مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هفتم شماره 6 (پیاپی 33، بهمن و اسفند 1399)

As one of the major public health concerns, the progressive increase in the suicide rate among children and adolescents is associated with biological, psychological and sociological aspects.

This study aimed investigating the demographic characteristics and the relationship between substance abuse, smoking and alcohol consumption by parents and children with suicide attempt history.

The present case-control study was conducted on suicide attempters aged 6-18 years in 2019 in Sanandaj, Iran. The sampling method was random and based on the chronological order of referrals to hospitals. 44 individuals including 26 girls and 18 boys in the case group and 42 individuals in the control group were matched in terms of age, sex, and rural or urban residence. Data were collected using a self-made checklist and the BECK suicide questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software.

The mean age of the subjects was 14.29 in the case group, and 13.5 years in the control group. Among suicide attempters, 13 were smokers, 12 were alcoholic consumers, and 7 were substance abusers. As opposed to the insignificant effect of maternal consumption of alcohol and substance, and smoking there were 28 smokers, 13 alcoholic consumers, and 10 substance abusers among fathers, indicating the significant role of fathers in the suicide attempts of children (P<0.05).

Due to the prevalence of suicide in Kurdistan and its concurrence with the use of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol, effective planning and intervention by policymakers and health and social authorities seem imperative.

The response disinhibition is one of the most common problems in post-stroke patients. Many studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation could improve cognitive impairments by increasing the cortical excitability.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of two protocols of direct transcranial electrical stimulation with cognitive rehabilitation in patients with stroke.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a control group. From the population of stroke patients in 2016, 32 people (including 21 men and 11 women aged 40 to 65 years) were selected by purposive sampling method based on including and excluding criteria. All subjects in the study groups underwent Fruit Ninja task training as cognitive rehabilitation and transcranial direct current stimulation and were evaluated by continuous performance, flanker and target stop tasks. Findings were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS-22.

The results showed that the group that receiving stimulation with unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation in comparison to groups with unihemispheric tDCS with & without computerized cognitive rehabilitation & sham stimulation, showed a significant improvement in response inhibition function (P≤0.05). Also, at 8-weeks follow-up, the unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation group continued to show better functions in response inhibition tasks than other groups (P≤0.05).

The present results show that the simultaneous use of transcranial stimulation along with cognitive rehabilitation has an effective role in improving cognitive deficits.

While pregnancy and childbirth can be considered as a natural bodily function for women, it is still an experience that increases their vulnerability to a variety of physical and psychological problems. Therefore, it seems necessary to improve their quality of life and mental health.

The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation group training for improving the quality of life and mitigating emotion regulation difficulties of pregnant women.

The current study is a quasi-experimental random study with a pretest-posttest and follow-up design. The statistical population of the study includes all pregnant women in Tehran in 2018, and the sample includes 39 pregnant women, selected based on a targeted sampling method. The Short-Form Quality of Life questionnaire and the Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale were used. The emotion regulation group training was administered to the intervention group in 8 sessions. The results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-24 software application.

The data analysis indicated that the mean scores of quality of life in the intervention group (M = 58.13) increased compared to the control group (M = 38.25). Moreover, the mean scores of DERS in the intervention group in the post-test stage (M = 77.33) significantly decreased at the 0.001 level compared to the pre-test stage (M = 92.87) and the follow-up period (M = 72.27).

Emotion regulation group training can be effective for improving the quality of life of pregnant women and mitigating their emotion regulation difficulties.

Reading is one of the most important skills in elementary school so that its disorder affects learning of other subjects.

This study aimed to compare the effect of Davis educational strategy with traditional education in improving the reading of dyslexic male students in the second grade of elementary school.

The research type was quasi-experimental. The population of this study included all boys in grade 2 of elementary school from Rashtkhar city in the academic year 2015-2016 that 10 of them who were dignosed with dyslexia, were randomly selected based on a checklist of 27 items for dyslexia symptoms, report card and health assessment card of the first year of elementary school. Then these students were randomly divided in experimental group with davis method intervention and the other group with traditional instruction. After Davis instructional intervention, post-test was performed on both groups and obtained data from pre-test and post-test were analyzed using SPSS version 19 with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and dependent t-test.

The results of dependent t-test and difference between scores of the two groups showed that improvement mean in Davis group (8.15) compared to the traditional group (2.67) was significantly different, which indicates the effect of Davis treatment intervention on improving studentschr('39') reading (P<0.01).

It can be concluded that Davis method has improved students reading skills by increasing the range of precision and attention, improving visual memory and comprehension.

Child sexual abuse is a serious issue with serious consequence. Self-care education programs can improve children’s awareness, knowledge, and skills to defend themselves against sexual abuse

The purpose of this study was to effectiveness of the program of psychological intervention with smart robot on good sexual care of primary school children.

The study was carried out as a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design and a control group. The sample group consisted of 80 students (8-12 years old) in 2019 year, who were selected through cluster random sampling and randomly allocated to control groups (20 girls and 20 boys) and experiment groups (20 girls and 20 boys). The experiment groups attended a psychological intervention program with a robot in 10 sessions. The control group received no intervention. The tool used in the study was an endogenized questionnaire by Lezli Tuti (1995) to measure knowledge and awareness of children about sexual abuse. The questionnaire was filled out for the participants in pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The collected data was analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA in SPSS (v.25).

The results showed that psychological intervention with a smart robot had a positive effect on good sexual care of children (P <0.01). In addition, the sexual care was effective in increasing knowledge of the children to tell a good touch (P<0.01).

Psychological intervention using a robot was an effective way to improve sexual care in children. Therefore, this method can be used by consultant, psychologists, and authorities as a therapeutic method.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic psychological disorder that causes serious damage to the mental, emotional and communication health of patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), on distress tolerance and the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

 This study was designed using a Quasi-experimental method and pre-test, post-test as and control group. The study population included all patients referred to the psychiatric ward of Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Dorood between 2018 and 2019. For this purpose, 20 patients with OCD were selected by convenience sampling and assigned to two groups of ACT and control. Each group was tested before and after the intervention by the Yale-Brown scale and the distress tolerance questionnaire (DTQ). The experimental group received 8 sessions of treatment based on ACT and the control group was not subjected to therapy. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS Statistics 24 and presented by descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results suggest that ACT had a significant statistical effect on reducing OCD symptoms (P= 0.000, F= 92.503) and increasing distress tolerance (P= 0/000, F= 33.889). Its effect on the obsession and distress tolerance variables was 87.7% and 72.3%, respectively.

Considering the therapeutic elements of ACT and its coordination with the psychological problems of OCD, it can be a suitable therapy for these patients.

A review of the background of people with borderline personality disorder shows that most of these people were raised in shaky family environments.

The aim of this study was to predict the relationship between personality function and pathological traits in patients with borderline personality disorder and normal group through childhood traumas.

The present study was a causal-comparative and correlational study. The statistical population consisted of 214 students of the academic year 2018-2019 of Kurdistan University and 25 patients with borderline personality disorder hospitalized from december to february 2018 in Ghods psychiatric hospital, by available sampling method. And Childhood Injury Questionnaires (Bernstein and Fink, 1998), the Large-Scale Personality Function Levels (Murray et al., 2011), the Long Version of the Personality Checklist for the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire (First et al., 1997) responded. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and logistic regression analysis.

There was a direct and significant relationship between the scores of borderline personality disorder and personality function at the level of (P<0.000) and childhood trauma at the level of (P<0.000). The findings of the present study using logistic regression showed that personality dysfunction and childhood traumas at the (P<0.000) level are able to distinguish between 23 and 48% of the group with borderline personality disorder from the non-clinical group.

According to the results of borderline personality disorder, personality trauma can be predicted through childhood traumatic experiences and dysfunction. Clinicians are advised to consider the role of childhood trauma in dealing with borderline patients.

Marital infidelity is the most harmful act in a relationship, destroys the trust of the injured spouse, it reduces resilience and has unfortunate consequences.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of integrative couple therapy and integrative behavioral couple therapy on increasing the resilience of couples affected by infidelity.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study includes couples who committed adultery and have referred to counseling centers in Andishe city in 2018. 24 couples were randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) by available sampling. The Subjects answered Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaire. Univariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that integrative couple therapy (F=13/489, 𝝶2=0/325) and integrative behavioral couple therapy (F=31/988, 𝝶2= 0/533)   re effective in increasing the resilience of couples affected by infidelity. Subjects scores in the post-test Connor and Davidson resilience scale had a significant increase compared to the pre-test scores (p <0.05).

Marital infidelity is a multi-causal phenomenon and since no single theory has a path to reality, considering the extent of harms and consequences of infidelity, based on the findings; it is suggested to use effective interventions of integrative approaches.

The emergence of COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fear, worry and anxiety among people around the world.

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of resilience in predicting the psychological vulnerability of employees of the Birjand Islamic Azad University.

This study was descriptive and the community was the staff of Birjand Azad University in 2020. 123 person were randomly selected based on Morganchr('39')s table and the questionnaires included Connor and Davidson resilience and psychiatric symptoms. For data analysis, in addition to the mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis were used and data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 statistical software.

The findings showed a significant relationship between the total resilience score and psychological vulnerability. Among the subscales, depression, hypersensitivity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and aggression were the most correlated with resilience, respectively (P<0.001). Also, the results of linear regression analysis showed that resilience was able to predict a total of 40% of psychological vulnerability and its subscales (P<0.001).

Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing resilience can lead to a decrease in the subscales of psychological vulnerability of individuals. The results of this study can also be used to diagnose the psychological damage caused by the corona pandemic crisis in the staff of Birjand Azad University and to plan the necessary psychological interventions in this target group.

In recent decades, different views among cognitive researchers on how cognition is formed in animals, especially humans have been emerged. Cognition and cognitive processes involve many mental processes such as attention, knowledge formation, memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and calculation, problem solving and decision making, perception and language production.

Investigation and comparison of emerging approaches in the study of cognition.

Review of literature.

New approaches to cognition such as the concepts of embodied and embedded cognition, grounded cognition, enactive cognition, and situated cognition have been compared with each other and with computational cognition as well. The findings show that the boundary between the types of new approaches in the study of cognition is so narrow that they are sometimes not even easily distinguishable from each other. Furthermore, all emerging approaches in the study of cognition are very different from the computational approach in the study of cognition.

The new approach to cognitive science describes cognition with a variety of attributes, most of which indicate that the new approach in the cognitive science has moved away from a purely amodal, computational approach and has opened the door to experience and the environment.

An appropriate tool for measuring personal identity has already been developed by Adams et al but, it is not yet clear to what extent this tool and its items are in line with the requirements of Iranian culture.

This study aimed to reconstruct, validation and standardization of the extended objective measure of ego Identity Status-2 (EOM-EIS-2) and preparing its short form in Iranian society.

The study population consisted of 524 students of Tehran state-run universities and was selected by cluster random sampling method. Item analysis such as item discrimination and loop, construct validation (factor analysis) and reliability analysis (Cronbach Alpha) were utilized.

During the factor analysis, 8 factors were identified, 6 of which were consistent with the concepts of Identity status. Reliability assessment by computing Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for each of the 4 Identity statuses and for the instrument were above 0.7 and 0.886 respectively. During the validation process, 15 questions were removed due to the reduction of validity evidence. Finally, taking into 6 omitted questions during the reliability analysis process (due to the reduction of reliability evidence); the number of omitted questions reached 21 and a shortened Iranian questionnaire with 43 items was prepared and presented.

It can be concluded Persian version of Measure of Ego Identity Status-2 (EOM-EIS-2) in Iranian culture possesses an appropriate validity and reliability. Also, the factors obtained from the factor analysis and the short form presented can adequately measure the Identity statuses.