نشریه آموزه های نوین کلامی
پیاپی 4 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The question of the nature of revelation and its occurring ways has long been considered by Muslim thinkers. In this regard, two major viewpoints are presented: linguistic revelation (famous view) and non-linguistic revelation. In this research the Quranic Scholars' viewpoints that believe in non-linguistic revelation like Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (modern Quranic scholar) and Mulla Sadra (traditional Quranic scholar) will be analytically - comparatively investigated. Both thinkers consider the source of revelation to be divine and superhuman, but they have differences in approach and method. Using linguistic studies and hermeneutical approach, Abu Zaid explains the nature of revelation through the experimental method and believes that the external truth of revelation is influenced from the prophet's (saww) contemporary culture and his experience and he has an agency role in descending and delivering of revelation. In his view, a correct understanding of the Qur'an is possible only in the light of a correct understanding of "revelation interaction with reality". In contrast, using an intellectual method Mulla Sadra considers that in the occurring of revelation the prophet (saww) has only a receptacle role with this explaining that the prophet's (saww) soul due to piety and purity has been connected to the world of intellect, and then in the phase of conveying the received meaning are imagined in his imagination level, and spread on the revelation language. Accordingly proportionating to the material world, the revealed text is disclosed in the form of letters and words.

The issue of the best divine system is one of the most important issues that has consistently been discussed and considered by the philosophers. For proving that the existing system is the best system, all Islamic philosophers have used the divine providence as intellectual evidence and referring to the seventh verse of Surah Sajdeh as traditional proof. In the following writing has been tried to analyze and revisit the verses that prove the system of existence is the best, using a descriptive-analytic method, referring to Quran verses and relying on Allameh Tabatabaei's fundamentals in Almizan. In the end, considering Allameh Tabatabei's view about the criterion of the being-good of creatures and comparing this view with his interpretation of different verses in Almizanin, this conclusion is achieved that in addition to the seventh verse of Surah Sajdah, seven other verses also show that the existing system is the best.

The problem of Imam's knowledge is one of the important theological issues that Islamic theologians have discussed in two general approaches. Most of the theologians are in favor of the maximal approach and others also believe in a minimal approach. Some contemporary new-thinkers like Modarresi Tabatabaei, Kadivar, Soroush, Salehi Najafabadi with a historical look at Shi'a beliefs are from the followers of minimal approach and believe that the maximal approach i.e. the first group's belief in Imam's knowledge has no record in the era of Imams but have been appeared among some external currents of thought like Ghulat. This group's main reason for proving this claim relies on expressing historical evidence. They try to show that from the viewpoint of the companion of Imams (PBUH) the Imam's knowledge is limit and any maximal approach to Imam's knowledge has been denied by them. This research has been tried to analyze and critic the new thinkers' viewpoint about the scope of Imam's knowledge relying on traditions and historical evidence and using the descriptive-analytic method and critical approach.

In this research, the author has tried to rewrite the philosophical proofs of God's existence and His essential attribute in a new way. At the first step, some necessary preparations about discussing God and ways of God proving have been raised and in the second step, God's Existence has been proved by the intellectual argument using causal principle. And in the third step, based on the proved conceptions, other concepts that refer to God's attributes of perfection have resulted from the previous premises. First, the attribute of "self-sufficient" has confirmed, and then through analyzing the concept of "self-sufficient" the quality of "infinite" is proved for God and also in the following some attributes like "unified", "simple", "absolutely perfect", "knowledge", "essential will", "power" and "life" are authenticated. This method can be named as "transition from implicants to obvious requirements" because if the prior attribute is proved in this way the next attribute could be achieved only through analyzing and giving the correct concepts.

Free will is one of the important issues that philosophers and theologians have debated for a long time. This research tries to explain the convincing and accurate Islam viewpoint in connection with the truth of free will based on the library method, analyzing data, comparative and collecting views. Even though some Imamiyyah theologians like Khajeh Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Allameh Helli have proofed human's free will but they have made two mistaken: first, believing Tafwid and second accepting paradox between some Quran verses. Although the correct theory in this regard is human's free will but a commitment to this issue has no concomitance with Tafwid. Islam's viewpoint in this issue is Amr bayn al-amrayn and according to this theory, human's actions are ascribed to God and human at the same time in such a way that human's works are in line God's actions. So for explaining free will there is no necessary to assume the human actions are independent of God's actions. On the other hand, explaining the truth of free will eliminate the first conflict between guidance and misguidance verses. In this research, the relationships between free will and delegation, God's knowledge and divine destiny and providence are considered and at the end, the educational fruits of free will are examined.

The systematic logic is a framework of thought that doesn't have the breaks of Aristotelian logic of definition. Considering the problems of the logic of definition, this research tries to investigate the systematic logic in the matter of definition. The real definition must be found in a network of various approaches and this research has dealt with the circumstance of systematic attitude to the logic of definition using library method and descriptive-analytic approach. The main question is'' what is the way of the systematic definition"? The result is that the definition is a network of necessary approaches for the knowledge in connected aspects. Each of the approaches clarifies one aspect of unknown conceptual and based on this attitude the real definition is examined in the three verbal, conceptual, and instance levels which in fact is considered as a new model for identification.