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پیاپی 5 (بهار 1398)

This article investigates concept of plot in thoughts of Aristotle and Kundera. Kundera's critiques to Aristotle show ontological-epistemological contrasts between them. In this regard, this article tries to answer this question: Why does Kundera -contrary to Aristotle- considers the plot as enemy of Novel?In Kundera'narrative world there wasn't Aristotelian concepts as unity,necessity,generality. On the contrary, Kundera discusses about world of multiplicity, unintelligible elements and coincidences; a world that Novels represent it.In this regard, Kundera is close to post-structuralism school. The Novel is a thinking way that it is in contrast with Aristotelian essentialism and causality. Contrary to philosophy, the Novel is narrator of irrational events. Kundera expressed her objection to plot, because It is outcome of rational perception about the world as causal texture. Kundera considers the elements that Aristotle cross them out :elements as minor event, off-topic and accidentalism. Kundera considers the plot as storyline hegemony and denial of polyphony in Fiction. This essay elaborates Kundera's post-structuralism perspective(Nietzsche perspectivism) resulted in narration change. For Kundera, Nietzsche as post-structuralism ancestor has always been the essential philosopher.

Realism is one the most commonly used contemporary literature schools, with which most authors, With its principles and methods of which express the social problems of modern society in the new era. In this research by study of postcard novel one of the famous works of immigration realistic literature, This paper examines the "Carte postal" novel of the outstanding realist works of immigration literature and analyzes its most important realist foundations, which are most affected by the objective and subjective space of the immigrant writer and the western environment. As a result, both the impact of the environment on the novel and the characteristics of realist novel of the literature of immigration literature become more apparent Rohangiz sharifian is one of the writers of immigration literature, who has written most of her works in the realm of realism, and like all immigrant writers, addresses the social issues of the modern western world and the problems that individual goes through after immigration. Thus, modernity, individualism, feminism, nostalgia, identity crisis, frustration, agony, loneliness are among characteristics of the west in this work and Author's contradictions, which we have analyzed.

The Gothic style, which first appeared in the 12th century in the Effect Architecture, represents mystery and horror. In the eighteenth century, it became a genre of story. In these stories, the writers, by creating terrifying atmosphere and imaginative description, make the readers more Horror and secret. The characters of this genre are unbalanced, psychotic and sometimes criminal. Another property of this genre is existence the faraway, abandoned, and dreadful places in the stories. In this paper, the analytical-descriptive method of the novel Symphony of the Dead is reviewing from the perspective of the Gothic style that because of its mysterious space and Characters with devious, sickly and cruel features can be categorized as a Gothic style. Places like the cemetery and the basement, which is mostly dark and full of symbolic icons such as snow, fall yellow leaves, the sound of the crows, and the wolf ... creating a good atmosphere for provoking horror. But the most important Gothic component of this story is in its characters, all of whom are involved with a problem and their common feature is their loneliness, which, although they seem living in together, are lonely within themselves, and this causes disagreements and misunderstanding, which occurs in the form of melancholic, illness, death or suicide and murder-abortion.

Communist literature as a branch of committed literature has effected on the all of Europe and many parts of eastern world and Russia at the end of the nineteenth century. Although communist ideology is the result of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ theories, the feature of “Social Democracy” in the Russia labor party is the main reason of communism’s becoming international and its expansion. There are two approaches in the merging of literature and ideology: first, the movements which have accepted communism event though it was short time and superficial and second, the movements which were against communism and its commitments. In the interim, Socialist Realism can be called most serious literary-social movement after Renascence in Russia. Aftermath, even Surrealism was engaged in communism ideology by André Breton and kept aloof from its early manifestation. Existentialism also, as a philosophical literature and under the pretext of responsibility of human kind has entered another kind of communism into literature. On the other hand, Expressionism movement in West Germany, extremely criticized communism policies and becoming of labor to automated machine.it put anit-communism and evasion from responsibility and Absurd against communism. Thus, different and opposite movements emerged under the shadow of communism which have weakened the artistic definition of “Literary Masterpiece”.

Persian literature turned to romanticism in the early twentith century. This has been affected by French romantic works and fotunate intellectual and social atmosphere that prepared conditions for such a mood. Also, this can be seen in Nima's poetry and his followers as well as some of the traditionalist poets. Siyavash Kasraei is one of the contemporary capable poets whose most poems obey the principles of romanticism school. In this study that is done in a descriptive and content analysis method, social romanticism principles, content approaches, and the most important revolutionary socialist poetic stream in Kasraei's poetry has been analysed and criticized. The romanticism of Rezakhan's era was basically a social romanticism. The authors in this study found that the main representations of social romanticism in Kasraei's poetry include: idealistic attachment in freedom and revolution, hope of bright horizon and realistic future, sympathy with the poor and their sufferings, patriotism and nationalism and focusing on the gone glory of Iran, looking for a romantic hero and admiring him/her. Accordingly, Kasraei can be considered as one of the most brilliant representatives of realistic national-political and revolutionary modern poetry of the 1950s and 1960s in Iran.

critical realism,which is a phenomenon allocated to the Russian golden age literature, has criticized the prevailing conditions in society and seeks to change the status quo with a reformist attitude. Chekhov in (the cherry orchard) with notice to the theme of aristocratic decline and the coming of bourgeois in Russia Nicolas II era and a narrative of the life of an aristocratic family, seeks to represent and analyze the prevailing social realities at that time of Russian history with a critical statement . This investigation intends to realize issues criticized by the author in Russian history by analyzing and resolving realistic personality with an emphasis on critical realism in this work . In this play, Chekhov has sharply criticized the cold, dark atmosphere in society and tilted drowsy aristocracy., passive and inactive intellectuals, static and resistant characters against change and progress, identity crisis and lack of self_esteem and has discussed them with a critical and reformist approach based on reality and realistic criteria, especially critical realism.