نشریه گردشگری فرهنگ
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1399)

Urban nightlife has long been discussed in the field of urban management and has been the subject of numerous studies. This issue needs to draw the attention of researchers to conduct in-depth studies and extensive research in order to raise awareness about the phenomenon of urban nightlife in terms of affecting various aspects of citizens’ lives. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the social aspects of nightlife in the City of Tehran from the perspective of the beneficiaries. In this study, several semi-structured interviews were conducted with three groups of citizens, business owners, and experts. The interpretive analysis was then applied to analyse the texts. Finally, categories were revealed and explianed under sub-categories such as beneficiaries, positive and negative aspects, characteristics, attractions, and individual and social repulsions. Positive and negative aspects were determined and it was revealed that citizens and business owners have attractions and repulsions to the nightlife phenomenon, but generally, they are optimistic about it. Moreover, different groups of participants are demographically identifiable.

The tourism industry is based on the connections of people with different cultures in the context of tourism destinations, and these connections of tourists with different cultures can have many positive and negative impacts. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to identify the most important impacts of tourism development on the culture of tourism destinations at the local and national community level. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was performed using the field method (questionnaire). The study population included 50 interdisciplinary experts in the field of culture and tourism. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Excel software. The findings indicate that tourism development has several positive and negative cultural impacts on the destination community at the local and national levels. The positive impacts of tourism in the local community are the revival of local traditions and ceremonies, protection of historical and ancient sites, and familiarity with the customs of different cultures. However, if tourism development takes place without appropriate planning, it can be destructive and leads to the consumerist behavior and commodification of culture at the local community level. Also, the impacts of tourism development at the national level also include strengthening national pride and cultural understanding of the other nations.

The palace is the hallmark of civilization and power of a government and an element influencing the structure of the city and the social, political, and cultural aspects of historical periods. Today, palace tourism is done not only to observe a historical body but also as a symbolic element of the thoughts and beliefs of power groups. The failure of specificity approach to achieve the core of the palace’s tourism culture requires the adoption of holistic approaches to understanding the identity of the building. The purpose of this article is to explain the concept of the palace and to examine how to move from partial approaches to holistic attitudes in palace tourism. For this purpose, the content analysis method with two descriptive and explanatory approaches has been used in analyzing Iranian palaces and the case of Qasr-e Qajar in Tehran. According to the research findings, adopting a landscape approach in tourism due to the nature of holistic and comprehensive perception leads to reading and explaining the identity of the whole palace as a text in the city. The explanation of Qasr-e Qajar also shows that this palace has affected and has been influenced by the social, political, historical, and natural structures of the city, both physically, functionally, and semantically, at the micro, meso and macro levels.

Today, it is important to pay attention to the rural landscape as a rich context consisting of cognitive and identity components. In landscape study, recognizing the nature and spatial values are important. Especially when these values are in danger of structural changes. The rural landscape is a set of conceptual infrastructures whose combinations as components of a system crystallize the identity and culture of the village. This will contribute to the legibility of the village. But what has emerged today as a rural landscape is the result of a naïve view that has overlooked what a village is. This has resulted in the negligence of why we should preserve the village and highlights the necessity of this issue. Due to climatic, cultural, and identity diversity, Kerman’s villages reflect different perspectives of the rural community of this province. These perspectives have changed the structure of villages, especially after modernization and improvement attempts were done after the earthquakes of recent decades. The result has disrupted the rural system at the micro and macro levels, and we can see this disruption in the native landscape of Kerman. We collected data for this study through a bibliographical research method and field observations during a trip to Kerman province and visiting its villages. This study is based on the assumption that several factors have played a role in changing the rural landscape and have accelerated the process of changes. To this purpose, we examined the different concepts of the village, and then we presented the factors that change the rural structure by identifying the rural landscape and its components.

Human beings, to diagnose for recognition of their beliefs and opinions, have always expressed the mental concepts hidden in them in a symbolic and allegorical way and in the form of specific actions called “ritual”. Rituals have played a significant role in restating the cultural components of societies and cultural groups. Moreover, they are considered as important tourist attractions of ancient civilizations such as Iran. Landscape as a multi-capacity form of cognition provides the opportunity of awareness of important aspects of ritual tourism and re-reading the roots, capabilities, and different types of rituals to provide new horizons in the field of tourism development. The current article aims to study examine the different dimensions of ritual landscapes and use its capabilities and attractions by adopting a landscape tourism approach to ritual places and events., which is discussed by examining examples of ritual landscapes in Iran.Throughout history, human beings have created myths and used rituals to meet their material and semantic needs. Rituals, as a practical form of beliefs, have three physical, semantic, and social aspects that are formed by the superposition combination of three factors of human, human environment, and nature. Continuity of beliefs and meanings, the possibility of recognizing cultural and identity components, and improving the social and participatory quality of tourism, are among the capabilities of ritual landscapes in improving the tourism experience. Adopting the view of landscape tourism in addressing the role of rituals and promoting the position of tourists from mere observers to activists in interaction and communication with the environment has led to the question of what and why the rituals to recognize and achieve cultural meanings and values ​​hidden in them.

The growing desire of tourists to gain authentic cultural experiences has created unique opportunities for the tourism industry and in particular ecotourism. The growth of ecotourism has brought challenges to the local communities and destination management organizations. Thus, securing the interests of stakeholders and managing cultural impacts has become an inevitable necessity for the preservation and development of cultural assets and manifestations. This study aims to investigate the role and effects of ecolodges in regenerating culture, using the thematic analysis method. Purposeful snowball sampling procedure was used to find out and explore the experts’ opinions. Data were collected through interviews and continued until saturation and coding reliability. Finally, the pattern of the effect of ecolodges is recognized from the cultural aspect. Findings showed that the effectiveness of ecolodges begins with the promotion and preserving of the culture of host communities and through certain steps, leads to the destination sustainability. Ecolodges have positive cultural impacts on the host community and guests due to adopting a cultural approach in planning and management of tourism activities, and negative impacts of ecotourism. Therefore, the management of this socio-economic institution needs a deep understanding of indigenous culture and a master plan. Also, the ecolodges have a significant difference with other tourist accommodation facilities, because they manage impacts on the indigenous communities and destinations. Therefore, their quantitative development require the observance of the principles of ecotourism, strict and comprehensive supervision by the government, associations, and ecolodge founders.