مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 5 (آذر و دی 1399)

The aim of this study was to simulate the effect of micro irrigation systems under mulch conditions on evapotranspiration, soil surface evaporation and plant transpiration of forage maize using AquaCrop model. In this study, the AquaCrop model’s performance was tested using data for silage maize (Zea mays L.) under surface drip, subsurface drip and permeability clay pipe irrigation systems with mulch conditions in the semiarid environment of Karaj, Alborz during 2014. According to the NRMSE index, in the calibration and validation stage (7.74% and 10.7%), the accuracy of this model to simulating forage maize biomass was acceptable, and AquaCrop simulated well the biomass yield (B-yield) of silage maize. The model had moderate efficiency for simulating corn evapotranspiration.The performance of the model in maze evapotranspiration simulation was better in PCI-M1 treatment than other treatments. So that, it had the lowest value of nRMSE and the highest value of R2. There was no good correlation between the observed and simulated values in estimating soil surface evaporation and high nRMSE values in these treatments (2.96 and 3.23%) indicate the inefficiency of the AquaCrop model in estimating soil surface evaporation. The positive MBE index in both DI-M1 and SDI-M1 treatments indicates that the model overestimates the soil surface evaporation and does not estimate close to the observed values. Statistical evaluations between observational values and plant transpiration simulation showed a moderate correlation between observed and simulated values. The value of NRMSE index for canopy cover was calculated to be more than 30% in all treatments, which indicates the poor performance of the model. In these treatments, the maximum amount of canopy cover simulated using the AquaCrop model is more than the observed values.

Kerman province is currently suffering problems in water resources management and its freshwater storages are restricting continuously. A large number of wells are now salinized and lost their suitable quality in this province. Thus, a particular management is needed to use brackish water resources so as to achieve an acceptable level of agricultural production. In this study, the effect of irrigation by sodium and brackish water on soil and pistachio trees in Kerman county was investigated using I1 to I6 treatments. Six brackish water treatments in complete randomized blocks in three repetition were studied. Irrigated water was distributed uniformly in all treatments. The results showed that the use of gypsum in the treatments I3 and I6 leaded on better removal of harmful sodium ions than in the treatments I1, I2, I4 and I5 where soil was solely leached by irrigation water. Adding gypsum reduced the average of electrical conductivity, SAR and ESP of the soil by 39.35%, 47.4% and 41.3% respectively in comparison to before test conditions. Besides, using gypsum was resulted in improvement of yield performance by 11.9% and 15.6% for treatments I3 and I6 respectively and improvement of quality indicators such as increment of 1000 kernel weight, reduction in both blank pistachios percentage and non-split shells.

Because of the water crisis in the country, the use of greenhouse cultivation for optimal use of water resources is expanding. The main purpose of this research project was to determine the appropriate amount of irrigation water for growing cucumber (Negin cultivar) greenhouse. For this purpose, an experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatment included treatment of 100% of water requirement based on reaching the suction of tensiometer to 40 bars. The other two water treatments were 20% less and more than the 100% of water requirement. The results showed that the effect of irrigation treatments on yield, number of fruits per plant, number of deformed fruits, the average weight of a cucumber, and water use efficiency were not significantly different, although yield, the number of fruits per plant and the average weight of a cucumber increased. The volume of irrigation water increased, and the number of deformed fruits and water use efficiency decreased. The combined analysis showed that yield, water use efficiency, and the number of fruits per plant in summer cultivation were significantly higher than winter cultivation. So that the highest yield and water use efficiency were obtained in the treatment of 120 and 80% in the summer of 21.14 kg / m2 and 0.49 kg / m3, respectively. The average weight of fruit was higher in winter cultivation. Although the number of deformed fruits in both crops was not statistically different, the percentage of deformed fruits to the total number of fruits in winter and summer cultivation was 33.2% and 17.6%, respectively. The volume of water used in the treatment of 80, 100, and 120% of water requirement in winter cultivation was 0.271, 0.335, and 0.408, respectively, and in summer cultivation was 0.360, 0.439, and 0.524 m3 / m2. Based on the results of experiments in winter and summer cultivation, the effect of irrigation level on greenhouse cucumber yield was not significant. Therefore, instead of full irrigation, 80% of the water requirement can be used.

Magnetic water increases net plant production by increasing seed stimulation for germination and increasing plant growth rate and strength. This study aimed to investigate the effect of magnetic water on water productivity, germination and yield of (Spinacia oleracea) under deficit irrigation in both laboratory and greenhouse as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In the first experiment, the treatments included three levels of magnetic water (normal water as a control treatment, magnetic water with an intensity of 0.3 Tesla, magnetic water with an intensity of 0.6 Tesla) and 7 moisture potentials (potential 0, -0.1, -0.3, -1, -3, -6 and -9 bar) and in the second experiment, four levels of deficit irrigation were included: 100% irrigation, 80% irrigation, 60% irrigation and 40% irrigation. The results show that the use of drought treatment reduced plant germination traits including seed vigor index, germination and speed percentage, wet and dry weight of stems and roots, length of stems and roots. The use of magnetic water increased the yield of spinach and reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation. Overall, the results showed a 25 and 31% increase in shoot fresh and dry weight, 41% increase in leaf area, 36% and 20% increase in fresh and dry root weight, 24% increase in root volume, 11% increase in relative leaf water content, decrease Proline was a 33% increase in water productivity index. The use of low irrigation also improved the fresh and dry weight traits of shoots and water productivity index.

Since a considerable part of the available water is wasted due to evapotranspiration, a precise estimation of it in short-term and long-term periods is of great importance. In this paper, the capability of the M5 model tree and random forest (RF), as the artificial intelligence approaches, and in combination with the wavelet preprocessing, investigated to estimate the potential daily and weekly evapotranspiration in the synoptic station of Babolsar. Given the time series structure of the input data, the two functions of Coiflet mother wavelet and Daubechies 6 wavelet in the decomposition levels of 3 to 8 were chosen. The four indices of correlation coefficient (R), index of agreement (Ia), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) used to evaluate the presented models. The obtained results indicated that although all individual models have desirable efficiency in modeling the evapotranspiration, the use of wavelet preprocessing enhances the performance of individual models in all cases while allows the simpler input scenarios to provide more desirable results. For instance, in the third input scenario (wind speed, maximum temperature, relative humidity, and dew point), the use of Daubechies 6 wavelet in the decomposition level of 5 increased the correlation coefficient of the daily model from 0.908 to 0.928 while reduced the RMSE from 0.833 mm/day to 0.722 mm/day. Similarly, the use of Coiflet-4 mother wavelet in the decomposition level of 5 raised the correlation coefficient of the weekly model from 0.948 to 0.961 while lowered the RMSE from 4.55 mm/week to 4 mm/week. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of both individual and hybrid approaches in estimating the evapotranspiration of daily and weekly periods is satisfactory. However, if the hybrid approaches employed, even the use of simpler and more accessible meteorological parameters will provide satisfactory results.

While agricultural water footprint consist more than 90 percent of Iran’s fresh water resources, about one third of it is used for animal and chicken husbandary. In the last two decades, the global trade in liquor has expanded significantly and, with it, has expanded the issue of food security from a range of countries to an international arena. The cheaper and cheaper production of commodities in areas prone to green water and the production of more expensive products for the export of blue and green water are among the characteristics that the hybrid trade has. Meat and dairy products consume more water than vegetable products because of the amount of nutrition, drinking, and water services needed by animals. Lack of attention to the amount of water consumed in water products such as meat and dairy products has increased the production of such water products over time, as world animal production has doubled from 1980 to 2004. Many Studies have studied agricultural crops water footprint in international, national and regional levels. Despite the high water footprint in the livestock and poultry sector, there are fewer studies. In the poultry sector these studies are much smaller than in livestock and their scale is limited to national and international scales and less attention has been paid to the regional and provincial sectors. The aim of this study was to investigate the water footprint and water footprint in poultry sector in three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin.

In this study using the Mekonnen and Hokkstra method, the virtual water footprint in poultry products, in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces, was estimated. In order to calculate the virtual water footprint of poultry products, it is necessary to calculate the virtual water footprint of the live animal in the first stage of the study, and then distribute this water to the products obtained. Each living animal has three components of virtual water footprints: the amount of water needed for growth and consumption of food, service and cleaning, drinking and preparing animal feed. In this study, 98 questionnaires completed by experts were used to obtain the necessary information, such as nutrition and water volume of livestock consumed in three provinces. Considering the fact that the data obtained from the questionnaire from different individuals are not normal and also outliers are found, instead of using mean and standard deviation, the mean and absolute value of deviation from the mean were used respectively.

The values of virtual water footprint for producing Chicken was estimated as much as 5.8, 5.81 and 6.08 m3/kg, and it was estimated as much as 4.26, 4.66, 4.22 m3/kg for egg, in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces, respectively. It is noteworthy that the global average water footprint for chicken and egg productions are 4.3 and 3.34 m3/kg, respectively. Comparing these figures shows that the virtual water footprint in poultry production in Iran is higher than the global average. Given the low virtual water footprint for chicken and comparing with that of beef, it is recommended to focus on chicken products and for saving water and food security, simultaneously, the barriers to poultry should be eliminated. Considering the meaningful difference of water footprint between the two approaches of natural and industrial poultry husbandary, the last method is suggested.

By examining the components of poultry water footprint, it was concluded that the only reason the virtual water footprint in white meat production is higher than the world average is higher water consumption in Iranian agriculture and production of poultry feed materials. At the same time, the low water footprint in egg production can also be attributed to the industrialization of poultry in Iran. Considering the results of this study and the comparison with the amounts of virtual water in poultry products across the region and around the world, there are two issues to note: 1) If water conservation in agricultural crops is achieved and advanced irrigation systems are used, both the virtual water footprint in crops and in poultry production can be reduced. 2) Instead of producing poultry feed in the country which results in excessive consumption of water, if international considerations allow it to import poultry feed on a wider scale than is currently available.

Urban wastewater is the most common resource to compensate for water shortages in arid areas. Due to the severe shortage of water resources in Iran, the use and utilization of municipal wastewater and its treatment in agriculture and irrigation is an effective way to meet the water requirements of plants. Therefore, irrigation of forage plants with wastewater is affordable. The experimental design of split plots was implemented as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand city wastewater treatment plant. With four irrigation levels (WW, I-W, I.W, I) which include (100% well water, periodicity, 50% well water mixture + 50% wastewater, 100% wastewater), as the main factors, and also, the amount Irrigation water with three levels (I500, I75, I100%) water requirement was considered as sub-factors. The results showed that the treated wastewater with 75% water stress had a significant effect on increasing grain yield, biological yield, number of spikes per square meter and grain protein. Treated wastewater with 100% water requirement compared to other irrigation treatments, has the highest grain yield with an average of 5.4446 tons per hectare. The combined effect of well water and water stress of 50% has significantly reduced the measuring traits of triticale plant, but well water has increased the thousand grain weight.

Today, appropriate selection of irrigation systems in farms is necessary for increasing water use efficiency. The selection of irrigation systems in different regions is complex problem and involves different factors and levels of decision making. In the present study, by hybridizing multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) approaches of Entropy, grey relational, and TOPSIS; an integrated method of EGC-TOPSIS were applied for appropriate selection of sprinkler irrigation systems based on performance evaluation indicators of irrigation systems. Then, the results of hybrid EGC-TOPSIS method were compared with E-TOPSIS method. Also, the hybrid principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (MLR-PCA) model was used for identify the estimation equations of ultimate decision index and distance closeness index for hybrid EGC-TOPSIS and E-TOPSIS methods, respectively. For this aim, 20 sprinkler irrigation systems including movable sprinkler solid-set and wheel-move irrigation systems were evaluated in Dehgolan plain as case study. The evaluation was done by single sprinkler approach and using indicators of Christensen uniformity coefficient, distribution uniformity, water application efficiency in the lower quarter, potential efficiency of lower quarter, deep percolation losses, and wind drift and evaporation losses. The entropy results show that the distribution uniformity with weight of 0.194 is the most effective factor for ranking of studied irrigation systems. The mean ultimate decision index and mean ranks of wheel-move irrigation systems were calculated equal to 0.52 and 9.1, respectively, that show the superiority of this system than movable sprinkler solid-set system in the studied region. This result was approved by cluster analysis method. The ranking results of both hybrid EGC-TOPSIS and E-TOPSIS models were significantly correlated with R2=0.79. Also, the MLR-PCA model with three main components was appropriately able to estimate ultimate decision index by R2=0.95. Based on the results, the hybrid EGC-TOPSIS method with strong mathematical background can produce useful, comprehensive, and practical results that can be utilized for evaluating and ranking of irrigation systems in similar regions.

Accumulation of Debris in streams behind structures and bridge piers leads to the decrease of flow capacity, disruption of the discharge-scale relationship of control points and a negative impact on the performance and function of water structures. The use of rack structures is a common method of controlling debris. In this research, increasing the efficiency of the rack structure by redesigning this structure and also the amount of backwater behind this structure has been investigated. In these experiments, four types of rack geometry, three group of wood debris were investigated in the conditions of supercritical, critical and subcritical flow. Based on the results, the type of debris and flow conditions were ineffective in the efficiency of the rack and the best performance of the rack was the W-shaped rack with95% efficiency.However,the geometry of the rack and the flow conditions have affected the backwater in upstream, the v-shaped rack has created the lowest backwater with 0.14 %. except the geometry of the structure, the froude number of flow has affected the backwater.

Erosion of riverbank edges is one of the major concerns of the hydraulic engineers. Using spur dikes is one of the methods which help to control and reduce the erosion. In the present study, the location of the spur dikes in the riverbank was optimized numerically using the FLOW-3D numerical model. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results showed a good agreement between them. In addition, the level of riverbank protection was also studied in the present study considering six different spur dike locations. The results showed that by changing the location of the spur dike toward downstream, the spur dike in the location with a dimensionless ratio of d/L=1.834 (the spur dike located 66 cm away from the base beginning) protected a greater riverbank area against erosion. The spur dike in the mentioned location decreased the riverbank erosion in the cross-section and in the longitudinal section by 21.65% and 17.12%, respectively.

Iran, is amongst the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, suffering from blue water scarcity. Hence, sustainable development in Iran requires modifying blue water consumption pattern, and on the other hand, all water resources consumption planning requires a proper knowledge about the water scarcity status in different regions of the country. In this study, for the first time, water scarcity status is assessed based on the blue water scarcity index (BWS) under different temporal resolutions, including annual and monthly scales, and different spatial resolutions, including national, climate-regions, and provincial scales. In this regard, total blue water consumption was first estimated on a daily basis for different provinces over the period 2005-2015, and then was divided by blue water availability to estimate BWS. A BWS indicate, low, moderate, and severe water scarcity, respectively. Every place or any time scale with BWS> is called a hotspot. Based on the annual assessment for the entire country 46% of total blue water consumption in the agricultural sector is unsustainable, and is consumed at the cost of violating environmental flow requirements; under such conditions, the BWS is 1.9 and the entire country is under moderate water scarcity. However, based on the annual assessments at finer spatial resolutions, the humid climatic region and 7 provinces do not experience blue water scarcity. Besides, there are non-hotspots for all considered spatial scales under monthly assessments. Based on the findings of this study, changing the resolution of the BWS assessments will change the number of hotspots in the range of 1 to 37, and will change the status of these hotspots as well. Hence, properly diagnosing the actual hotspots, in which environmental flow requirements are not satisfied due to unsustainable blue water consumption, requires assessments at the possible finest spatial and temporal scales.

Correct cultivar choice of corn and provide an efficient irrigation method to save water and increase production per unit area and the optimal use of water resources is very important. This study was carried out to investigating changes in yield and water productivity in different maize hybrids (KSC 704 and KSC 410) under irrigation management using strip drip and furrow Irrigation methods during two years of 2015-2016 in Jopar research station in Kerman province. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design over randomized complete block design. The results showed that maize hybrids had significant effect on yield and its components at 1% level. The highest grain yield was observed in KSC 704 (13385 kg/ha) compared to KSC 410. The strip drip irrigation method had the highest grain yield (13376 kg/ha) compared to furrow irrigation method. The effect of interaction between irrigation method and maize hybrids showed that the strip drip irrigation method with maize hybrids, KSC 704 recorded higher yield (14128.5 kg/ha.), and an 11% increase in yield compared to maize KSC 410. Also, the lowest amount of irrigation water was 6765 m3/ha and was observed in KSC 410 under strip drip irrigation method. Strip drip irrigation method reduced water irrigation by 33.5% and 36.25% in KSC 704 and KSC 410 treatments, respectively. Also, the water productivity in the strip drip irrigation and farrow irrigation method was equal 1.84 and 0.98 kg/m3 under water storage condition. To increase water productivity and reduce irrigation water, farmers can benefit from drip irrigation due to the profitability of this irrigation method.

Numerical simulation of groundwater table variations can be an effective tool for water resources management. In this study, water table variations of Shahdad aquifer located in Kerman provience, were simulated using Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software and MODFLOW model.Changes in the aquifer water level indicate a decrease in the aquifer in the northern, eastern, southern, and some central parts of the aquifer. The developed model was calibrated using the monthly water level measurements for the period of 2012-2013 and then validated using the monthly statistics for the water year 2015-2016. Aquifer properties including hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, and recharge rate were estimated by inverse modeling with PEST Code. The coefficient of determination for the validation stage was calculated as 0.95, demonstrating the good consistency of observed and predicted data and the ability of the model to predict future aquifer water table variations. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model is more sensitive to the well discharge than to surface recharge or hydraulic conductivity. Monthly reduction of discharge from wells by 30 percent can stop this phenamena.

The use of labyrinth weirs is one of the most effective and economical ways to increase weir efficiency by enhancing weir crown length, so that at a specified width and hydraulic height compared to other weirs, more discharge passes. In this study, the hybrid method of the Whale optimization algorithm and the fuzzy neural- inference system to estimate the optimal discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs with the curved plan is introduced. In the proposed method, the efficiency and convergence of the Whale algorithm have been measured. The experimental data were used to validate the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated with four statistics, including the correlation coefficient (R2), the root means square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the efficiency criterion (NSE). The results indicate a good match between the observed and estimated values. The results of the WOA-ANFIS method with (H /P) and (θ), showed that the discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs with the curved plan (Cd=0.786) in compared to labyrinth weirs with a triangular plan (Cd=0.682), it increases by 10%. Also, statistical analyzes performed on the obtained results showed that the WOA-ANFIS method with high values of RMSE = 0.021, R2 = 0.981, MAE = 0.010 and NSE = 0.976 has high efficiency in estimating the discharge coefficient of this type of weirs.

The phenomenon of mixing saline and fresh water in aquifers near the sea coasts and the margin of salt marshland, limits the application of high-quality groundwater resources. On the other hand, by increasing concentration of saline water in aquifer due to evaporation from the soil surface and also decreasing pressure head in freshwater aquifers as a result of groundwater over exploitation, lead the mixing front advances toward the freshwater aquifer. In this study, by making a physical model, mixing area and salt distribution in both saturated and non-saturated zone of porous media has been studied. Four different hydraulic scenarios have been performed, including equal water table of fresh and saline water, higher freshwater level and two higher saline levels (10 and 15 centimetres). The concentration of saline water and freshwater were 20 and 0.98 dS/m, respectively. The physical model size was 4×1×1 meter. The results showed that the water table shape is an important factor for distribution and scattering of salinity in both saturated and non-saturated areas. By decreasing the water level in the freshwater reservoir by 10 and 15 centimetres, the boundary between the fresh and saline zone below the water table progressed 55 and 96 cm respectively, and by increasing the water level in the freshwater reservoir by 5 cm, the same zone has had a recession to 28 cm.

Water shortage and its socio-economic and environmental consequences are among the most important challenges of sustainable development especially in arid and semiarid areas. Various technologies have been introduced to cope with water shortages and increase irrigation efficiency. However, much of the water consumed in the agricultural sector is wasted on the traditional irrigation methods. This study aims to investigate the role of factors affecting farmers' desire to use greenhouse farming, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation in Javadabad district of Varamin county in the year 2016. For this purpose, the required data were collected using the questionnaire of 173 rural households in 7 villages of the region by stratified random sampling. Farmers' interest in each of the new irrigation methods was measured using the Wilcoxon test, and the factors affecting them were analyzed using Stepwise linear regression. The findings indicated that, the farmers ' tendency to sprinkler irrigation in this region is statistically insignificant. Furthermore, about 55% of the variance of their attitude to adaptation of greenhouse farming can be explained by governmental financial support and facilities, the amount of agricultural water shortage, the quality of irrigation water and soil of agricultural lands and expecting economic benefits from irrigation technology. Also, 63 % of the variation of the farmers ' willingness to use drip irrigation is predictable by the variables of the education, the degree of recognition of the cost of drip irrigation, membership in the cooperative, the area under cultivation and the rate of irrigation water shortages.

In order to investigate the effect of cultivation medium on yield, water productivity and some growth characteristics of strawberry plant, an experiment was carried out in the greenhouse as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors of cultivation medium and irrigation levels. Irrigation treatments at three levels included full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation at 80 (DI80) and 60% of water requirement (DI60) and four cultivation media including soil (Soil), cocopeat : perlite with volume ratios of 30:70 (C30 P70), 40:60 (C40 P60) and 50:50% (C50 P50). The results showed that the highest values of fruit yield and water productivity among cultivation medium treatments were allocated to C50 P50 treatment with 8.99 kg / m2 and 41.53 kg / m3, respectively, and among irrigation treatments were belonged to FI treatment with 9.53 kg / m2 and 35.88 kg / m3 respectively. The highest values of yield and water productivity in the interaction of the studied factors were 11.41 kg / m2 in C50 P50 composition with full irrigation treatments and 44.78 kg / m3 in C50 P50 composition with 80% water requirement treatments. Based on the results of this study, in case of deficit irrigation application, C50 P50 medium with deficit application of 80% water requirement can be suggested.

The growing population of the world, particularly in the developing world, on the one hand, and the need to provide food for this over expanding population on the other, has had nothing but an overwhelming harvest of resources. To chase the United Nations' sustainable development goals, researchers have developed a variety of interdisciplinary approaches to achieve some kind of dynamic balance in the production and consumption of resources. The most important of those goals are Water, Energy, and Food (WEF) Nexus. WEF nexus management with the aim of water and energy security requires integrated approaches to analysis to be able to plan appropriately and cost-effectively. Iran, with its arid and semi-arid climate and limited water resources, nowadays needs more water, food and energy security than ever before. Considering the importance of the issue, one of the most critical plains of Iran, the Mashhad study area, is discussed. This study area attracts the attention of many executives and policymakers due to metropolitan Mashhad city with a significant population (fixed and variable). In this study, the WEAP software was used for water and food resources management and LEAP software for energy sector management. Two scenarios were considered to assess the WEF Nexus approach. The first scenario defined the interaction of resources and consumption without considering the WEF Nexus approach and the second scenario with the WEF Nexus approach. After reviewing and comparing both scenarios results, it is concluded that the condition of the study area is much more critical by considering the WEF Nexus approach than the Non-WEF nexus approach.

weirs are one of the hydraulic and very vital structures from various economic, environmental, safety and security aspects. In addition to passing and flow measurement, they are the controlling structures in the floods. The main purpose of the present research was to predict the discharge coefficient to method of intelligent support vector machine using experimental data as well as analysis of the hydraulic performance of weirs. The geometric variables of the weirs were used 10, 12.5, and 15 cm in height, the length of different archs were 40.82, 45, and 48.10 cm. To analysis the performance, the dimensional analysis was used by the 𝜋 Bakingham method, then by intelligent method, considering different models, the effect of different parameters in determining the discharge coefficient were investigated. As the length of the weirs arch increases, the discharge efficiency decreases, and as the length of the weirs arch increases, the crest length increases. The results of sensitivity analysis also showed that by removing the Ht/P parameter, the model error rate increases up to 14% for training data series and up to 20% for test data series, and this parameter is the most effective variable in estimating discharge coefficient in in U-shaped labyrinth weirs.

Nitrogen is one the most important nutrients in achieving optimal yield of crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite zeolite on nitrate ion adsorbstion and growth indices and cucumber parameters including, number, weight, length and diameter of the cucumber. This research was conducted at greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University and in completely randomized design experiment with four levels including 0, 5, 10 and 15 gr zeolite per kg of sandy loam soil in three replications with drip irrigation system.The results show that zeolite has positive effect of on reducing nitrate leaching at p < 0.01 level.Comparing the averages, it showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the control treatment and 15 g zeolite per kg of soil. Also, results showed that the application of zeolite on crop yield (Multiplied by fruit number in fruit weight), number of fruits, leaf area and plant diameter was significant at p < 0.01 level and also on fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length and plant height at p < 0.05 probability but had significant effect on leaf number. Increasing amount of zeolite cause to increase yield by 2.6 time greater than control treatment.

In this study the effects of soil moisture depletion in four different growth stages on some physiological factors such as LAI, R.Y. S.C and WSY were studied. The field experiments were carried out in in Karaj, Mashhad, Esfahan and Miandoab. Two soil moisture depletion (S.M.D) treatments (70 and 90% of available soil moisture content) were imposed at four growth stages. In addition, a control treatment was added to the factorial combination of two S.M.D. and four plant growth stage. Results showed that received water were not significant difference among the treatments. The control, 70 and 90% S.M.D received about 13067, 12607 and 12060 m3/h, respectively. Therefore, difference between treatments basically is because of the times which soil moisture were depleted and to some extend the amount of received water. 70 % S.M.D. at none of four growth stages had no effect on root yield. However, root yield significantly reduces when 90 % of soil moisture was depleted in 2nd and 3rd growth stages. Sugar content reduced when 90 % of soil moisture was depleted at the last plant growth stage. However, 70 % S.M.D. at any of four growth stages had no effect on sugar content. The justification of this kind of observation may be consumption of reserved sugar to produce new leaves. Results showed 90 %S.M.D at rapid growth stage and latest growth stage, caused impurity (especially Na) and molasses to be increased. So, in water stress condition, plant tent to accumulate Na and to some less K. 70% S.M.D. at none of four growth stages had no effect on the juice purity. Results showed that 90 % of S.M.D. at any plant growth stage (especially at 2nd and 3rd growth stages) dramatically reduced sugar yield and white sugar yield. It could be told that 100-120 days after seed planting is the most sensitive growth period (the third growth stage) of sugar beet to water stress. My recommendation is to preserve water it could be irrigation water in early growth stage.

Concrete mix-design specifications for concrete lining of irrigation canals in different regions are often considered the same by designers. However, the destructive factors of durability and instability of this structure are not same in different environmental conditions and so separate designs must be presented in different conditions. In this study 9 types of concrete mixes including: 3 grades of cement level, 3 ratios of (W/C) ratios and 3values of AEA were prepared. To determine specifications of durable concrete for irrigation canals in cold regions, various laboratory experiments on fresh and hardened concrete was performed. Cement grades of 325, 350 and 375 kg/m3 of concrete and w/c ratios of 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5, as well as AEA values of 0% (without AEA), 0.01 and 0.03% of cement weight was used. After preparing the concrete mixtures, different experiments on fresh concrete, including determination of slump, total air percentage, density and hardened concrete, including water absorption tests, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and freezing-thawing cycles were performed up to 300 cycles. Based on the results, among the 9 concrete mixes samples, 3 mixes were durable in frost condition and were compatible with cold regions. These mixtures are as follows: 1- A mixture with a W/C ratio of 0.4, a cement grade of 350 kg/m3 and without AEA, 2- with a W/C ratio of 0.45 and a grade of 350 kg/m3 with 0.03% by weight of cement AEA, and 3- the W/C is 0.45 and the grade of cement is 325 kg/m3 without AEA. It was also found that using 1 to 2 kg/m3 of Concrete super plasticizer, the W/C ratio can be reduced to 0.4 and the concrete lining can be durable without using of AEA.

Soil wetted pattern plays an important role in the design of drip irrigation systems. Wetting pattern depends on various factors such as soil texture, soil structure, emitter discharge, hydraulic conductivity, applied water volume and land slope. In this research, two physical rectangular cubic models were constructed to measure the soil moisture advance front. The smaller model was used for experiments with lower discharge and the larger model was used for experiments with higher discharge. These experiments were carried out for four different slopes (0, 10, 20 and 30%), three soil types with different textures (light, medium, heavy) and three emitter discharges (2, 4, and 6 lit/hour). The purpose of this study was to simulate the wetting area in a drip irrigation system on slope land. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to simulate the wetted area. The results of the comparison between the measured and simulated values showed that the ANN model has an acceptable performance in estimating the moisture front area. Coefficient of determination (R 2) in training phase ranged from 0.994 to 0.997, root mean square error (RMSE) ranged between 18.84 to 42.70 cm2 and mean absolute error (MAE) ranged between 12.28 to 31.96 cm2. These values for the test phase were 0.993 to 0.997, 26.87 to 47.02 cm2 and 20.14 to 31.45 cm2, respectively.

Due to the lack of water resources, increasing of the water productivity index in a strategic and high water consuming cultivation like as rice is getting more important. Planting date and irrigation program are important factors in increasing the productivity of rice. This study investigates the effect of transplanting date on irrigation programe and rice yield and provides an acceptable strategy for determining the appropriate planting date with respect to climatic conditions and field characteristics. Therefore, SWAP model was calibrated in the Astaneh-Koushfahan plain with data of three paddy fields (Hashemi variety) and validated with data of two other paddy fields. The R2 index greater than 0.98 and RMSE-N less than 10% indicated that the model had acceptable accuracy for rice growth simulation. After validation, the optimummanagement of intermittent irrigation was obtained in planting dates 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 May. The results showed that in 2011 1 May was the suitable planting date due to higher irrigation water productivity. At this date, 9% allowable moisture depletion and 7 days irrigation intervals were proposed. Also, in this plain, the maximum and minimum moisture allowable depletion was 15 and 2%, respectively in clay and sandy loamy clay soil texture.

Water infiltration into the soil is one of important hydrological parameters. This study was conducted for Phillip and Horton parameters and final water infiltration rate prediction using artificial neural network and support vector machine (SVM). The soil water infiltration was measured in 100 points of Abarkouh city landscape (Yazd province) with double ring method. The samples from 0-30 cm of soil surface were analyzed for bulk density, texture, organic matter, sodium adsorption ratio, porosity, geometric mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation of soil particle. The multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) with 4 different scenarios with 3, 5, 7 and 9 inputs and SVM with 9 inputs were analyzed for infiltration parameters and final water infiltration rate prediction. The results showed that the network with 9 inputs had the greatest R2 and the lowest error in Phillip and Horton parameters prediction. The study of prediction ability of ANN for Horton and Phillip parameters showed that the greatest capability was related to final infiltration rate to net design as 9-5-1 with R2 equal to 0.84. The sensitivity analysis showed that the designed nets had greater sensitivity to soil sodium adsorption ratio and the organic matter than other 7 parameters. The SVM model had good ability to water infiltration rate prediction based on basic soil properties. SVM model had better ability in soil water infiltration rate prediction compared to ANN model.

Determination the water consumption and water productivity of different products can be a great help to the decision-making of water and agriculture officials. Therefore, the present study was conducted to measure water consumption and the yield of bean at 25 fields managed by farmers in Azna, Aligudarz and Selseleh counties in Lorestan province. Thus, the volume of water consumed for bean were measured in the selected fields with different irrigation methods and various water sources without interfering with their irrigation scheduling during the growing season. The amount of water consumption under different irrigation systems varied from 8669 to 19312 m3.ha-1. The average of water consumption and water productivity in sprinkler and surface irrigation systems were 9735, 16161 m3.ha-1 and 0.33 and 0.16 kg .m-3, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that sprinkler irrigation compare to surface irrigation system increased the water productivity and reduced water consumption about 106 and 39.8 percent, respectively. The average of irrigation efficiency in both sprinkler and surface irrigation systems determined about 67.5% and 35.7%, respectively. The results of comparing the average volume of water consumption, water productivity and irrigation efficiency with t-test showed a significant difference between sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. Comparison of average water requirement by using t-test showed that The average computational water requirement differs significantly from the national average water document by 6720 and 6994 m3.ha-1, respectively. Investigation of correlation coefficients showed indirect changes in water consumption with irrigation efficiency and water productivity. However, the relationship between irrigation efficiency and crop yield has been consistent and positive with water productivity

In developing countries where the value of money is low, consultant firms are keen to participate in international tenders. Participating in international tenders requires a lot of resources (time, cost, etc.) to evaluate the project condition and prepare a suitable proposal. Predicting the outcome of these tenders is important because it can prevent the use of resources to participate in inappropriate tenders. The aim of this paper is to identify factors that affect the outcome of water industry international tenders holding for selection of consultants and compare the classification algorithms in predicting the outcome of this tenders. effective factors include Lead department, Documents delivery method, Tender Identify Method, Type of Tender, Financer, Lead Department Partner, Final Status and Project Type and Compared algorithms include Decision Tree, ID3, Chaid, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The most accurate algorithms are 1-SVM, 2-Chaid, 3-ID3, 4-Decision Tree, 5-Naïve Bayes and 6-KNN. so It is suggested to use the SVM algorithm as the processor in decision support systems to improve the bid/no-bid decision for consultant firms seeking to participate in the water industry international tenders.

The use of green cover temperature for plant irrigation planning is one of the methods that has been considered by researchers. For this purpose, several indicators have been presented, among which we can mention the water stress index of the plant by Idso method. In order to plan summer corn irrigation in climatic conditions of Ahvaz using green cover temperature, in 2018 research in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Faculty of Water Engineering under four types of irrigation regime including I0, I1, I2 and I3 respectively 120 , 100, 80 and 60% of the plant's water requirement was done in a completely randomized design in three replications. Based on the results, the equation of the upper and lower base line for the corn plant, treatment I1 (100% water requirement) for the development stage is 2.89 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1.984-0.0946VPD, for the middle stage is 3.4 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 3.217-0.1669VPD and for the final stage of growth was equal to 1.2 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1.147-0.160VPD was obtained in degrees Celsius. The results also showed that the total water stress index for the growth period for the 120, 100, 80 and 60 treatments was 0.17, 0.22, 0.35 and 0.52, respectively. The relationship between plant water stress index and soil moisture level for different irrigation treatments was highly correlated and the equation of soil stress index with soil moisture for I1 treatment for the next day and before irrigation was equal to CWSI = 1.8296-0.0586ɵv and CWSI = 1.038 0.0281ɵv was obtained. The results showed that with decreasing water consumption, the plant's water stress index increased and with increasing water stress, the correlation between CWSI index and soil water depth decreased so that the highest R2 (0.97) in I0 treatment and the lowest R2 (0.88) was in I2 and I3 treatments. As the results of this study confirm, the plant's water stress index is a good tool for irrigation planning and optimal management in the field.

Treatment of Polluted wastewater is one of the most important ways to improve environmental pollution and in addition, it will lead to the effective management of organic solid waste. The aim of this study is to remove phosphate from agricultural wastewater by adsorption method and optimizing the parameters that affect adsorption. After preparing the activated sugarcane bagasse hydrocar, its various characteristics as a new adsorbent were determined using SEM, FTIR, XRF, and CHNSO. Then, the optimization of the adsorption parameters was done by examining the effect of changing the parameters of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, competing ions, and contact time on the phosphate adsorption process. Laboratory data were simulated with different kinetic models (Lagergren, Ho et al and Avrami) and isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich- Peterson). The results showed that the optimal pH for the absorption of phosphate was 6, the optimal adsorbent value was 1 g/L, and the best contact time was 180 min. The increasing temperature increased the amount of removed phosphate and among the competing anions, sulphate had the greatest effect, and carbonate had the least effect on phosphate removal. The maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate under optimal conditions by activated sugarcane bagasse hydrocar was (54.69 mg/g). Among the kinetic and isotherm models, Ho et al and Langmuir model simulated laboratory data very well.

Todays, the application of science and advanced technologies, the management of quality risks imposed on environmental resources, has particular importance. Considering the toxicity of wastewater agricultural, industrial, and domestic effluents on the environment, a thorough and separate study of the toxic wastewater treatment and contaminated water, in general, seems necessary to complete the non-destructive development process. In this regard, to recover compounds containing heavy metals and pollutants such as copper, in wastewater containing harmful fertilizers and pesticides, the production of nanofibers (polymer nanoparticles) in the form of electrospray (under four treatments of solute concentration, applied voltage, Injection Needle and Injection rate), using electrospinning machine and selected polymeric Polyacrylamide Methacrylate and Dimethylmethyl Formamide solvent with using the low-cost raw materials approach for the selected hazardous pollutants. The nanoparticle production technology was used in the form of wire blasting (under four concentrations of nanoparticle solution concentration, the diameter of carbon wires used, flow and arc force), also. Finally, by extracting the results in each phase, their analysis was carried out and the results showed that the combination of the polymer treatment with dimethylformamide solvent at 25 wt%, applied voltage kV. 30, the distance between the tip of the needle and the plate 15 cm and the feeding rate of 2 ml / h worked best. Thus, with the preparation of nanofibers and the use of relatively inexpensive laboratory materials, compared to the costly methods of water treatment, significant results were observed in the process of removal of toxic copper > 50% in all selected samples indicated a positive and high effect of the nanoparticles-nanofibers.