نشریه پژوهش های نهج البلاغه
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 63، زمستان 1398)

After the Holy Qur'an, Nahj al-Balaghah is the most important religious book of the Shiite, which is of great importance to the Shiites and many Sunni scholars as well as Western scholars from various landscapes.For this book, many translations and descriptions have been written, many of which are prose.Various verse translations of all or part of the content of the meaning of the book are written by Nahj al-Balaghah.In addition, in the Islamic sciences and religious sciences, also the book of Mola Ali (PBUH) is at its peak in eloquence and rhetoric, and in addition to its religious, historical and social aspects, it is a treasure of literary rhetoric.Therefore, the literary translations of Nahj al-Balaghah, if from the point of view of literary rhetoric, trusteeship, and correspondence to the authentic interpretations of the Nahj al-Balagh, are at high levels, of course, because the language of order is more attractive and attractiveThey can keep the contents and teachings of this noble book in mind in the minds of Farsi speakers.And vice versa, if the trusteeship required to express concepts is not included in themOr eloquence and rhetoric, they can not be used in the translation of this royal book.

Guardianship has a prominent place in the words of Imam Ali (AS), and various aspects of this issue have been explained in his words. Through qualitative content analysis and MAXQDA software, the present study studied the importance and place of guardianship in the letters of Imam Ali (AS). Examining the guardianship position through Imam's words and theoretical foundations can open the way to a deep understanding of this matter. The data of this research are Imam Ali (AS) letters to the people.  Letters were selected as they are registered documents and have high historiography reliability, especially after being selected as a statistical population based on their authenticity, date, etc. These letters were encoded in MAXQDA software and divided into different categories based on their similarities. These categories were the same Islamic educational methods in the realization of social justice. These categories enjoyed standard bases in explaining the guardianship, which shows the position and importance of the guardianship issue from the Imam's perspective and theoretical foundations. In explaining the guardianship, Imam did not consider authoritarian and superior methods such as commanding and forbidding, threatening, and blaming, and mostly used the methods that lead to creating or strengthening cognition in the audience, such as informing and reasoning.

Ignorance is a way that is not limited to time and place. It is a communal nature that can occur in any place and at any time. Presenting ignorance's characteristics is very important because by taking those characteristics as a model, one can be aware of the existence of ignorance in that society. For this purpose, in this research, an attempt has been made to provide a model of the ignorant society, based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, by using the data-based strategy. Based on the extracted data and codes, if the community refuses to accept the divine guidance, anxiety occurs in its beliefs, it goes astray in recognizing God. Also, it does not follow the divine authority and the true Imam, indeed it will drown in ignorance, even if that society is at a high and progressive level of science, industry, and civilization.

The most important way for Imam Ali (AS) to prove his right to political sovereignty was to attest to his virtues. There were many Qur'anic evidence and narrations to verify the legitimacy of Imam (AS) in governing, yet He started to express virtues. Taking a brief look at the events after the Prophet (PBUH), it is clear that because the claimants of the government, to take over this position, they testified to the expression of individual and groups. Imam (AS) has also invoked reasoning and has used the best argument against rivals. According to the Islamic political philosophy, the two main elements, legitimacy, and acceptability, are necessary for a person to gain sovereignty. Legitimacy means being allowed to rule by God as the main element, and acceptance means accepting people. Therefore, in Islam's political philosophy, the criterion of superiority in determining the ruler is an innovative method created by the claimants of the government after the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imam (AS) have inevitably used it as a controversy. Imam Ali (AS), to prove his right to political sovereignty - as stated in Nahj al-Balaghah - in addition to quoting virtues, has repeatedly invoked the two elements of legitimacy and acceptability.

Intertextuality is a theory for a profound reading of a literary text and access to their implicit content. It reflects the fact that texts are always in interaction. Discovering this interaction opens a new horizon toward the reading of texts. Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the texts that is closely related to the concepts of the Qur'an. In his statements, Imam Ali (AS) has mentioned the verses of revelation in many cases. Other words of the Imam are taken from the school of revelation, so the spiritual and divine spirit of the Qur'an is manifested in it. This article aims to express the profound relationship between the Qur'an and the statements of the Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah through the descriptive-analytical method and states that most intertextual manifestations of Qur'anic verses in the wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah are thematic and following the rule of parallel negation. In the next stages, there is a general denial and a partial denial that Imam Ali (AS) has indirectly used Quranic words and phrases to express his intentions and goals, and the spirit of the Quran is available throughout his words. The conclusion is that the Qur'an, as an absent text in the pearls of wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah, has very desirable processing and, in most cases, has a clear and direct presence in the words of Imam Ali (AS). Imam (AS) has used Quran directly and objectively, and by making minor or general adjustments and changes in the absent text, or even by establishing a semantic and thematic relationship based on the speech, presented the Quranic concepts and goals in an entirely different format.

Markedness is a linguistic concept that can justify the use of some linguistic structures or categories and the limitations in their usage. Translating marked words as a linguistic concept requires particular practice on the translator's part. The translator's job is not merely to replace terms; instead, he pursues establishing harmony between the source and target literature and culture as an active and mediating element. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to introduce the metaphorical markedness based on conceptual metaphor and then studies the translation of marked metaphorical words in the Gharra sermon. To this aim, Ansarian, Mobasheri, Feyz al-Islam, Zamani, and Shahidi translations were studied using Garces' model. The results showed that Mobasheri's translation by preserving the metaphor as a positive feature was consistent with the Garces' model. The Ansarians, Zamani, and Shahidi were in the next stages, respectively. The translation method of Feyz al-Islam is more consistent with the change of metaphor and verbiage, and also, the translation of Ansarian and Mobasheri had less negative features.

Nowadays, contemporary Islamic thinkers consider new topics in modern linguistics, including discussing religion's language and religious texts' language. The central origin of these discussions is the Western world. The innateness of language is one of the essential theories that has been proposed among commentators and theologians in the field of the Quran, and so far, it has not been analyzed in religious texts such as Nahj al-Balaghah. Accordingly, in this article, by examining the terminology of the innate language and expressing its characteristics, we seek to prove that Nahj al-Balaghah is a natural language both in terms of content and method. It also has characteristics such as generality and universality, acquisition, stability, so on. In this regard, the lexical and idiomatic definition of " innate nature," its application in Nahj al-Balaghah, innate affairs' characteristics, and various aspects of this theory have also been stated.

The deception of the masses by demagogues is a phenomenon that has long been seen as a social unit in the interaction between governments and rulers in power with the public. The latest sociological sciences pay specific attention to and examine this issue from two aspects; the stimulators of demagogues that direct the masses and placing masses in the path of specific group goals. The present study explains and recognizes the characteristics of demagogues in orienting the masses, based on the short history of Imam Ali's rule and his teachings. According to historical shreds of evidence, the Imam's opponents, by deceiving the masses, have tried to seize power and exclude Imam from the rule, which has paved the way for removing the Alawite government and transfer of power to the demagogues. This study has been conducted through content analysis and library data collection method, in fundamental and practical approaches. The results indicated that the rulers in power, with characteristics such as hypocrisy, meretriciousness, unity on falsehood, worldliness, complicity with Satan, and spreading suspicion throughout society, are void individuals and lead society towards their own goals.