پژوهشنامه بیمه
سال سی و پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Recently, compulsory insurance of damage to a third party as a result of accidents caused by vehicles regulations, or in short, third party insurance regulations have been amended by Central Insurance.

This study compares two new and old third party insurance regulations based on the actuary criterion. First, this article highlights the major differences between the two new and old regulations.

To achieve this goal, the mathematical form of third-party insurance is rewritten in the form of a bonus-malus system, the steady-state distribution of the bonus-malus system is obtained and in the following, the relativity premium of the new bonus-malus system is calculated by the linear method.

Two third party insurance systems are compared using the steady-state likelihood of systems, the main criterion as Loimaranta efficiency and the relative stability level average.

Based on these comparisons, it can be concluded the following three

After examining the timing of the arrival of two new and old bonus-malus systems, it can be concluded that the old system reaches its steady state after 8 years while the new system does not reach its steady state even after 50 years. In other words, the old system has the advantage of achieving steady-state earlierThe premiums provided by the estimated values ​​of the present study are fairer than the premiums offered by the Central Insurance.Generally, in the new system, the premiums provided by the estimated values of the present study are more efficient than the premiums provided by the central insurance.All of contents are provided as: In the second part of this study, we compare the old and new third party insurance regulations.Then, in third section, a brief description of the bonus-malus systems and its basic concepts is given, in the following, the mathematical form of the new third party insurance regulations rewritten as a bonus-malus system, then the system's steady-state distribution is calculated and Based on that, the relative premium of the new bonus-malus system is calculated from the linear method. Finally, the two old and new bonus-malus systems are compared using steady-state duration, the loimaranta performance measures, and the mean relative stability level in the fourth section.

Risk classification of insurance customers, based on the observable characteristics, can significantly help insurers mitigate losses, classify their customers and prevent adverse selection. This paper aims to study losses occurred in motor Third Party Liability (TPL) insurance and predict customers’ risk of loss.

With the help of four supervised algorithms namely; decision tree, SVM, naïve Bayes and neural network hidden pattern of data is discovered to classify customers of TPL insurance. Furthermore, the imbalanced dataset was the main challenge for implementing machine learning and data mining techniques which will be discussed throughout the article.

The dataset contains more than 400,000 observations for five years from an Iranian insurance company. It also has five variables of which four are independent: car type, car group, plate type, car age; and one binary dependent variable: financial loss. Comparing the model performances, decision tree is the most efficient (F1=0.72±1).

The model provides prioritization of independent features as follows: car type, plate type, car age, car group. Findings also suggest that to obtain more accurate prediction on claims and high-risk customers, more features concerning drivers’ traits are required. 

Understanding the dimensions of strategic market orientation is crucial in industries where competition is high and customers have different and diverse needs and wants. Acquiring market information and responding accordingly is the philosophy of market orientation. The main purpose of this study is to conceptualize strategic market orientation and its relationship with performance in the Iranian insurance industry.

The study population of this descriptive survey is 16681 managers of public and private insurance agencies in the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan-e- Razavi, Isfahan, Fars, Azerbaijan-e-sharghi and Khuzestan. Three hundred agencies using the stratified random sampling method participated in this survey and completed the questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content and construct validity tests and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Collected data was analyzed through structural equation modeling using AMOS18 to test hypotheses of research.

Strategic market orientation has positive impact on financial and nonfinancial performance of insurance companies. The mediating role of nonfinancial performance between strategic market orientation and financial performance was also confirmed.

Gathering and analyzing customer and competitor information and then designing a market-oriented strategy tailored to meet environmental opportunities and threats and providing process, system, and behavioral infrastructure to implement this strategy improve financial and non-financial indicators in the Iranian insurance industry.

Since surviving on obligations to insurers and maximizing the benefits of the company is one of the most important goals of insurance companies, and on the one hand, the regulatory agencies of each country are trying to enact specific laws and regulations and managers by adopting precautionary measures and modern technical and financial strategies. The purpose of this study was to present an intelligent model for predicting financial empowerment in insurance companies as a decision support system.

In order to present a model of predicting the financial health of insurance companies by examining the background of 17 variables as predictor variables for predicting the class of financial wealth, extracted from reliable sources of central insurance site of the Islamic Republic of Iran during 2013-2017. In this study, first, the results of applying different prediction models based on artificial intelligence including: decision tree, neural network, nibbles were compared. Then, the ranking of predictive algorithms was evaluated.

The results of this study showed that the decision tree with 99% accuracy has the best performance in predicting financial ability, considering that the decision tree is a nonlinear cognition and mapping models and patterns of turbulence between goal and decision variables.

The accuracy of the decision tree model in predicting financial robustness is high and the model extracted using decision tree has high accuracy and capability in estimation. 

This paper examines the effect of risk culture on the performance of risk management in insurance companies providing complementary health insurance, in terms of neoclassical economics and enterprise risk management.

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

In this paper, the principles of risk management as well as four cultures-based theory of multiple rationality were presented and the principles of neoclassical economics and enterprise risk management were analyzed for insurance companies offering complementary health insurance. The principles of "enterprise risk management" with weight of 62.1% has gained the highest rank compared to "neoclassical economics" with weight of 37.9% in relation to overall goal. Also, "risk appetite" and "separate measurement and management of risk" criteria in selection of enterprise risk management gained the highest weight compared to other criteria.

This study concluded that the principles of risk culture is best compatible with the principles of enterprise risk management, but this does not mean that the principles of enterprise risk management and the neoclassical economy cannot be used simultaneous in a company. Generally, the insurance companies choose a combination of these principles. In other words, insurance companies select a variety combination of four approaches based on the theory of multiple rationality. Also, considering that the attitude of Central Insurance of IR Iran to the risk strategy has the impact on the risk culture of insurance companies, it is recommended that Central Insurance in this field will adopt an optimal attitude according to the conditions and necessities of the insurance industry.   

Achieving the results of upstream oil and gas operations in order to attract international investment is essentially possible by preventing or fully covering the risks posed by them, and to ensure this, several insurance methods have been used so far; Umbrella insurance agreement is one of the new innovations whose applications in the Iranian legal system have remained unknown and the purpose of writing this article is to identify this insurance method.

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the authors have used the library method and review of sample agreements provided by some international insurance companies as well as similar insurance contracts.

In comparison with the usual insurance methods in the insurance industry and umbrella insurance agreements, the authors found out that Spending less time, paying lower premiums, conducting more negotiated negotiations, less contractual disputes, more flexibility in inserting insurance coverage and, most importantly, the ability to extend it to employers, major contractors and subcontractors involved in a project are some of the advantages that will be achieved if umbrella insurance agreements are used in upstream oil and gas projects.

In the course of this study, umbrella insurance agreements are able to cover the risks of all upstream oil and gas phases, including exploration, evaluation, development and production, also this kind of agreements can provide suitable insurance coverage under a single agreement for risks such as oil leakage from Wells, eruptions, loss of drilling mud, clogging of drilling tools in wells, breaking of wall pipes, damage to equipment during transfer to offshore areas, damage to production and extraction equipment, infliction of casualties and financial damage to third parties, Environmental pollution, suspension and delays in operations, damage to maritime cargo and the like, which reveals the need for immediate adoption of this insurance method in upstream oil and gas operations.

the application and execution of regulations relevant to the title insurance in Iranian legal system for providing safe and secure real estate dealings in domestic law.

Given the American law and practice of title insurance, we are analyzing the situation in Iranian legal system. Our method is autonomous legal doctrinal as well as experimental methodology in applying the foreign institution on Iranian legal system.

Contracts regarding the real estates are social sensitive dealings that require special and precise consideration of regulatory authorities in every legal system. So many of them secure this needs with compulsory registration. But some legal systems regard this mechanism inadequate for protecting individual rights. The insurance companies that has access to the registration records of lands, can insure the legal and factual status of real estates, e. g. soundness of the land, it’s deeds and certifications and to compensate land’s hidden defects at the moment of conclusion of the contract of sale of the land. So, it would be responsible for the land’s factual and legal defects and this would be proper for society and its legal system. Because of efficient consequences arising out of the legal protection of deeds & promotion of security for real estate dealings, some institutions are ready to cover the liabilities and compensation of these lands. Consequently, the legal system shouldn’t ignore the investment and economic development following from the title insurance and must emphasis on its importance and adopt proper rules for that purpose. There is no regulation of Title insurance in Iranian Legal system. But there are some provisions that would help us to adopt this system of protecting the rights and public policies.

There is no legal barrier to applying the title insurance regulations in Iranian legal system, but some factual matters should be eliminated from this institution, such as dealing and registering the real estate in practice that is not conform with economic and law principles in general. Legislators should prevail over the problem with legalizing the compulsory registration of deeds in real estate transactions and obliging the parties to refer to the lawyers. Adjacent to this the high legal authorities in the area of insurance industry should regulate these dealings with special terms and clauses for title insurance. 

many of the harmful accidents are considered in order to be accompanied by bodily injury in the criminal courts and pay attention to the status of parties involved in losses, insurance interests and the judiciary to provide preparation of losses for the least amount of time and cost. History of judicial procedure shows that in some cases, such as death of the accused, the non-occurrence of a crime and … the criminal court has closed the case and the parties of the accident are referred to file a claim for damages. the present study is done in order to clarify the new approach of the legislator in compensation faster and less costly of bodily injuries and by examining the effect of Clause (1) of Article 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the insurer, the theory of compensation for an accident in the course of a proceeding shall be strengthened in order to avoid duplication of claims and imposing costs on both sides of the case, insurance and the judiciary.

the method used in this research is descriptive - analytical and the existing decisions in the judicial procedure as the study documents will be used.

in addition to some of the disadvantages of the widespread interpretation of Clause (1) of Article 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the analysis of economic and social consequences of the provision requires the necessity of a single investigation into the consequences of an accident and the new procedure of criminal courts also tends to this direction.

The scope of Clause (1) of Article 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in addition to the treasury, can be generalized to the fund for physical damage and the insurer. Also, by including the culprit and non-culpable injuries in the accident, the necessary grounds should be provided for the compensation of injuries caused by accident during a hearing.