پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1399)

Iran faced an inclusive movement with the presence of Romanticism in Europe in late 18th century. In the meantime, literary works of romantic poets, such as Hugo, Lamartine and Musset hugely affected the works of poets like Forough Farrokhzad, Fereydoun Tavalloli and Nader Naderpour in Iran. Romantic poets benefitted from themes such as love, nature, solitude, death in their poems. Alfred de Musset was among the poets who paid close attention to his emotional excitements benefitting from such themes in his poems. Since Naderpour studied French literature in France, it could be said he had been in touch with the school and works of romantic poets and used them in his works. In this present study, we intend to determine whether Naderpour has inspired from the components of Romanticism in the compilation of his poems. Can that be said, he has inspired the works of one of Europe's most romantic poets, Alfred de Musset? This study aims at providing a comparison between Naderpour’s works with those of Alfred de Musset, especially his “Nights” pieces and the purpose of this research is to show Naderpour's inspiration from European Romanticism through the analysis of poetry and a comparative study. The result of the present article is that both poets in their poems have used common components of the school of Romanticism such as solitude, love, nature, death and disease of the century, which due to the emergence of Romanticism in Europe and Then in Iran, Naderpour is influenced by Musset's poems.

Jalal Al-Ahmad is one of the most productive writers in the field of fiction. He has created stories in the field of proletarian literature in a collection of stories called “Of Our Suffering”. Proletarian literature is a collection of works in which the social life, thought, personality, ideals, and just struggles of workers form the main axis of the text. Jalal, on the other hand, is considered a realist writer among fiction writers. He tries to depict what he sees as it is, and this is the main goal of the realism school. Investigating the realist proletarian stories of Jalal from this perspective can disclose his intellectual level in the characters and social life of the workers. This proves that the realist stories of Jalal eventually lead to a kind of desolation and despair that distances itself from the realist and it is mostly influenced by Hedayat’s stories. In this research, by examining and analyzing the stories of this collection, we have tried to approach the intellectual level governing these stories.

The Baroque school, which first appeared in the art of architecture, gradually penetrated the visual arts, music, and literature. The manifestation of Baroque's attitude in literature is evident in literary periods after the sixteenth century, and especially in twentieth-century literature, in most European countries and South America. In Iranian Persian literature, many scholars have examined the Baroque school and considered it comparable to some features of Persian poetry, especially with the standards of the Indian style. In this study, the comparative study of Baroque school with Sohrab Sepehri's poetry was studied and without believing in the compatibility of Sohrab's poetry with all the structural features and criteria of Baroque school, an attempt was made to consider the common themes of poetry of this contemporary poet with Baroque school. Studies have shown that there are many common themes and themes in Sohrab's poetry with what is discussed in Baroque.These themes include: avoidance of imitation, looting, semantic aberration, reincarnation, death-thinking, ambiguity, paradox and rebellion. A look at these themes shows that the most basic component that Baroque relies on is innovation and non-stagnation. That which includes Sohrab's poetry and his pure and unmistakable thought, which, according to scholars, originated from different sources, emphasizes it.

Surrealism is a modernist artistic and literary movements that foregrounds psychological issues in arts and literatureSurrealism is a modernist artistic and literary movements that foregrounds psychological issues in arts and literature. Surrealism can be defined as literary creation outside any rational or moral boundary. A surrealist author writes down whatever goes on in his or her mind, resembling a state of dreaming or hallucination. The present paper adopts a descriptive-analytical method and offers a critical analysis of Bahram Sadeghi’s “Malakoot” [Heavens] in a surrealist framework. The findings suggest that Sadeghi’s story well conforms to the principles of surrealism through using major surrealist techniques such as writing while sleeping and dreaming, stream of consciousness, madness, imaginary phenomena, surrealist time and place, eroticism, and ambiguity.The findings suggest that Sadeghi’s story well conforms to the principles of surrealism through using major surrealist techniques such as writing while sleeping and dreaming, stream of consciousness, madness, imaginary phenomena, surrealist time and place, eroticism, and ambiguity.

The foundation of the story is based on imagination, even when it is a transcript of objective reality as it passes through the filter of the author''''''''s mind, it departs from reality. In the process of diverging from the principle of reality, there are some degrees that pulling the text into different domains of the supernatural. This can bring the story into the realm of all kinds of fantasy and fantasy stories or reflect unreality in the story. In the meantime Fantastic stories are on the border of reality and imagination and they combine reality and fantasy in which it is not easy to distinguish between the real and the unreal. The fantasy itself encompasses different types of stories in different styles, which also includes surreal stories. In this research, while describing the many features of various types of supernatural stories, and explaining the fantastical and surreal peculiarities among the various types of supernatural fictions and the pivotal unconscious is identified as the main difference of the supernatural codes in surreal stories and other types of fantasy stories. Key words: Reality, Imagination, Supernatural, Fantastic, Surrealist fictions.

Following the thinking of literary schools has profound effects on the composition of the components of poetry. Adherence to the intellectual principles of each school enables the poet to put his or her poetry in a specific format, and thus makes a particular composition in the poem. Ahmad Shamloo's poem "In the Square" was chosen to study this issue. In this paper, based on the components of thought, text (outer layer, inner layer, central layer) as well as phenomenology, in terms of psychological relationship between text and thought, the composition of the components of the poem "in the field" was examined. The methodology of this research is based on dialectical method, because in this method, first the whole is measured and then the components are evaluated in relation to each other and to the whole. In general, in three types, the unknown becomes information. Induction, allegory and analogy Of these three types, the third type has a higher degree of validity. The result is that, this poem, given its historical and personal roots in the poet's subconscious, has a negative charge for representing the bitter memories of the past that has had an impact on all the pillars of poetry. For example, this poem has two realistic and surrealistic spectra. The realistic aspect is the dark and reconstructed aspect, and the surrealistic aspect is the bright and refined aspect based on transcendental logic and other relevance.