پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

Whereas the narration and description are the central elements of the poetics of Nima’s new poetry; during his poetic time, he composed several narrative collections of poems. The purpose of the present article is to investigate the techniques of narrative time in the Servielli House system, based on the theory of time narration by Gerard Genette. The results of the study show that procrastination (expansion of narration), retrospection, and foresight are among the most important tricks of the time that Nima has dealt with in narration. Since, according to Nima's theory, the purpose of poetry is to describe and narrate and embody the poetic subjects, so his trick in his narrative poems is to expand the narration, which has been done in this system with objective and very beautiful descriptions. The function of delay in this poem is to describe the place and time of the story, to characterize and to objectify the abstract matters. Nima has also used the retrospective and futuristic tricks of the narration to express the poet's hopes and doubts, and his hesitations and delays, which are beautifully expressed in the form of the Serivili controversy between the Nojo poet and the devil, which is a symbol of temptation. His deceptive and seductive inner selves are depicted. In general, Nima's time tricks in this poem are consistent with both the theme and content of the story and Nima's descriptive style. His most important time technique in this system is delaying or expanding the narration, which is not a frequency component in the descriptive style. Keywords (English): Narration, Element of Time, Gerard Genette, Nima Yoshij, Descriptive Style, Serivili House Collection.

The sociological Criticism of the novel is one of the major trends in the sociology of literature in which the connection between the structure and content of the novel are examined with the status and transformations of society and the environment in which it is emerged. In this study, the novel Rahesh by Reza Amirkhani has been criticized based on the framework of sociological criticism and content analysis method. This work is worthy for reflection and research according to the author's sociological and literary point of view. The crisis of modernity, the development of urban imbalances, and the serious damage, such as traffic, air pollution, the emergence of respiratory diseases in the new generation, the destruction of traditional houses and the loss of city authenticity, management weakness ... are some social realities that are reflected in the novel Rahesh. The findings of this study suggest that although the author has not been able to provide a useful solution to the problems, however, it has been able to succeed in informing its non-capitalist audience and to take steps towards the realization of its ultimate goal, that other cities will not suffer the fate of Tehran.

One of the important themes of contemporary fiction is paying attention to the social status and the identity of women. Some writers have portrayed the problems of women by re-reading and recreating the ancient stories. The novel Welcome to Hades by Belqis Soleimani is a female writing that has an intertextual relationship with the story of Zal and Rudabeh in Shahnameh and expresses the problems of women in the current society of Iran. Therefore, this paper tries to study and analyze the intertextual relations of this work with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on Riffatter's theory of intertextual semiotics, to identify the mythical codifications and semantic implications of the novel, the study provides an interpretive and intertextual reading of this work. The result of this study indicates that Soleimani creates the semantic accumulation of “woman” and the descriptive systems of Shahnameh, “Rudabeh” and “Sheikhkhani tribe” by placing "non-instructions" in the text that contain the implicit meanings. In this way, she creates familiar hippograms or images in the minds of the readers that refer to the story of Zal and Rudabeh. The analysis of these intertextual relations shows that the matrix of this novel emphasizes the contrast between the role of women in Shahnameh (especially Rudabeh) in comparison with contemporary women who are caught in the limitations and incorrect social customs.

Gerard Genet presented three narrative principles. They are: order, continuity, and frequency, along with subcategories in defining his theory. He described the role of three narrative principles in slowing down the narrative time, such as breakdown time in flashbacks, interference, and non-continuity in negative acceleration and recurring frequencies. Also, some compressions affect the speed of narrative time, such as: positive acceleration, singular frequency, and order, and continuity also influence the natural course of a story's timing. The purpose of this study is develop and advance the narration of Mahmoud Timur’s Neda’ Al-Majhul story by using the content-analytic method. The primitive approach seems to have been Mahmoud Timur's attempt to present a coherent story and not to miss the reader, so that the reader is not delayed and ambiguous in the study of the story. Therefore, Mahmoud Timur has followed the order of narration in order to present a story that is far from ambiguity.

Alienation is one of the most important topics in Arabic literature since the past. In the present age, due to the social, political, cultural and economic developments that Arab societies are witnessing, oppression and the related components have taken on a new form. Ghada Al-Saman, a Syrian writer and thinker, has witnessed colonialism and internal tyranny in Arab societies during his lifetime. His works are well represented them. Accordingly, this paper intends to use the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of showing the types of harassment and reaction to them, to investigate the phenomenon of harassment in the novel Laylat al-Maliar Ghada al-Saman. The findings of this study show that obsession in the characters of this novel has appeared socially, internally, temporally, spatially and culturally and there are different reactions such as: rebellion, adaptation or isolation have been formed towards them. Meanwhile, the author has used things such as repetition of the phrase, internal monologue and flash back to express excitement.

In the last decade, we face a number of feminine discourses, and each female writer poses a new thinkable character in her novel; one of the most striking examples is the depiction of a housewife who is plagued from her absurd conjugal life, and she plans to be born again and achieve all her dreams. The presence of “other” in the life of a traditional woman becomes a complete pattern for her in order that she can abandon the stereotypes and grow increasingly, while her mother's feelings and a sense of being loved by a man is still alive with her and she uses a feminine language to make her femininities more prominent. This structure can be seen in “Those mothers, these girls” by Belqeis Soleimani. Anna become a mirror of her mother, Sorayya, and brings her to self-awareness, thus Sorayya will move gradually from tradition to modernity and she shows different thoughts. Irigaray and Cixous’s theory, based on the “self in other mirror”, is a frame which shows us that this work is in the category of post-feminist works and explains new subjects that the Iranian woman writer has not addressed before. Therefore, it can be introduced as a discourse text.

Daneshvar is one of the writers who has also spoken about love and has given a fictional form to the traditional and modern views on love in Iranian society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the subject of love and the evolution in the stories of this author, based on a descriptive-analytical method. What is love, its functions, evolution and types of love, physical, social, mystical and mixed love, are among the issues studied in this study. The results show that Daneshvar, is first influenced by modern attitudes, considers love as one of the most enjoyable instinctual forces; but then, she is influenced by traditional attitudes, the subject of love finds a sacred and extraterrestrial state in her stories that connects human beings with God, nature, and other human beings. At the beginning, Daneshvar speaks more about the manifestations of earthly love, such as physical and social love, each of which determines the construction of individual, family, and ultimately human community within a specific geographical area; but then she raises the issue of mystical love and the various criticisms and attitudes about it, and finally, contrary to the philosophical and mystical attitudes that consider the earthly love as a bridge to mystical love, in the scholarly attitude, she finds love, a mixed state and a combination of all kinds of them, in which, in her opinion, life will end in this kind of love. This connection between mixed love and life shows the author's positive attitude towards the end of life, and that this kind of love is the answer to the question of how human lives in the modern era.