ماهنامه معرفت
سال بیست و نهم شماره 12 (پیاپی 279، اسفند 1399)

This paper is a commentary on the advices of Imam Mohammad Bagher (PBUH) regarding the characteristics of the real Shiites. The remembrance of God in private softens the hearts of Shiites. This instruction indicates that lenity is achieved in private. The heart has two distinct functions in the Quran: the center of understanding and as well as the center of feelings and emotions. The heart understands the concepts very well. Perception, which may include present knowledge, is attributed to the heart in the Quran. Also, love, hate, fear, peace, hope, despair and etc., in general, passive states, whether positive or negative, have been attributed to the heart. The heart is the center of perceptions and emotions. If the heart is healthy, it comprehends the facts as well as the emotions. Lenity is remarkable if it brings man closer to God. A heart that does not understand the truth becomes cruel.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran, which is the most important contemporary Islamic movement and the most influential event of the last century, has attracted the attention of Eastern and Western thinkers of the world. The unique features of the Islamic Republic's monotheistic system challenged the foundation of secular theories, as it challenged the equations of the social sciences, especially political science. The fundamental, methodological and indigenous contradiction of the existing political science with the monotheistic system, has caused the methodological inefficiency of this system in analyzing the developments of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unfortunately, these shortcomings distort the global arena of Imam Khomeini's movement and has delayed the globalization of Islamic civilization. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper studies the main reason for the inadequacy of existing methods in political science. Furthermore, to show the essential shortcomings of the methodology of secular political science in analyzing the developments of the Islamic Republic, this paper has provided the foundations of the desirable intellectual system.

The political participation has an important status in political science and is deeply connected to many issues of this science. The practical realization of a political system depends on its ability to systematize political participation. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to study the political participation grounds in Islam. The findings indicate that the following issues will be the basis for the realization of political participation by a Muslim, which include, submission to divine sovereignty, the necessity of the realization of the Islamic government, the necessity of cooperation and public responsibility, the necessity of respecting the rights and interests of people, the necessity of satisfying the people and the need to consult with them. Thus, contrary to the notion of secularism, the precedence of divine commandments over the views of the people does not mean ignoring the position and role of the people in the Islamic government. Just as respecting their affairs and desires, within the prescribed framework, will not be contrary to the observance of religious rules and laws.

Some political thinkers religiously justified secular governments. This approach, in addition to strengthening the secularization of government, contributed to the development of secular governments among Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Secular government is not a legitimate and divine government and its realization disturbs the true and promised divine government of religions. Establishing a true divine government theoretically requires the critique of disturbing governments. The seventeenth-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, while famous for his rationalism, in his book the Theological-Political Treatise, has provided proves from the Old and New Testaments to justify secular government. His book contributed greatly in spreading democracy in the Jewish and Christian communities. The secularization of government should be seen as a major global stream. Hobbes, Spinoza, and John Locke are prominent thinkers and origins of this post-medieval movement, which their views have also had a great impact on secularism in the Islamic world. Using a rational method with meta-religious indicators and criteria, this paper seeks to analyze the Spinoza's narrative arguments in justifying secular government. The results indicate that Spinoza did not have sufficient scientific competence to deduce the rules from the Scripture. His wrong assumptions have led to wrong inferences. Methodically, Spinoza's inferences from religious texts face significant problems, such as eisegesis, lack of a comprehensive view of all Biblical verses, and inconsistency with religious beliefs and the conduct and history of the prophets (PBUT).

The crises among global interactions must be sought in the foundations of international relations and its spread throughout the world. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper studies the foundations of current international relations from the perspective of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. In his view, lack of proper understanding of the issue of causality, which leads to neglect or denial of the Causes of the causes of the universe, is a major ontological problem of the Western international relations, which has shifted the international relations to a power-centered ideology instead of a God-centered one. On the other hand, the materialist epistemological view of the West is the main obstacle to drawing a correct picture of the universe, which has made the international arena the scene of epistemic anarchism. Consequently, these two ontological and epistemological approaches have led the modern man to humanism, which itself has led to human-centeredness in the international arena.

Security is considered to be one of the vital human issues. During World War I and World War II, various theorists made great efforts to establish international security. Numerous views have been made on international security; But the world still suffers from insecurity and fear. Scholars believe that the main source of insecurity and fear in the international system should be sought in the authoritarian and hegemonic structure of the international system. Part of this structure has been created by players, including governments and international organizations. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper studies the challenges of international security system and solutions of Islamic jurisprudence. Some of the solutions of Islamic jurisprudence to provide international security are mutual respect between governments, unity and cooperation between nations, fighting against oppressive and domineering governments, reviving the spirit of dignity and authority of nations, supporting the oppressed and deprived nations and legitimate defense to deny domination and creating international security based on justice and unity between states and nations.

Liberalism with an optimistic approach to human nature and international institutions is one of the major attitudes in international relations to establish global security. Relying on liberal principles and prescribing political solutions, this theory pursues goals such as freedom, peace and prosperity in international politics. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper analyzes the liberal theory of security and its ineffectiveness in creating international peace and security in the three areas of principles, goals and strategies. Historical facts show that the principles of liberalism, such as individualism, welfare, and unjust attitudes, have exacerbated international and regional conflicts.

Self-confidence and resistance are the two determining elements in the production of soft power in the process of realization, victory and continuation of the Islamic Revolution. This paper answers the fundamental question of how the elements of self-confidence and resilience provide the basis for software power? Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper studies the role of self-confidence and resistance in creating soft power. The findings show that, these fundamental components can create a good platform for the production of soft power for the Islamic Revolution through awareness, creating the spirit of self-confidence in nations, reviving the element of struggle and stability among them and providing a model for struggle and endurance

The well-known view of Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in describing the United States as the "Great Satan" has caused questions and ambiguities in the domestic and international arena. Given the developments in the international arena, the fall of the bipolar system and the adherence of some Islamic countries to arrogance, it seems necessary to analyze the foundations of this issue from the perspective of the Quran. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to study the Quranic foundations of Imam Khomeini's view on the US, the "Great Satan".