Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:12 Issue: 4, Winter 2020

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. So antioxidant agents may be one of the key treatment strategies for prevention of diabetic nephropathy progression .The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selenium (Se) on micro-albuminuria in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.

This study was a clinical study on 60 T2DM patients with micro-albuminuria who were referred to Yazd diabetic research center from March 2016 till April 2017. Patients were randomized in to two groups: Se (200 microgram Se daily) and control. The control group did not receive placebo. The intervention duration was 12 weeks. Micro-albuminuria, fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, urea, creatinine, HbA1c, plasma Se concentration were measured at the baseline and after 12 weeks. 

Micro-albuminuria decreased after 12 weeks in both studied groups but it was not statistically significant. Cholesterol and LDL levels improved statistically in both studied groups at the end of study (P-value: 0.034, 0.023 respectively). Plasma Se level increased in intervention group (P-value< 0.001). There were clinically improvement in other studied variables after 12 weeks in two studied groups but not statistically significant

Our study demonstrated that Se supplementation for 12 weeks among patients with micro-albuminuria had no beneficial effects on micro albuminuria.

Vascular aging and osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) refers to age-related endothelial cells and body composition disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks resistance training with elastic bands on vascular aging-related serum miR-146 expression level and atherosclerosis risk factors in elderly women with OSO.

In the present single-blind randomized clinical trial, 48 elderly women with OSO (according to Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method results), were divided randomly into two groups of control (n=22) and experimental (n=26). The experimental group performed resistance training with elastic bands for 12 weeks and three sessions per week for all major muscle groups. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS statistical software version 22.

Between-group comparisons showed a significant decrease in serum miR-146 expression (P-value= 0.005) and total cholesterol (P-value= 0.034) in the experimental group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in body weight (P-value= 0.440), BMI (P-value= 0.553), total fat (P-value= 0.093), BMC (P-value= 0.862), BMD (P-value= 0.564), Hs-CRP (P-value= 0.065), HDL-C (P-value= 0.515) and LDL-C (P-value= 0.889).

Resistance trainings decrease miR-146 expression in elderly women with OSO, which was associated with decreased LDL levels and increased HDL levels, though BMI, body fat percentage, total cholesterol and HS-CRP were not significantly different probably due to the type and intensity of the exercises that require further investigation.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition that requires consistent medical care to help control glycemic indices. Diabetes self-management is found to be essential for optimal glycemic control. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of diabetes self-management in adult with T2DM.

A cross-sectional study was conducted. A purposive sample of 142 adults with T2DM attended an outpatient endocrine clinic in an academic hospital in Ilam, Iran was invited to participate in this study from September to October 2016. The data were collected using a combination of validated questionnaires and the blood sample. IBM SPSS software version 22 used to conduct the analysis. Hierarchical linear regression analysis with the stepwise method was used to explore the predictors of diabetes self-management. 

The mean age of participants was 54.2 ± (11.8) years. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.9 ± (7.4). Hierarchical linear regression analysis determined that self-management behaviors had positive relationship with efficacy expectation (B= 0.445, P-value< 0.01), quality of life (B= 0.222, P-value= 0.02), and has a negative relationship with HbA1c (B= -0.194, P-value= 0.01). 

The result of our study indicate that better diabetes self-management behaviors can be predicted by higher efficacy expectation, the better quality of life and lower HbA1c levels. Future interventions should focus on enhancing efficacy expectation, quality of life and optimizing glycemic control to improve self-management of diabetes.

Pomegranate juice is inhibitor of CYP450 enzyme system such as CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. The objective of the present study was to determine the consequence of pomegranate fruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of oral hypoglycemic drug nateglinide in rats.

This is a laboratory study to investigate drug-food interaction effects of Punica granatum fruit juice (3 ml) and nateglinide (in doses 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) in live animals where the effects of food drug interaction on pharmacokinetics parameters such as Cmax and AUC in vehicle and nateglinide and pomegranate juice and nateglinide treated rats was undertaken. Four groups of Wistar albino rats comprising of (n=5) animals in each group were taken and treated with vehicle and nateglinide (in doses 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) pomegranate juice (3ml, p.o.) and nateglinide (in doses 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, p.o.).

The rats which were administered with pomegranate juice + nateglinide (in doses 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) showed  raised Cmax to 2.85 fold and 2.21-fold respectively and an increase in AUC was found to be 1.34 fold and 1.47 fold respectively, when vehicle + nateglinide 10mg/kg and vehicle + 20mg/kg drug treated groups were compared. The results were compared at P-value< 0.01.

A significant drug interaction was observed when nateglinide and pomegranate juice was administered indicating caution must be exercised when such food and drug is co-administered as the chance of more hypoglycemia may occur due to this potential drug-food interaction.

Obesity is a medical problem that increases the risk of health problems like diabetes. Hormones secreting from fat tissue, Leptin, are correlated with body mass index. Leptin reduces the personchr('39')s appetite by acting on specific centers of their brain to reduce their urge to eat. And insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is essential for regulating carbohydrates and the metabolism of fat. A positive relationship between leptin levels and insulin resistance in children showing in this study is to determine the effect of continues-endurance and interval-endurance on leptin serum levels and insulin resistance in over-weighted youths.

This study is a semi-experimental design. Thirty boys were voluntarily selected as a matched two experimental groups and a control. Physical profiles included aged 16-19, BMI; 37.75 (±4.46) KG/M2, base functional capacity: 32.8 (±3.6) ml/kg/min which dividing by three equal groups: the submaximal training interval, a continuum and interval and control group performed the submaximal running program for six weeks on 3 D/W. The selected parameters were evaluated for an intervention pre and post-conditions.

weight and body mass index variables were decreased by about 2.5-3% after exercise intervention. Plasmatic leptin levels were reduced by about 45% in the continuum and interval control groups. HOMA-IR & QUICKI indexes altered in the EG (8.9 %, 7.8%) (P-value < 0.05).

Presumably, 2 exercise program patterns lower than lactate threshold could change body composition profile, basal leptin level, and blood glucose /insulin concentrations, which probably induced changes in resistance to insulin.

Insulin secretion and insulin resistance are associated with incidence and severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to assess the effect of high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on GLP-1R expression in pancreas tissue and serum insulin of T2DM rats.

In this quasi-experimental study, T2DM induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin-Nicotinamide in 16 male wistar rats aged 10 weeks (220 – 20 g). The rats were divided into control (no-training, n= 8) and HIIT (5 times/ week/12-week, n= 8) groups. GLP-1R expression in pancreas tissue, fasting glucose and serum insulin were measured 48 h after lasted exercise of exercise and control groups. Independent and paired T-test was used to compare variables between 2 groups.

HIIT resulted in significant increase in GLP-1R expression compared to control subjects (P-value: 0.023). Fasting glucose decreased (P-value< 0.0001) and serum insulin increased  (P-value< 0.0001) in response to HIIT when compared to control subjects.

HIIT can improve insulin secretion in male rats with T2DM and this improvement can be attributed to increased GLP-1R expression in pancreas tissue in response to training protocol.

Exercise and herbal medicine Berberine are known as anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 4-weeks of endurance training and Berberine Chloride (BC) consumption on inflammatory factors and glycemic index in male wistar diabetic rats.

In an experimental trial, 36 male wistar rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats including 1) control, 2) 15 mg/kg BC, 3) 30 mg/kg BC, 4) endurance training, 5) endurance training with 15 mg/kg BC and 6) endurance training with 30 mg/kg of BC. During 4 weeks, rats in groups 2, 3, 5, and 6 received BC by gavage at specified doses, and rats in groups 4- 6 also ran on the treadmill at speeds of 10-15 m/min for 10-30 minutes. For statistical analysis of data-independent sample T-test, two-way ANOVA were used (P-value= 0.05).

Training and BC significantly increased function of pancreatic beta cells and reduced FBS, TNF-α, and IL- 6 (P-value= 0.001); Training significantly increased VO2max and insulin; interaction of training and BC on an increase of VO2max and reduction of TNF-α were significant (P-value= 0.001) and 30 mg/kg BC reduced TNF-α and FBS much more than 15 mg/kg BC (P-value= 0.001).

It appears that Endurance training and BC can decrease glycemic index and inflammatory markers of diabetes and the effects of BC is dose-dependent, so that the 30 mg/kg BC is more effective rather than the 15 mg/kg BC.

In obesity, chronic low grade inflammation, created by induction of pro-inflammatory markers, causes adipocyte dysfunction in adipose tissue. Adipocytes dysfunction is associated with various diseases including insulin resistance and obesity. In obesity, inflammatory factors such as osteopontin (OPN), angiopoietin-like protein 2 (Angptl2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are induced in adipose tissue. Metformin and pioglitazone that are used to modulate inflammation, but the relevant mechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metformin and pioglitazone as anti-diabetic drugs, on gene expression of osteopontin, Angptl2 and TGF-β as inflammatory factors in insulin resistance and hypertrophied adipocyte in 3T3-L1 cell line model in vitro.

In this experimental research, we differentiated3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. The adipocytes treated in insulin resistance and hypertrophied conditions with metformin and pioglitazone and assayed gene expression of OPN, Angptl2 and TGF-β by Real-Time PCR. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistic software.

The results showed that expression of OPN, Angptl2, and TGF-β were increased significantly over 2-fold (P-value< 0.05) in insulin resistance and hypertrophied adipocytes compared to normal adipocytes. Pre- and co-treatment with metformin and pioglitazone led to reduced expression of Angptl2 and TGF-β. Only metformin significantly reduced the expression of Angptl2, TGF-β and OPN in hypertrophied adipocyte.

These results support the proposal that metformin and pioglitazone reduce gene expression of inflammatory factors in insulin resistant and hypertrophied adipocytes.