مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، زمستان 1399)

Nowadays, different methods of processing satellite imagery are used to distinguish different rocks and minerals. The ASTER sensor due to its higher bands than older sensors, its desirable spatial resolution and low-cost data has attracted the attention of many researchers and various processing methods can be applied on its data. The reflection range of this sensor has the greatest potential for investigating the composition of natural materials on earth and the absorption spectrum of hydroxyl, sulfate and carbonate minerals is in this range. In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed in the reflection (VNIR + SWIR) and 6-band (SWIR) ranges for these data. Then, in order to evaluate and compare the results of PCA processing, false color composite of the output components with the highest eigenvalue in the SWIR and VNIR+SWIR ranges was created which resulted appearing different areas on the Firouzabad salt domes, Fars (Konarsiah & Jahani) with different colors. The results were compared with geological map, field observations and the accuracy of processing was evaluated.

Ground surface temperature is one of the important criteria in regional and regional planning. Surface temperature can be used in many environmental, agricultural, meteorological and other applications. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images have been used to monitor the surface temperature in Dezful city. After performing radiometric corrections to calculate emissions based on vegetation and soil fraction (PV), emission calculations were performed based on FVC. As a result, ground surface temperature was estimated using a separate, single-channel window algorithm. While the separate window method shows a much higher value than the Planck method a very low value. It seems that the error of these two methods is much more than other methods. According to the approximate temperature extracted from the synoptic stations of Dezful city, the value of which is considered to be 308.95 Kelvin. But in general, it should be noted that the methods of calculating LST through satellite images are very different from the temperature obtained from meteorological and synoptic stations and do not offer high accuracy.

The basic elements that are considered as social factors of health have different structures in political, socio-economic fields. While socio-economic and political contexts are directly related to social, economic, public and health policies at the national level. In addition, this structure includes socio-economic dimensions such as income, education, occupation, social class, gender and ethnicity. Experience has shown that children who grow up in low-income or unfavorable environmental conditions, including residential structures, are more likely to become ill than children who live in better environmental, social, and economic conditions. This situation shows the importance of city planning in terms of providing better conditions for children's health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental factors of children's health using geographic information technology (GIS). For this purpose, various social determinants in terms of political (quality and quantity of medical services), structural (educational and social class) and mediators (physical environment, housing and neighborhood) in Tehran were studied. A total of 6 criteria were selected by experts and surveys among families with children, including air pollution, pediatric hospitals, parks, congested traffic, and pediatric population in areas of Tehran. Citizen-centered data used by 10 households in Tehran for validation. The fuzzy product model was almost in line with the people's spatial surveys, indicating that areas with greater well-being and areas with heavy rules were better placed on these criteria.

In this study, an attempt is made to analyze the dimensions of the role of women's rights in the urban space. Due to the nature of the subject, addressing the issue of presence and participation from the perspective of women's rights and not just the dimensions of the quality of urban space is one of the innovative aspects of this research. For this purpose, through interviews and questionnaires, random sampling method was performed on 200 women referring to Jomhuri Eslami Street and the required data were collected. The type of research is applied and the analysis is done by quantifying qualitative data using SPSS software. Accordingly, two categories of measures focused on the requirements of women's presence and participation and the diversity of women's presence and participation in urban space were questioned. Based on the results, it was found that, firstly, the score of the criteria attributed to women's rights (which indicates the requirements for the presence and participation of women in urban space) is higher than the score of criteria attributed to the right to difference (which indicates the need for a diverse range of women in space). Second, there is a significant relationship between age, marital status, level of education and length of stay in space with the right to the city. In most of the questions, the women respondents admitted that they face serious restrictions on being in public. Using path analysis for factors related to women's rights and participation was identified and two measures of diversity of presence of people with the aim of spending leisure time, women's spaces are the least effective. On the other hand, the four measures of diversity of current activities in space, security, proper lighting of the space at night and the absence of hidden spaces,

Extreme precipitation plays a fundamental role in the formation of some hazards that could have severe social-economic consequences. Studying and determining the factors that lead to the occurrence of such extreme events in the city of Tehran as the capital of the country is important. In this study, precipitation in twenty-four hours that were equal or higher than the 95th percentile of precipitation during 1976-2005, considered as an extreme event. The data required for the selected cases was taken from the NCEP/NCAR archive. Among the identified cases, two 8th of November 2005 with 15mm and 1st of February 1994 with 39mm of precipitation in 24 hours have been adapted for a detailed study. To better understand the atmospheric circulation leading to the events, synoptic conditions 48 hours before and 24 hours after the precipitation were examined by means of surface, 500-hPa and 250-hPa weather charts. Consequently, two different circulation patterns were recognized. In the first one, a center of high pressure over the Caspian Sea that extends toward the Black Sea and occasionally tongues toward central part of the country was observed. In the second pattern, there were two high pressures, one over the North West of the Mediterranean Sea and the other over the central Asia. At the same time, a trough from the Red Sea extended toward the east of the Mediterranean Sea and combined with a dynamic low-pressure system that accompanied with a trough in the middle of the troposphere. It has also been realized that the sub tropic jet stream axis passes over the Tehran and a meridional branch of polar jet stream forms over the Mediterranean Sea have a significant role in increasing precipitation. The study also revealed that if the Red Sea trough reaches higher latitudes, the precipitation over Tehran would be heavier.

One of the factors that has played a significant role in improving the quality of life is tourism Today, tourism as a dynamic economic approach with distinctive and unique features. It has become one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world economy and as a dynamic activity has played a significant role in improving the quality of life in rural areas. As the largest service industry in the world, it has a special place in the economic, social and political fields. The growth and development of this industry in recent decades in developed and developing countries has led to reconstruction and social change. , Has hosted a variety of economic and environmental environments and communities The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of the role of tourism development in improving the quality of life in rural areas (case study of Parsabad Moghan city). The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in nature and library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is 13 villages in Parsabad city, which according to Cochran's formula, 352 households were determined as the sample size and the questionnaires were completed using systematic sampling method. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and one-sample t-test) were used to analyze the data. Research Findings The results indicate that the development of tourism has had an effect on improving the quality of life. According to the social and economic dimensions, with an average of 3.6016, they had 5833.3, respectively. Tourism development has degraded the quality of life environment. Also, the development of tourism on the satisfaction of residents or the impact of the total coefficient has been 0.724.

At present, the world's superpowers are thinking of political, cultural and economic aggression against developing countries. This aggression and threat was transformed from potential to actual in each period, which in the age of globalization can be summarized in the form of economics. Third world countries have no choice but to move forward in the face of these pressures. Surrender or resistance that Iran, as a country in the heart of the Middle East with a rich culture, has never chosen and will never choose the path of surrender, so it is necessary to protect itself from these invasions in order to change from a system to a civilization. The resistance economy presented by the Supreme Leader as an independent identity according to the specific history and culture of Iran can have an effective function in shaping and realizing it, because the performance of the resistance economy is affected by the overlap of various political, economic and cultural issues. Over the past few years, with the emergence of Islamic civilization as a strategy, slogan of the year and finally a necessity, several articles have been written on this subject, of course, some of them have paid attention to the role of resistance economics and have addressed this issue. This research uses inductive-inductive research method so that first it reaches the concept and model from library data and finally it evaluates them with quantitative methods. In this study, the behavioral model of resistance economics in the form of the realization of modern Islamic civilization has been studied by first stating the reason for the existence of resistance economics and then explaining the process of change after creation as a conceptual model.

Tourism and Economics Tourism is becoming one of the fastest growing industries in the world and is considered a tool for generating national income and one of the main economic pillars of the world as well as concepts, forms and pillars of sustainable development. Rural tourism helps to protect the cultural heritage and natural environment by creating jobs, increasing income levels, diversifying economic activities, increasing social awareness and creating broad social relationships between the host and guest communities and preventing uncontrolled migration. And optimizing land use, sustainable rural development, rural tourism assistance is a part of the tourism industry that plays a huge role in the lives of villagers and creates a good opportunity for cultural exchange and interaction between villagers and tourists. This cultural exchange The dynamics and cultural and social excellence of the village makes the research method in this article descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary-library.

Today, the citizens' sense of satisfaction with the city environment and the services provided by the municipality and city councils is an important factor in motivating people to participate in urban development and improve the quality of their housing. In addition, citizens' satisfaction with the performance of the municipality encourages them to cooperate with urban institutions in order to better perform their duties and provide services in the city. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the level of citizens' satisfaction with the performance of the municipality and city councils of Garmi. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and information is collected in a library and field. The research tool was a questionnaire, which the statistical population was randomly distributed according to Morgan table among 300 residents aged 15 years and older, and finally, the analysis of the questionnaire data also used SPSS software. The results show high satisfaction of citizens with the performance of municipalities and city councils in the physical-environmental dimension and economic and socio-cultural dimensions are in the next category.

One of the rare and natural phenomena in the world is the abundance of salt domes, especially in the folded Zagros zone. For many years, many researchers, especially researchers in the field of earth science, have sought to obtain more accurate information on various phenomena and sources of land, including salt domes, using advanced technologies. Konarsiah and Jahani salt domes are located in southwest of Firouzabad, Fars Province. Lithological units and green vegetation characteristics have been evaluated using band ratioings method on the reflected datasets of ASTER. In this research, Lithological units and green vegetation in salt domes enhanced using Relative Absorption Band Depth (RBD) in the datasets of ASTER. Lithological units of salt domes are mainly gypsum, salt, limestone, shale, marl and clay complexes. Enhancement of clay, carbonate, sulfate units and green vegetation were accomplished by RBD method. The results were compared with geological map, field observations and the accuracy of processing was evaluated.

In the present study, it has been tried to show the land use changes and physical development of Kermanshah in the period 1990 to 2019 and the forecast until 2030. In this research, satellite images and analysis in ENVI, IDRISI, and LCM models, as well as GIS software have been used. Then, using the Markov chain, the growth of the city until 2030 was predicted. The results of the research after preparing the land use map and analysis showed that the area of urban and residential land has increased from 66.24 square kilometers in 1990 to 84.67 square kilometers in 2000, which indicates that a growing trend It was fast. This land use has grown relatively rapidly between 2000 and 2010, so that in this ten-year period with 10.86 square kilometers, physical growth has increased from 84.67 to 95.53 square kilometers. Also, during the years 2010 to 2019, with about 4.17 square kilometers, physical growth has increased from 95.53 to 99.75 square kilometers. The results show that the trend of urban and residential land use change in the 29-year period from 1990 to 2019, has increased by 33.5 square kilometers, which is a significant growth. The results showed that in 2030, about 9 square kilometers of urban and residential land will be added. Also, in the mentioned period, the trend of population growth and directions of city development and obstacles to the physical development of the city have been studied.

Today, many villages in the country are facing youth migration and depopulation due to lack of jobs and youth unemployment. One of the ways to prevent the migration of the villagers is to create jobs and more importantly to create jobs that have been created by the villagers themselves in the form of chains and cooperatives. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the prerequisites of economic development planning with emphasis on chain and cooperative jobs in the villages of the central part of Helmand. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method.Which has been done in two ways: library and field study. The statistical population of the study includes three groups of supporters, employees and economic activists in the field of five economic activities, from which 33 people have been selected as the sample size. Interviews were used to gather information. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to analyze the data and information obtained. Statistical methods (descriptive and inferential) were used to analyze the data and information using the Haft Capital model and the radar model.The results showed that according to the model of seven capitals (radar) and obtaining the highest score by institutional capital and serum of infrastructure capital and institutional capital, it is clear that these two capitals have the greatest impact on the development of public utilities in the study area. According to the job chain of the studied chain and cooperative jobs, it was determined that it is possible to create sustainable employment in the study area by creating cooperatives and providing anterior and posterior chains for each of the studied jobs.

Due to the increasing water needs as a result of increasing consumption in various sectors of drinking, agriculture and industry, the need to provide appropriate planning to provide instructions for the use of available and available water resources is of great importance. Based on this study and computation from the balance sheet, the real potential of the alluvial aquifer is determined and the permitted operation is planned. In this regard, the first step is to prepare a groundwater balance for exploitation in real and future conditions. Due to the increase in the number of exploitation wells, by calculating the effective parameters in the balance equation (plains inputs and outputs) for the water year 94-93, reservoir changes were calculated to be -39.59, which shows a negative balance of increasing water level Groundwater is the plain and its reservoir fraction. Also, comparing this number with the fraction resulting from changes in groundwater storage in the Varamin plain, resulting from the hydrograph of the aquifer unit, it is clear that the calculated components of the balance are with acceptable accuracy and can be used as a good estimate of parameters. Aquifer drainage and feeding in Varamin plain should be used to build mathematical model and aquifer management.

Throughout the life of political units, the relative stability of border areas has always been a challenging factor in maintaining the existence of countries, and even this issue can pave a way for the collapse of the system of government due to lack of proper planning and management. Because of its location in the critical Center of the Greater Middle East and its proximity to largely unstable countries, Iran has not been spared the destructive effects of cross-border threats to ethnic-religious issues, especially in the Southeastern part of the country. Drug trafficking - man and the phenomenon of terrorism and ethnic-religious extremism are seen. This article uses analytical-descriptive method and scientific sources while examining the border areas of the southeast of the country and its relationship with Pakistan and ethnic-religious issues between them .the question was about the growth of fundamentalist and religious extremist tendencies in Pakistan wether it can addresses the security challenges envisaged by regional and trans regional intervenors in the Southeastern region of Iran or not .This study shows that the crisis in geographical, political and economic spheres and the formation of ethnic-religious tensions, the growth of fundamentalism and Islamic radicalism and the involvement of supra-regional forces in Pakistan are directly related to security issues in the Southeastern region of Iran.

In recent years due to the small capacity of the traditional education system and the lack of response of the higher education center to the educational needs of all people, more attention has been paid to something called distance education. Distance education as a well-known educational method allows people who for any reason are not able to continue their education or attend formal education institutions to be able to use formal education. Distance learning has solved many problems of face-to-face education. On the other hand, distance learning plays a vital role for e-learning in the future and makes e-learning flexible through its innovation and development. It is considered as an educational model using some educational equipment and also includes civic and social education. This tutorial covers a variety of topics. One of these issues is agricultural education, which due to its laboratory and operational aspects and its essential role in development, its presentation is associated with challenges. Due to the importance of the subject of this article, which has been compiled as a library survey, while stating the concept of distance education, its importance and necessity, the challenges facing the education system, its strengths and weaknesses in agricultural education, finally tries to provide solutions to increase the efficiency of this educational method.

As a buffer between Central Asia and South Asia, Afghanistan has effective transit advantages for advancing the economic goals of its surrounding countries. Among these countries, China, due to its international economic potential (the world's second largest economic power), seeks to monitor and trade with South Asia, West Asia and Europe through a One Belt- One Road, as well as controlling India because it is in regional rival. Therefore, Afghanistan Wakhan Corridor, considering its territorial proximity and relative security to the peripheral territories of China in its western regions, is considered a desirable solution for the implementation and consolidation of a One Belt- One Road economic strategy. Asking how the Wakhan Corridor plays a role in China's economic considerations, this article uses a descriptive-analytical hypothesis that China, given the security climate in Pakistani Kashmir and the insecurity of Central Asian countries due to the movements of extremist groups. , The Wakhan Corridor option, despite being influenced by geographical factors and elements, especially its rough topography in order to be close to the Greater Middle East (the Center of world energy) and Europe, as well as open water, is included in the long-term planning of its economic strategy.

The urban metropolitan areas, which at the time of the spatial formation were responsive to the hierarchy of the needs of their inhabitants, now lack strong performance due to technological changes and changes in biological, social and economic needs. These areas were once the center and center of wealth and power of cities, but in the current situation (mostly in cities) they are weak in terms of infrastructure and urban services and physically disorganized. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of municipal incentive policies on the renovation of worn-out structures in District 14 of Tehran, which according to the nature of the subject and the objectives for which it is descriptive-analytical and applied research. Statistical population 100725 residents It is in region 14. The sample size is 384 people. In a recent study, the Friedman rank test was used to analyze the data. The results show the effect of using social capital in accelerating the renovation of worn tissues with an average Obtained (3.2) and the effect of government support policies (grant facilities) to increase the desire of residents to renovate worn-out structures with the average of all indicators is equal to 3.1. The final result is that studies have shown that measures to improve the condition of the old and historical context of cities without systematic and integrated planning that does not consider all aspects of social, economic, physical, managerial, functional, etc. Yes, it will not succeed.

The world is becoming an urban world, with more than sixty-six percent of the world's population projected to be located in cities by 2020. Thus, urban management in the future in general and in the 21st century in particular, will face some kind of challenge; Scientific and research centers and international development organizations have now introduced the "good urban governance" approach as the most effective, least costly and sustainable way of managing and addressing these challenges. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources and research articles, the concept of good governance indicators as an effective tool for the implementation of inclusive development is evaluated and the obstacles and challenges facing its realization are explained. The results show that the implementation of good governance in the field of urban management in the country in the long run of the development process, improves the overall standard of living of the people and people enjoy the right to development in accordance with the patterns of their society, provided that together with the constituent elements Such as transparency, the rule of law, accountability and political participation. Therefore, the level of attention to these elements in Iran can be the basis for achieving development and increasing the efficiency and dynamism of the administrative-political structure.

Abstract Today, a new approach in managing and reducing the vulnerability of disasters, especially in the case of drought, is to take advantage of local residents’ experiences in each region. To make the impact of disaster management more effective, it is better to use the experiences of communities involved in natural disasters. This knowledge and experiences can be combined with scientific knowledge and increase its effectiveness. The new strategies which have been emerged in reducing the vulnerability of local communities against natural disaster risks are based on local people’s participation and using their empirical knowledge accompanied by modern scientific knowledge. In this regard, about 34 percent of rural people of the total country population due to limited abilities, insufficient necessary services, and less access to infrastructural possibilities have encountered huge vulnerabilities in dealing with disasters. Consequently, these limitations have forced rural people to already apply actions and experiences which in most cases played an effective role in reducing the impacts of these disasters. Therefore, by relying on indigenous knowledge along with modern knowledge, better management can be done to reduce the effects of disasters. In this regards, the present article by using library studies intends to define indigenous knowledge, to state the contribution and importance of indigenous knowledge in reducing environmental damage, especially drought, and to illustrate some of the experiences that exist in this field, and to examine the challenges of integrating indigenous and modern knowledge. Key Words: Drought, Copping Strategies, Indigenous Knowledge, Indigenous Solutions

Establishment of an industrial estate is an important and long-term investment in the development process, so determining its location plays a significant role in the success or failure of industrial activities (both within the industrial estate and in adjacent industrial workshops). The choice of industrial site is a strategic decision that includes technical, economic, social, environmental and political issues. These criteria are usually expressed using a number of different indicators, expressed in quantitative and qualitative methods with some possible uncertainties. The purpose of this study is to implement a fuzzy method in decision-making in selecting the location of estates and industrial areas in Hormozgan province. The present study is of analytical-exploratory type. Data collection has been done in the library section (documentary), based on the review of books, scientific articles and related reports, and in the spatial information section by referring to various organizations. In order to evaluate the relative importance of the effective components in relation to the purpose of the research, a questionnaire was extracted using (ANP). It should be noted that in the process of doing the work, excel, matlab and ArcGIS10.5 software have been used. The results show that the location of settlements environmental factors (with a score of 73) is a priority and less attention is paid to socio-economic factors (with a score of 54). Also, in terms of sustainable development indicators, among 20 towns and industrial areas, 35% of towns and industrial areas, including: Parsian Industrial Town, Hajiabad and Isin Industrial Areas, Bandar Khamir and Bandar Lengeh Industrial Towns, Bashagard Industrial Areas, Bastak, Kolahy are not in a good condition, which makes it necessary to review the continuation of activities in these estates and areas. Keywords: town and industrial area, Hormozgan province, fuzzy operator, sustainable development, location.