نشریه اقتصاد پنهان
سال پنجم شماره 20 (بهار 1399)

Undoubtedly, the first step in eliminating and combating the phenomenon of smuggling is to identify their causes. One of the influential factors in smuggling of goods is the existence of legal loopholes for perpetrators of smuggling, considering that the quality and implementation of anti-smuggling laws play an effective role in the formation, continuation or limitation of criminal smuggling activities or the absence of explicit laws or lack of laws. In some cases, it can put the perpetrators of trafficking in the margins of security and strengthen the motivation to commit trafficking. It is possible to have a clear legal basis by examining the research and looking at the laws and regulations of leading and successful countries in the fight against smuggling of goods and modeling their deterrent measures and effective struggles and applying them as much as possible in their legal system. To combat the destructive phenomenon of trafficking in the country. Given the new tricks and techniques used in smuggling, what is certain is that the existing organizational structures and regulations are not efficient enough and it is necessary to review and adapt them. For example, today in most developed countries, financial pursuit of smuggled funds takes precedence over quality control of goods, but in Iran, efforts are focused on physical control, with the implementation of the money laundering law as a non-physical control law. Faced with a serious problem, the fight against trafficking has turned from physical to financial control, and dealing with it and escaping it will be very complex. This article seeks to show the structures and shortcomings of anti-trafficking laws and its impact on increasing the crime of smuggling, as well as fruitful legal and judicial strategies and solutions.

Iran's economy has always been affected by harms and threats such as economic war, sanctions, monopolies, hidden economy and smuggling of goods and currency. Despite many efforts, these injuries continue. The "economic defense" strategy is one of the effective strategies that can be used to reduce these injuries.
The purpose of this research paper is to assess the vulnerability or resilience of the foreign trade system (exports and imports) against external threats (war and economic sanctions) by developing and evaluating specialized indicators appropriate to the general policies of the economy. Resistance, and the establishment of mechanisms for the continuation of Iran's commercial activities in conditions of war, economic sanctions, and so on.
The research method is descriptive-exploratory in terms of purpose and is applied in terms of method and based on documentary studies. The information required for this research has been obtained by reviewing the reports of specialized institutions in the country and internationally, searching the Internet and taking notes from books, articles and thematic reports, and interviewing elites and experts.
Conclusion As a result, the following requirements have been proposed for the strategic document of the country's economic defense in order to reduce the vulnerability of the foreign trade system by focusing on exports and imports.
Developments in Iran's Criminal Legislation against Organized Crime of Trafficking With the approach of crime globalization.

Smuggling of goods and currency on the one hand threatens the economy and national security. Because, the perpetrators do not provide services to society and have no share in the production and creation of legal employment. On the other hand, the globalization of smuggling of goods and currency and its organized and transnational aspect is a serious threat to the international community. This caused the countries of the world to adopt an appropriate legislative criminal policy in dealing with this economic anomaly based on the approach of crime globalization, and the Iranian legislature also included the criminalization of this crime in its legislative policy. In the present study, the developments of Iran's legislative criminal policy in the field of criminalization of smuggling of goods and currency have been investigated.
Research The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of writing style. The required information was collected through library study and reference to academic and electronic resources. Data analysis was performed in a qualitative manner and based on rational reasoning and inference of codified rules and regulations.
Findings and Numerous legislative criminal policies have been carried out by the Iranian legislature from 1312 to 1392, each of which has criminalized the smuggling of goods and currency. Anti-Trafficking in Goods and Foreign Exchange Law (2013) Due to the globalization of the crime of smuggling of goods and foreign exchange, it has criminalized more measures than the previous laws and is penal. The impossibility of suspending and reducing the fine stipulated in this law can be considered as a proof of this legislative approach.

Money laundering is a criminal activity that means laundering the proceeds of criminal activity, which is known as an independent crime. Banks, as one of the most important sectors of any country's economy, are at risk of negative consequences of money laundering because one of the gateways that money launderers bring dirty money into the economic cycle is the banks. Therefore, combating money laundering and identifying the factors affecting its increase in banks is vital for any economy. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the increase of money laundering in the Iranian banking system and rank their impact. For this purpose, it will identify these factors using the method of bookstores and elite interviews, and finally, using the method of hierarchical analysis (AHP), it will rank the factors affecting money laundering. The results show that the lack of transparent information and the lack of centralized banking due to the three stages of money laundering are the first in increasing money laundering in the Iranian banking system.

According to the definition of the Law on Combating Commodity and Currency Smuggling, approved in 1392; Transport And the transfer of goods from one point to another, whether the two points are within the country In this case, it is domestic smuggling, whether it is a point inside and another point abroad This is called foreign smuggling. The issue of smuggling in our country due to special circumstances Geographical entry and exit of goods and the lack of stable conditions in neighboring countries It is very significant. Due to its negative effects on the national economy, smuggling of goods It has always been considered by experts in various economic, social and political fields استت. The present study examines the economic effects of smuggling on the border town of Incheh Borun Kavous Dome (Golestan Province, which is on the eastern border of Golestan Province and borders the country) Turkmenistan, which is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and based on method It is a survey and application and information related to the research through a researcher questionnaire The fabric is collected. Research hypotheses using mean tests, Standard deviation, Pearson correlation and one-sample test were investigated. The results showed that geographical, economic, cultural, social and other factors Executive-managerial in the expansion and trend of smuggling of goods in the city and respectively 12. Master of Political Science, majoring in European Regional Studies, Researcher and Researcher Research of Golestan Nineveh Corps, Gorgan-Responsible 13. Master of Chemical Engineering, Researcher and Research Deputy of Nineveh Corps Golestan, Gorgan Correspondence Officer (Investigating the economic effects of trafficking… 130 According to the citizens, economic factors have the highest and cultural and social factors They have the least impact on the spread of smuggling.

Smuggling (informal imports) is a phenomenon faced by more or less all countries in the world, but its extent and depth in developing countries is greater than in developed countries, so that in some developing countries smuggling It covers an important part of the economic activities of the society. One of the most important types of smuggling is fuel smuggling. The phenomenon of fuel smuggling is the smuggling of national capital and its departure from the country and waste of economic power. Government subsidies are, in fact, vital to the development of energy, industry, and community services. However, smuggling of this natural substance slows down the development and imbalance of the country economically, socially, politically, demographically and geographically. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting fuel smuggling, a case study of Javanrood city. The results indicate that unemployment and deprivation are structural factors affecting this.