مجله تغذیه گیاهان باغی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Iron is considered as a micro-element with essential roles in plant metabolism and also, is a cofactor in the function of antioxidant enzymes. The strawberry is one of the favorite fruits throughout the world and maybe classified as a functional food as it is a rich source of phytochemicals and vitamins. Therefore, nutrition of foliar minerals is of particular importance for the rapid supply of plant nutrients. The aim of this study was to the determination of optimum concentration and evaluation of the pre-harvest application of iron on some antioxidant enzyme activities and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit during developmental stages.

The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out at the University of Zanjan in the spring and summer of 2018. Firstly, in a pretest, the effect of different amounts of iron was investigated (0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800 and 2000 μmol/L) at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after the foliar application in some of the characteristics. Then, the concentration of 1400 μmol/L was considered as the optimum concentration. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSSver 22, and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range tests at 5% level of Probability.

Results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, catalase, peroxides, and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased by iron treatment in comparison to the controls. Besides, strawberry fruits treated with iron in comparison to the controls exhibited lower, MDA, and H2O2 content. But it had no significant effect on SOD enzyme, pH, and soluble protein. In addition to the above results, the application of 1400 μmol/L iron accelerated fruit ripening for several days. The main reasons for the effect of the treatment can be related to the increase in iron content in the plant, the decrease in competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, as well as better photosynthetic efficiency. According to the results, the application of iron during the fruit growth stage increased the activity of most antioxidant enzymes and improved the quality of strawberry fruit. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Pestana et al. (2013) and Zaerei et al. (2016) of strawberry growth and crop yield improved by foliar application of iron chelate. The experiments demonstrated the beneficial effects of foliar Fe-EDTA application on some antioxidant enzyme activities and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit during developmental stages. Generally, for the production of strawberry greenhouses and its cultivation in hydroponic, according to the results of this study, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L can be suggested by the spraying method.

Soil and water salinity in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semiarid areas, growth limiting factor. In recent years, much research into adapting the plants to environmental stresses such as salinity. Pistachio plant salt-tolerant, but the yield on high salinities and decreases severely affected. Iran is one of the most important producers of pistachios in the world. The aim of this work was to study the effect of salinity on Relative Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio three cultivars of pistachio(Akbari, Aghaei and Kalle-Ghuchi). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of a 3×4 factorial combination of three pistachio cultivars and four salinity levels (1, 5, 10 and 15dS/m sodium chloride) with 3 replications. Aghaei have high amount of Relative Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio and Root length at the highest levels of salinity (15 dS/m) and Akbari due to have less amount of Relative Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio and Root length sensitive to salinity.

In order to investigate the effect of green manure and nitrogen levels on biomass production and nitrogen use efficiency in experimental purslane during two crop years of 1394-94 and 2014-95 at Birjand University Research Farm, a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four green manure including: control (no green manure), flower vetch (Vicia villosa L.), mandab (Eruca sativa L.) and mix of mandib and flower vetch as main factor and three levels of pure nitrogen fertilizer including: zero (control) , 50 and 100 kg ha-1 were as sub-factors. The traits studied in this experiment included: fresh and dry stem weight, fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry weight of shoots, leaf to stem ratio, biomass nitrogen content, biomass nitrogen content, uptake efficiency, biomass physiological efficiency and biomass agronomic efficiency. They were. The results showed that application of clover and vetch blend in all treatments increased all the studied traits. Also, increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, biomass nitrogen content, uptake efficiency and biomass agronomic efficiency. The interaction of green manure and nitrogen on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, percentage and nitrogen content of biomass, physiological and agronomic efficiency of purslane were significant. So that the application of green manure with 100 kg of pure nitrogen increased all mentioned traits. According to the results of this experiment, application of green manure, especially blend of vetch and vetch with 100 kg of pure nitrogen, increased biomass production and efficiency of purslane nitrogen application in Birjand region.

Fertilizer management is utmost important factor in success of pharmaceutical crops cultivation. Application of biological fertilizers is important in production of these plants. Therefore the use of this type of fertilizers in the production of medicinal plants is expanding and seems to be becoming a global approach. The effect of humic acid and nano-chalate zinc fertilizer on activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and essential oil of savory plant was investigated using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design two factors and with four replications in a greenhouse at Zabol University in 2014. The factors were humic acid with four levels (zero, 5.0, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) and nano-chalate zinc fertilizer with four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 g/L). The results of variance analysis showed that humic acid, nano zn chelated fertilizer and the interaction of factors had significant effects at 1 % probability level on leaf length, leaf area index, chlorophyll index, essential oil content and zinc conten, phosphorus, catalase enzyme, peroxidase enzyme and superoxidase dismutase enzyme but the interaction of nano zinc chelated and humic acid fertilizers was not significant on plant dry weight. The treatments showed significant effects on chlorophyll index, leaf length and area, enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, zin contentc and percentage of essential oil. At all levels of humic acid, application of nano fertilizer increased the activity rate of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, zinc, phosphorus and essential oil percentage in the application of 1.5 mg/L humic acid and 200 g/L nano fertilizer increased 58, 34, 75, 26 and 77%, respectively. Application of 1.5 mg/L humic acid and 200 g/L of nano fertilizer had the greatest effect on leaf area index (4), plant dry weight (16.15 g), leaf length (3/20 cm), zinc conten (0/950 mg/kg) catalas enzyme (1.88 Mg.-1 Protein. Min-1) and peroxidase enzyme (0.180 Mg.-1 Protein. Min-1).

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber is the third most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat for human consumption and makes an important contribution to the diet of people worldwide (Haverkort et al. 2009). Global cultivation area of about 19.35 million hectares in 2014 and annual production of nearly 382 million tons and nearly 5 million tons has been reported in Iran (FAO, 2016). Selenium (Se), as an essential part of human nutrition, plays a significant role in a number of metabolic functions and also shelters plants from several abiotic and biotic stresses (Schiavon et al. 2017). Se can affect the quality of vegetables and fruit. Increased cellular content of linoleic acid and sterols and a decreased oleic acid content have been observed in Camelia oleifera plants treated with Se (Song et al. 2015). Se spraying has been used to enhance the selenium content in broccoli (Sindelarova et al. 2015), radishes (Schiavon et al. 2016), basil (Mezeyova et al. 2016), tomatoes (Zhu et al. 2016), grapes (Zhu et al. 2017) and other crops (Puccinelli et al. 2017).

Two field experiments were carried out in Jiroft (57 90 E L. 28 13 N Lat., 625 m above sea level), Kerman, Iran, during 2016-17 (October to Jan) and 2017 (Jan to Apr) with Sante cultivar. In Jiroft minimum and maximum temperatures over growing season were 8 and 40 °C, respectively in first season and 8 and 43 ºC, respectively in the second. Relative humidity was 55-60% in every two years. The soil had a sandy-loam texture, and the acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), absorbable potassium, absorbable phosphorus, total nitrogen and selenium content of the soil extract were 7.50, 2.41 ds m-1, 159 mg/l, 8.80 mg/l, 0.03 % and 0.17, respectively (table 1). This study was carried out as a split plot with three replicates. Experimental treatments included foliar application of nitrogen fertilization on 2 level normal (150kg/h) and high nitrogen (300kg/h) and selenium (Se) (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg/l) as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) 35 days after plant emergence. During the experiment, morphological traits including plant height, plant fresh weight, tuber weight and tuber yield and chemical and biochemical traits including selenium and nitrogen levels, starch, ion leakage and malondialdehyde, chlorophyll content, Catalase enzymes, nitrate reductase and superoxide dismutase, and some amino acids were evaluated.

Result and disscution:

Overall, it has been shown that nitrogen uptake increases the quantitative traits and decreases the quality of potato tuber cultivars. Selenium application, improving yield, qualitative and quantitative traits, increased selenium accumulation and reduced nitrate accumulation in potato tubers. The lowest amount of nitrate accumulation and the highest selenium accumulation were obtained from 150 mg/l selenium treatment. The highest yield of the tuber was obtained from 150 mg/l Selenium treatment. Although Se is not yet confirmed as an essential micronutrient in higher plants (Turakainen et al. 2004; Rani et al. 2005), many researchers have already shown that selenium (Se) could increase the tolerance of plants exposed to stressful environments (Djanaguiraman et al. 2005; Djanaguiraman et al. 2010). In the present study, potato plants treated with Se resulted in an increase in shoot fresh weight and tuber yield. Se increases the allocation of phytosimulates to grow tubers, so tubers act as a rich source for carbohydrates and selenium accumulation. They also attributed the positive effect of selenium on potatoes to the antioxidant effects of selenium on the plant's aging delay. They reported that selenium fertilization could improve the nutritional value of potato by increasing the level of organic compounds containing selenium in the tubers.

These experiments were performed in a three replicated-split plot factorial arranged in CRBD with three drought stress levels ((I0) (no-stress) I1 (moderate stress) I2 (severe stress)) in the main plots and foliar application of different amino acids (Tyrosin, Argenin, Tryptophan, Glycine and without foliar application as control treatments) in subplots. This study was carried out in the research field of the Iranian institute of medical plant, Karaj, Iran during 2017-2018. This study stimulated plant height, number of fruit, total dry matter, SPAD, chlorophyll a(CHLa), chlorophyll b (CHLb), total chlorophyll (CHLt), and caretonied. The results indicated that drought stress had significantly affect (p ≤ 0.01) on all traits except SPAP, and also foliar application of amino acids was significant in all traits. Interaction effects CHLb, CHLt, and caretonied was significant. The highest amount of plant height, number of fruits, fruit dry weight, total dry matter, and SPAD obtained from control (no drought stress) and the highest amount of CHLa, CHLb, and CHLt, shown in moderate stress and finally, Severe drought had the Lowest amount of all treatments. Besides, the most number of fruit, fruit dry matter, and CHLA, CHLB, CHLT was in the foliar application of Arginine and plant height and carotenoids and total dry matter and SPAD were in glycerin and Tyrosin respectively. Fruit dry matter is the main index of assessment and increased by argenin application by 39.8 percent than control. Furthermore, nonfoliar application(control) had the lowest amount in all traits. in general, Biostimulants application improved the vegetative and morphophysiological characteristics and caused a reduction in chemical fertilizer consumption and sustainable agriculture progress.

Selenium is an essential element for humans and animals. However, its effects on plants are less well known. In the present study, the effect of different levels of selenium and nitrogen split on activity antioxidant enzymes and flavor precursors of Isfahan yellow iandraces onion was studied.In this experiment, the factors involved the management of nitrogen use in 3 levels including control, total fertilization at the time of transplantation and one-third fertilization recommended at the time of transplantation+ one-third fertilization at the time of bulb initiation+ one-third fertilization at the time of bulb growth, and the second factor is the selenium in 3 levels: 0, 10 and 50 mgL-1 sodium selenate. The results showed that peroxidase activity increased with increasing selenium concentration. Foliar application of selenium with nitrogen split in three steps had a positive effect on the activity of catalase. At all three levels of selenium, total nitrogen, total sulfur and amino acids (serine, cysteine, methionine and glutathione) increased with increasing nitrogen concentration. As the concentration of selenium increased, the total sulfur content decreased, which resulted in a decrease in the amount of amino acids and flavor precursors. The results showed that the combined use of selenium and nitrogen had a positive effect on the amount of antioxidant enzymes, amino acids and onion flavor precursors.

Strawberries with scientific name (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) are frome Rosaceae family. Today, due to high demand for higher quality and out-of-season strawberries, breeders have turned to greenhouse production and soilless cultivation. Hydroponics is the knowledge of planting plants without the use of soil, in which micro and macro element is added to the water (Tullaie, 2002). Excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers and high prices of fertilizers are some of the reasons for the increase in production costs. Due to the shortage of phosphorus ore mines in Iran and the need to import to provide the required phosphorus fertilizer and sanitary conditions, leaf nutrition is one of the ways to reduce consumption in chemical fertilizers. Phosphorus is one of the most macro element nutrients and is highly mobile in plant organs, especially in flowers and seeds. After nitrogen the phosphorus is the second limiting factor performance (Shen et al., 2011). Phosphorus in biochemical processes, compositions energy and energy transfer mechanisms involved (Tabatabaei, 1392). Phosphorus in strawberries is affects the size, shape of the fruit, ability to retain and form the color of the fruit. It also contributes to increased root formation and better plant growth and development. Phosphorus acts as a substrate and regulator of anti-oxidative stress. Rising prices for chemical fertilizers, the need for economical production and pollution of groundwater due to unconventional use of chemical fertilizers are some of the problems that can be solved with proper planning. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to investigate the effect of consumption method including phosphorus solution and phosphorus spraying from the source (Monopotassium phosphate) on the quality of Strawberry Paros cultivar and determine the appropriate concentration of solution on vegetative and yield properties.

This experiment was performed in November 2017 in the hydroponic research greenhouse of Shahed University. The treatments included three different concentrations of phosphorus foliar application (F) (0, 5, 10 mg/l) and three different concentrations of phosphorus solution (N) (5, 10, 20 mg/l) from the source of Monopotassium phosphate. For the culture, a rectangular cube 45 cm long and 35 cm wide was filled with pumice. In each bag, 3 strawberry seedlings were planted with the appropriate distance. Greenhouse temperature and humidity were regularly adjusted by the central system for proper growth. Different concentrations of phosphorus solution were placed in barrels were in the main source, which were given to the plant in certain amounts during the growing period through irrigation. The other nutrients were the same in all treatments. Phosphorus concentrations sprayed after opening 80% of the flowers at one time. To measure total yield, after ripening strawberry fruits belonging to the plants of each experimental unit were harvested and weighed. Leaf area was measured with leaf area meter. To measure the fresh and dry weight of the leaves, a plant bush was selected where the plant had full growth. The weight of the leaves of each treatment was weighed by digital scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g. For dry weight, the leaves were placed in an oven at 75 C for 48 hours and weighed after complete drying. The volume of the root was taken based on the displaced of water transferred in the graduated cylinder divided by the density of the water. To measure titratable acidity, 0.1% sodium hydroxide was used to change the color of the juice in the presence of a few drops of phenolphthalein reagent. Fruit diluted with distilled water with 1% starch reagent was measured by 10 milliliters of potassium iodide 5% and titration by copper sulfate 1% to the stage of color to brown change to measure vitamin C. The pH differential method was used to measure the total amount of anthocyanin (Wang and Gao, 2013). This experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. Data analysis was performed by SAS software and mean comparison using Duncan's.

Kinnow mandarin is a high yield cultivar that has special importance due to its interesting flavor and high tolerance againts high temperature conditons (Nawaz et al., 2008). Unfortunately, it has alternate bearing habit that affecteing its economic efficiency (Safaei-Nejad et al., 2015) . Foliar application of fruit thining compounds and nutrientes in on-year could be efective to adjust alternate bearing in fruits (Rabe, 1994; Safaei-Nejad et al., 2015; Sebastian et al., 2019). This research was carried out in order to the evaluation of the possibility of alternative bearing adjustment of Kinnow mandarin using foliar application of thinning compounds and nutrients in Dezful region of Iran. To cope with alternative bearing problem of Kinnow mandarin trees in Dezful region of Iran, two separate experiments were conducted during 2018. In the first experiment, in order to increase the yield of Kinnow mandarin trees in off-crop year, the trees were treated with foliar application of urea (0, 0.3 %, and 0.5%) and magnesium sulfate (0, 0.1%, and 0.3%) fertilizers and the mixture of them in the early of January, February and March in on-crop year. In the second experiment, trees were treated by spray application of Naphthalene acetic (NAA) (zero, 200, 300, and 400 mg/l) and Carbaryl (zero, 700, 1200, and 1700 mg/l) at 40 days after full bloom stage during on-year. At the end, yield, fruit characteristics including fruit weight, fruit length and diameter and their ratio, total soluble solids, vitamin C, total acidity and TSS/TA ratio were measured. Analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA procedures (SAS 9.1 for Windows) and significant differences were calculated according to Duncan’s multiple range tests (P < 0.05). according to the results, yield and fruit weight were significantly affected by the interaction of type of fertilizer × time of foliar application, while fruit length and diameter were not significantly affected by them. Also, fruit length and diameter were affected significantly by fertilizer type. Foliar application of urea (0.3%) + Magnesium sulphate (0.1%) in the early of February at on-crop year significantly increased the yield of Kinnow mandarin trees in off-year. It highlights the role of time of foliar application and ratio of nutrients on adjustment of alternative bearing of Kinnow mandarin in a special region. Results shows, total acidity of fruits was significantly affected by time of foliar application while other chemical properties of fruits were not significantly affected by time of foliar application, type of fertilizers and their interaction. The results indicated, the effects of foliar application of NAA and Carbaryl at 40 days after full bloom stage in on-year on yield and fruit length were significant while fruit weight and diameter and the ratio of fruit length to diameter were no significantly affected by these compounds. The highest and lowest yield of kinnow mandarin trees was related to the treatments of control and foliar application of NAA (400 mg/l), respectively. Regarding to the yield of Kinow mandarin trees, there were no statically significant difference between foliar application of Carbaryl and control treatment. Overall, the highest yield of trees in off-crop year was related to the treatment of foliar application of urea (0.3%) + Magnesium sulphate (0.1%) in the early of February (on-crop year) that had significant difference with control trees and it was able to adjust alternative bearing to a satisfactory level. Based on the results, Carbaryl compound is not able to adjust alternative bearing of Kinnow mandarin trees at 40 days after full bloom stage in Dezful region. Among different concentration of NAA, NAA spraying with concentration of 200 mg/l adjust alternative bearing more appropriately and had significant difference with control trees, but the concentration of 300 and 400 mg/l NAA reduced the level of yield with a great intensity, which is not recommended.

Roselle from the Malvaceae family, which specialized in warm climates (Copley, 1975), is considered a medicinal plant (Aziz et al., 2007). The growing trend towards the consumption of medicinal plants without proper planting methods, proper management and planning will have alarming consequences such as environmental degradation. The evaluation of plant nutrition systems is one of the most important crop planning needs in order to achieve high yield and optimum quality. Soil fertility and plant nutrition can improve input efficiency while preserving the environment, water quality, and reducing erosion. The results of numerous studies indicate the significant effect of combined fertilizers along with organic and biofertilizers on plant height, leaf protein percentage, anthocyanin content and dry weight of roselle (Mohammadpour Vashvaei et al., 2017; Ahmad et al., 2011). Due to the importance and role of medicinal plants in various industries and the need for their production in agricultural systems and the need to manage plant nutrition to increase production and environmental protection, it is necessary to conduct this type of research.

Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with four replications in Ghale Ganj city in 2017-18. Treatments comprised NPK fertilizer, humic acid, Nano Biozar, 50% NPK + 50% humic acid, 50% NPK + 50% Nano Biozar, 50% humic acid + 50% Nano Biozar and control. The measured traits include characteristics plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of sepals, number of boll per plant, weight of boll, weight of fresh shoot, percentage of leaf protein, chlorophyll, relative leaf water content and anthocyanin. Finally, data was analyzed using SAS9.1 and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level of probability.

Results of analysis of variance showed that plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of sepals, number of boll per plant, weight of boll, weight of fresh shoot, leaf protein percentage, leaf chlorophyll, relative water content were affected by different feeding schedules. The highest amount of mentioned traits belonged to the application of 50% NPK and 50% humic acid and the lowest values belonged to the control treatment. So that dry weight of sepals increased about 47% in 50% humic acid + 50% NPK fertilizer compared to control. The lowest amount of dry weight of sepals was obtained from the control treatment and the highest amount from the use of 50% NPK + 50% humic acid and the use of humic acid and Nano-biozar had 27.0% and 21.2% higher dry weight of sepals compared to the control, respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of anthocyanin were obtained from the use of 50% NPK + 50% humic acid, although the difference with NPK treatment was not statistically significant.

Results showed that the combined application of humic acid + chemical fertilizer improved the physiological and morphological traits and increased roselle growth by accelerating root nutrient uptake and this resulted in rapid establishment of plants.

During a one-year field study, the concentrations of nitrates and heavy metals in soil and edible leafy vegetables were measured in farms in Varamin, Pakdasht, Pishva and Qarchak counties. The average concentrations of lead, cadmium and nickle in leafy vegetables were 0.2 , 0.77 and 2.1 mg/‌kg, respectively. The concentration of lead were 900% more than standard declared by the National Organization for Standardization of Iran. The average concentrations of lead, cadmium and nickel in the soil of the fields were 10.7, 1.46 and 1.18 mg/‌kg, respectively, which was less than the maximum allowed. The risk index for non-cancerous diseases was used to assess the risk of leafy vegetables consumption. The average risk index of lead, nickel and cadmium in leafy vegetables was 0.22, 0.05 and 0.03, respectively. Among leafy vegetables, the most dangerous were nitrate, lead, nickel and cadmium from lettuce, mint, parsley and lettuce. The results of the biological concentration factor calculation showed that coriander had the highest lead and nickel biological concentration factor among leafy vegetables, which indicates the tendency of this vegetable to absorb and accumulate lead and nickel compared to others. Leafy vegetables were not much different in terms of cadmium accumulation.

Salinity stress is one of the main factors that limited crop production.Based on the severity and duration of the salinity stress, the plants show different reactions. First of all, salinity reduces the growth of plants due to the existing osmotic materials around the roots. Furthermore, salinity exerts hypertonic stress on the plants. Under salt stress, ions, mostly Na+ and Cl-, accumulate in the tissues of plants and cause significant physiological and biochemical disorders, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibition of K+ uptake. Therefore, these occurrences lead to a reduction in plant growth and development. So using different methods for reducing the harmful effects of salinity is very important. Superabsorbent polymers application has extended to aid the growth of plants in saline soils. These substances have been applied as a soil amendment to improve plant growth under salt stress. Basil is a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family that used in the food and cosmetic industries. To study the comparison between three types of superabsorbent on growth characteristics and basil elements content under salinity stress in two harvesting times, a pot experiment was conducted at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as factorial based on the completely randomized design with four levels of NaCl (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl in irrigation water (Respectively: 0, 3.5, 7 and 10.5 dS/m) and four levels of super absorbent polymers (control, Ackoasorb, Stockosorb and Terracottem) in three replications in 2019. The studied traits were included growth characteristic (Plant height, Number of brunches, Stem diameter, Internode distance, Length and width of Leaf, Spike height, Fresh and dry weight of Leaf, Stem, and Spike) and element content (N, P, K, Na, K/Na, Ca and Mg). Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 software. The mean comparison was done by the Bonferroni test at the 5% probability level. The figure drew by Microsoft Excel software. The results of the mean comparison in both harvesting times showed that, with increasing salinity, the growth characteristics of the plant decreased and the application of superabsorbents, especially in the second harvesting time, improved these traits. In the first harvesting time, the amount of potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen was increased by using Terracottem superabsorbent polymer 28.43, 68.96, and 71.55, respectively. Moreover, potassium to sodium ratio was increased by applying Ackoasorb superabsorbent polymer 18.85%, in 120 mM salinity compared to the control. Also, the results showed that at the highest salinity level, the application of all three types of superabsorbent polymers was able to significantly decrease sodium compared to the control. On the second harvesting time, the results showed that at the highest salinity level (80 mM), potassium and phosphorus levels increased by 34.66% and 44.44%, respectively, and the sodium content was 19.95% higher than the control. It seems that superabsorbents with water storage and reduction of salt concentration around the root can reduce the negative effects of NaCl stress. Among the superabsorbents used in this study, the Terracottem was more effective. Based on the results of this experiment, the growth characteristics and elements of O. basilicum cv. Keshkeni luvelu were influenced by NaCl. At the higher NaCl levels, the negative effects of NaCl on plants and osmotic abilities were observed. The application of superabsorbent polymers had different effects on the studied traits. In most cases, Terracottem was the most effective superabsorbent to mitigate the negative effects of salinity. Superabsorbent polymers application can protect the plants from harmful effects of salinity by increasing K+ amount as well as decreasing Na+. However, there is little knowledge about the mechanism of superabsorbent polymers' application under salinity stress in the previous study. The findings of this study indicated that superabsorbent polymers application, especially the Terracottem can alleviate the negative effects of salinity on sweet basil by increasing water holding capacity and decreasing Na+ concentration.