پژوهش نامه فرهنگ و رسانه (نامه فرهنگ و ارتباطات)
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1399)

The concept of power has always been a matter of controversy. On the one hand, some take power as a hard thing in the hands of the state or government. This enables states to use military force for subjugating people. On the other hand, some, mostly among contemporary theorists, believe the power to be a soft and subjective phenomenon and think it to become effective only when punitive discourses are effective in society. In fact, power in its second sense is a fluid and roaming thing the owners of which are endowed with the necessary influence in society. The social dimension of power can rightly display its softness and fluidity. In this article we intend to understand the reproductive process of power in social domain. To answer the question, we have adopted the library method and have surveyed this at three different layers. The first layer deals with the conceptual development of power and its consequences. The second examines three processes of managing the image, social rituals, and social institutions in relation with power. And finally, the third layer discusses the effect of the three processes on people’s perceptions and attitudes and behaviors. We conclude that the reconstruction of power is a three-phase process that is institutionalized in society at large to individuals’ mind and vice versa.

The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic around the world in late December 2019 has disrupted how human beings work, interact with each other, and engage in mundane activities on a global level. The Covid-19, initially detected in Wuhan (China), has spread around the planet in a relatively short period of time, causing unprecedented casualties in the 21st century. The pandemic has also received extensive media coverage around the world, reporting numerous deaths it causes every day. For example, Iranian media outlets, including online media, have covered Covid-19-related news from its outbreak. This article, utilizing George Lakoff and Mark Johnson Conceptual Metaphor Theory model, attempts to examine a selected number of published news in the Iranian online media about the Covid-19. It is tempting to suggest that Iranians, like many countries around the world, are involved in a “war” against the Covid-19 “enemy”. In this scenario, health care providers and medical staff, christened as “Iran’s health defenders” in a manner reminiscent of the eight years of Sacred Defense (1980-1988) and its martyrs, are sacrificing their lives at the frontline. Metaphors like “enemy”, “health defenders”, “war against Corona”, “martyrdom” have provided a better understanding of the critical situation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Iraq has a special and strategic status in the Islamic World. It has the distinction of an ancient civilization, remarkable history, and religious institutions such as Najaf Seminary, Imams' Holy Shrines and alike that are considered as geo-cultural components. The socio-cultural ambience of the south has arisen from Shiite culture playing a significant role in the Islamic history and withstanding deviations such as Salafi and Da'esh cultures. In this relation, religious cities and rituals and Shiite regional unions have had an effective function. Shiite brotherhood and companionship in the region and its manifestations in Arbaeen March has added to the importance of studying southern Iraq's events and issues when dealing with the Islamic world geo-cultural puzzle. Surveying the causes of convergence and the strong bond among the region's Shias and especially the one between Iraqi and Iranian Shias and their impact on the cultural developments and the future occurrences in that area make a good part of the present article.

sacrifice id one of the basic values in the individual and social filed. the opposite of self sacrifice is self sacrifice which means prioritizing self selection and self interest which is considered a moral vice. the research method in this research is descriptive analytical and its purpose is to influence the preference of one of the two in society. given the high importance and value of self sacrifice in society and Gods emphasis in various verses of the Quran it is necessary to explain the principles of self sacrifice and self sacrifice in jurisprudence and low more accurately. according to the verses and Hadiths and the rule of reason and the value of self sacrifice over self sacrifice is evident and the benefit of this preference in society that causes the development and health of society and this in it self leads to spiritual and psychological excellence to achieve this benefit is the result of this article is.

The concepts of "power" and "culture" have undergone semantic changes in recent years. Today, "cultural power "is considered the basis of national power. The role of "culture" in increasing the "soft power" and "soft security" of a country has become more serious and influential in the development of power in every country. The conceptual transition of power from the field of hardware to software has become the center of focus among political executives. This transition necessitates its own specific conditions among which we can refer to the type of political culture. The Islamic Revolution of Iran is endowed with a unique cultural structure that distinguishes it from other revolutions in the world. This is rooted in self-sacrificial culture, martyrdom and resistance that arise from people's deep religious convictions. This research has been carried out using library and documentary methods and the analysis of the gathered data with descriptive-analytical method. At first, there is a reference to the development of power, soft power, and components of soft power with an emphasis on sacrificial and resistance cultures and subsequent to the enemies' cultural invasion and attempt to sow seeds of tension and crises in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the results prove the necessity of relying on the genuine and priceless Islamic cultures of sacrifice and resistance as the best strategy and model of improving both the soft power and soft security.

Recognition of human actions has always been a general issue in the humanities, and this is a major issue in psychology and social psychology. In different paradigms, human actions have different meanings, causes, and consequences, and this is the duality of behavior-action duality. Problem and

The main issue in this article is to redefine the dual position of behavior-action (and consequently, the duality of feedback-reflection). This issue must be seen in a layer beyond the level of theories of psychological knowledge and at the level of "philosophy of psychology", and the general method of responding to it is to pay attention to the approaches of paradigmatic studies. In the process of collecting, the library method (and the technique of writing notes) and in the analytical process, the method of qualitative content analysis has been used, focusing on the method of thematic analysis. Findings and

The philosophy of psychology with an Islamic attitude can be developed from at least five perspectives. The three areas of "authority and awareness and their role in human actions", "the concept of mentality and the relationship between body and mind in human" and "the role of human attitude and motivation in the social world" will provide a conceptual context for answering the questions in this article. In the philosophy of transcendental psychology, in contrast to the duality of behavior-action, the "free man with free action" is original. Also, in contrast to the duality of feedback-reflection, the manifestation of human psychological rules is of the type of "autonomous manifestation" of human.

Despite women’s inalienable right to have some occupations of their own, their specific character and disposition, and biological, behavioral and economic differences from men cause the religious thought to consider some restrictions for them which could affect their rights and responsibilities . One of the necessities of modern world is, therefore, presenting a correct picture of these rights and the manner of women’s participation in social domain based on the religious instructions. This study, carried out with library and documentary methods, takes the jurisprudential foundations of women’s occupation into consideration and concludes that the forbiddance of employing women as judges and  as authorities empowered to pass religious decrees does not in any way signify their being discriminated against or deprived of social rights, but rather it means a blessing for safeguarding ethical values, mental and physical conditions of women and protecting the supremacy of the family as a social institution.

In culture and communication science, one of the major topics of discussion is cultural differences. The importance of this is such that it has led to the formation of a field of knowledge called “intercultural communication”. In this trend, some serious normative approaches have appeared in the west called “multiculturalism” or “cultural pluralism”. The main problem in this research is to discover the Quranic View as the main source of divine inspiration about “social differences”. Our main reference is Tafsir-al- Mizan of Allameh Tabatabaee. It has been attempted to combine the two methods of topic-based interpretation (in collecting data) and data-based theorization (in the field of analysis), and by having a complete review of the Quran and extracting related verses and meditating on them, depict the Quranic model of cultural differences. The basic portion of this model is cultural differences consisting of linguistic, ritual and religious practices, with necessity and progressiveness as their main features. Other portions of the model are: causal conditions, ground, mediatory conditions, action and reciprocal action, and consequences.

Culture and economics are two fields that affect each other and are inseparable. Negative, positive, controlling, etc. actions in either of these two, without considering the requirements of the other area, will have adverse results in both areas. According to research, in Iran, this important entanglement and interaction in the field of film production has not received much attention. On the other hand, identifying the objective and real issues in the field of cultural economics is one of the first steps to have a favorable policy in this field. Therefore, the present study in the qualitative paradigm and using the library collection method and content analysis method, after a detailed study of the research conducted in this field, has typologically addressed issues related to the field of cultural economics in the production of films in Iran. Based on the data obtained in this study, 7 main axes (which themselves have sub-axes) as the main types of issues related to the economics of culture in the field of film production

How to produce knowledge has long been the question of many thinkers. Sociologists of knowledge consider the acquisition of knowledge in direct connection with society and believe in social roots. As a feminist sociologist, Dorothy Smith is on the path to the sociology of knowledge, believing in the masculine roots of sociology. This article discusses Dorothy Smith's views on sociology in particular, as knowledge imposed by men on the human social world. And it always seeks to answer the question of what role does gender play in the production of knowledge? In this regard, Dorothy Smith develops Standpoint Theory and criticizes sociology. She explains that sociology is based on masculine society and it has based the methods and views of men and marginalized women. Sociology ignores women's experiences, views, ways of thinking, and daily life. As a result, sociology, which should be the knowledge of the whole society, is not able to study and reveal all social phenomena. Keywords: Social Origin, Sociology, Dorothy Smith, Knowledge, Gender.

In this article, the role of cultural and communication institutions in the identity changes of women in the Qajar period will be examined. According to the subject, the historical research method based on library citations with a descriptive and analytical approach has been used. The beginning of developments in the field of women can be considered the late Qajar period and especially the constitutional period. In this atmosphere, some women affiliated with the intellectual movement, who were usually themselves graduates of foreign schools in Iran, tried to create new schools and then publications, to create the ground for women to enter the public space and change the way women are viewed in society. Give. In general, it can be said that the feminist current formed within the accepted traditional discourse, was able to expand the modern schools and promote the idea of the need for education to better play traditional roles in publications, creating grounds for changing the gender identity of women in society.

China has always been one of the cultural and civilizational hubs of the world throughout history. However, due to historical developments, especially since the middle of the 20th century, the country's policies and cultural issues have undergone extensive changes. After decades of developments that clearly coincided with the communist revolution in the country, China is now the world's second largest economy and one of the most important producers of cultural and media industries. To the extent that the emergence of China as a global superpower has occupied the minds of many analysts. Therefore, to understand the new world in which the equations of power are changing rapidly, it is necessary to understand China's cultural and communication issues. Because in the not too distant future, all the countries of the world will have to determine their position with the People's Republic of China. In this article, after examining the historical and political trend of this country since 1949, that is, the Mao communist revolution, we will transform the cultural policies in this country and then some of its cultural and media regulations and policies. Finally, we end this article with a brief explanation of traditional Chinese culture.