify the fact that NGOs work as a path for social participation and solidarity and cultural and social change and a bridge for beneficiaries and administrative organizations. The core category is also related to non-governmental organizations; Constructing a new communication network as an alternative for structural constraints.

The present article studies the discourse conflicts and inverted readings of the body in the field of the body and its representation. By focusing on Foucaultchr('39')s genealogical method (analyzing the resistance and discursive accidents) about power relations and body manipulation w come to perceive a specific model of the relationship between power and existing signifiers in social and cultural context of society over the body of women. Because the body of women is considered as a text. This study shows that the representation and manipulation of the body of women reflects the power relations and dominant discourses in society at any historical point. In fact, the main question that this article tries to answer is how the ruling system or systems of discourse in society cause the body to be represented, manipulated, and read. In other words, why has the representation and manipulation of the body been read differently in different periods in the field of symbols and meanings? What social and cultural conditions have aesthetic standards influenced in each discourse? Can traces of power and discourse be sought in how the body is manipulated? The findings of this study show that the management and governance of womenchr('39')s body is not fully consistent with their chosen conditions and their structures are based on ideologies and the type of discourse prevailing in certain historical periods in every period of history. In the process of "power", the body becomes a discourse of reproduction and institutionalization.

This study examines the drug trafficking in the south of Kerman province in terms of the people involved in it. Qualitative methodology of grounded theory was used in this study. Participatory observation technique and In-depth interview was used to collect data. Grounded theory was used to analyze data. Based on targeted sampling method and theoretical sampling and a measure of theoretical saturation that is specific to qualitative research, fourteen people who had experienced trafficking participated in indepth interviews. The findings include seven major categories: a network of trafficking collaborators, informal guarantees, local court and economic and social exchange, informants, brigandage and trafficking and money laundering in respectable work envelope. The core category is the "drug trafficking field" which includes other categories.

Most environmental issues in the 21st century, result from human actions. So, identifying the factors influencing these behaviors is an essential step in reducing the consequences.This study based on the meta-analytic approach tries to identify these factors. The statistical population of the study included 70 Masterchr('39')s and doctoral dissertations and organizational researches related to environmental behavior, 13 of which were entered into the meta-analysis process using targeted non-random sampling. The findings showed that out of 39 effect sizes, 4 of effect sizes were large (greater than 0.5), 4 of effect sizes were medium (between 0.3 and 0.5), and 31 effect sizes were low (between 0.1 and 3). / 0). The results of the research indicate that the variables of age, education, social capital and ecological-environmental intent have the greatest effect, and the variables of individualism, gender, and lifestyle had the least effect on peoplechr('39')s environmental behaviors.

In this study, which was based on a quantitative (descriptive-survey) method, we have tried to examine the extent/ measures of the crossing cultural and boundaries in the social relationships of the residents of Tehran. The statistical population included all citizens of Tehran, who were 16 years old and up. The sample size included 625 who were selected by cluster multistage method. A questionnaire tool was used to collect data. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha rate of the questionnaire exceeded from 93%. Findings of the research showed that, in general, the degree of boundaries in social relations in Tehran is "severe" and crossing cultural is "low". Also, the results showed that Affluent class and higher social base holders than those in the lower social classes, those with higher education than lower education, men than women, local residents in higher clusters than lower clusters, Tehran born are more open and freer than the non-Tehrani and immigrant-born, younger than middle-aged, divorced, and single-sex couples compared to married couples and the deceasedchr('39')s spouses break and cross the social and cultural boundaries. The significance level of all results was more than 99% and all hypotheses have been confirmed.