مجله پژوهش های دانش زمین
پیاپی 45 (بهار 1400)

In the present research, geological-exploratory modeling of Feyz-Abad Pb-Zn deposit located in Isfahan province has been carried out as well as evaluation in terms of grade and amount of reserve. The exposed lithology units of the area with possible Paleozoic age from bottom to top, include chlorite schist, carbonate assemblages and green schists. Occurrence of zinc-lead mineralization with carbonate host in a metamorphic sedimentary volcanic sequence is one of the significant mineralization features in this region. The slightly altered limestone and dolomite, perform as host rocks of the deposit.

The studied deposit area based on the topography of the region and amount and type of available exploratory information, has been divided into two distinct areas of Aghahesab and Kharzan mountain. So, modeling of the deposit and reserve evaluation of each region and the whole district have been undertaken separately. To know the statistical distribution of total Pb-Zn assay data and the correct choice of estimation method, first the initial statistical processing of the data was performed. Afterwards in order to fully understand and imagine the status of the deposit lithology, the log of all boreholes and drill holes, 3-D lithology model of the deposit and cross sections of lithology corresponding to a large number of the region designated profiles, were mapped. Depending on the mineral state, amount and type of carried out exploratory works and available exploratory information, among the variety of reserve estimation methods, accurate non-linear geostatistical methods containing ordinary log-kriging and indicator kriging have been employed. Then tonnage-grade curves have been plotted for cut off grades of 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 percent.

The results of the research show that although both applied geostatistical methods are the most accurate of reserve estimation methods, however the difference between the results of estimation (grade and reserve) by means of the two methods is relatively high. The lack of sufficient exploratory information and the nature of the employed methods are the most important reasons for this subject but in general, the results of the indicator kriging method are more reliable. The amount of reserve calculated for various cut off grades in the study zones with the ordinary log kriging method is higher than the indicator kriging. This is due to higher blending of ore and gangue in ordinary log-kriging method than the other. For this reason, in general, the average grade for the variety of cut off grades in the indicator kriging method is higher than the ordinary log-kriging. The difference between the amount of reserve calculated by these two methods for the whole of Feyz-abad lead-zinc deposit for cut off grades of 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%, is equal to 26.9, 22, 27 and 17.8%, respectively.

Nonlinear geostatistical estimation methods have their own complexities, however, understanding the theoretical concepts of these methods properly and selecting their parameters correctly during estimation, will lead to very accurate, useful and desirable results. To increase the accuracy of ore reserve estimation of the studied area, it is suggested that the density of the minerals in various parts of the deposit to be determined by laboratory method with high accuracy. Then, through the index simulation method and determination of material type, an exact density is assigned to each block.

The basic rocks in the Serowarea(northwest of Urmia) are exposed to young alluvium (Quaternary). These rocks are part of the metamorphic Sanandaj-Sirjan belt. The study area is composed of various igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and the age range is from Precambrian to the present era.

In order to perform a chemistry study of northern Serowlavas, 10 rock samples were analyzed by the ICP-MS method in Bureau Veritas laboratory in Canada. Also, olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase minerals were analyzed at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS) by the JEOL JXA-81 microprobe electron analyzer.

Field studies and petrographic observations indicate that the rocks of the Serow area can be divided into alkaline basalt, trachy- basalt and trachy- andesite. One of the major textures in these rocks is porphyry texture and to a lesser extent trachyte texture. Plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine and amphibole are the minerals that make up these rocks. Calcite mineral is the most important and main secondary mineral in these rocks, which often fills the cavities and gives them amygdale tissue.The results of the chemical analysis of the studied rocks show that their composition is basalt to trachy- andesite-basalt and they are alkaline and within plate basalts type. Examination of rare earth elements in these rocks show that the studied samples have little differentiation in rare earth elements, especially in HREEs. But, LILEs are more differentiated and enriched. Therefore, in the normalized pattern, they show a decreasing trend from Ba to Yb. Enrichment in LILEs and LREEs compared to HFSEs and HREEs, presence of negative anomalies in Ta, Nb, P and Ti elements along with enrichment of Rb and Ba elements can be due to the role of fluids in subduction zones. The ratios of Smn/Lan, Lan/Ybn  and Smn/Ybn can be used as evidence of low melting rate and the presence of garnet in the residual melting. The La/Sm versus Sm/Yb diagram has been used to determine the degree of melting of the source rock, showing the degree of melting of 1% of the source rock with spinel peridotite composition.The results of electron microprobe analysis of olivine mineral show that the average value of Fo in alkaline basalts is 85.77 (Fo 85.77) and in andesite – basalts it is 82.29 (Fo 82.29). Clinopyroxene mineral has diopside composition in alkaline basalt rocks and diopside augite composition in basaltic andesite rocks. Orthopyroxenes ranges from En 56.84-57.03, Wo3.14-3.33 and Fs 39.36-39.54 .The composition of plagioclase in alkali and andesitic basalts is in the labradorite range.

The basic rocks in the Serow are consistent of olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± orthopyroxene ± amphibole. The results of the geochemical analysis reveal the alkaline nature and intra plate setting and volcanic arcs of these rocks. Pyroxene mineral chemistry shows relatively high oxygen pressure conditions and a water content of 10% during the crystallization of clinopyroxenes. Based on the calculations and geothermobarometric diagrams, the formation temperature of clinopyroxene in alkali basalts and andesitic basalts is 1000 to 1250˚C and their estimated pressure is less than 5 Kbar. From the tectonic point of view, it seems that the formation of these rocks is associated with processes following the complete closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the continental collision.

Fulfillment of exploration activities is costly and time-consuming, which reveals the necessity of mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) for identifying highly mineral potential zones. MPM as a key procedure, integrates multiple geoscience datasets performed across different scales. In this regard, Various methods have been developed over the past three decades that are basically categorized into either data-driven or knowledge-driven methods. This study aims to represent a new combinatorial MCDM method called AHP-TOPSIS to outline highly potential Cu zones in the Abhar area.

The Abhar area is located southeast of Zanjan province, NW Iran. From the structural and metallogenic point of view, the study area has been composed of two segregated sub-zones: Tarom sub-zone and Soltanieh sub-zone. Most of the known Cu occurrences are of vein type, the overwhelming of which have outspread in the northern part of the study area (Tarom sub-zone). A slight body of profoundly eroded leucogranite is partially manifested in the low topography circa Doran village, named Doran granite which affiliates to late Precambrian. The granite and some small sporadic Eocene granites have intruded into Kahar and Soltanieh dolomites, respectively. This could promise the skarn mineralization of iron and copper in this area.The research presented here endeavors to outline Cu potential zones based on subsequent investigations appertaining to the Abhar area using AHP-TOPSIS. This method is a hybrid method, in which the task of AHP is to determine the weights of criteria and sub-criteria, and thereinafter the TOPSIS method is concerned with order preference of decision alternatives. Despite the ability and competence of each of the foregoing methods, experience has affirmed that the combination of two MCDM methods and the concurrent use of their potentials gives better results and leads to eminent performance for the MPM. The first paramount step in mineral prospectivity mapping is to identify and collect geospatial data pertinent to the deposit type-sought. In the present study, aforesaid data is taken into consideration based on the data availability alongside theoretical and empirical analysis of the spatial association between Cu mineral deposit and various data. Hereupon, seven evidential layers, as predictor maps, were propounded to outline Cu potential zones. They consisted of multi-element geochemical signatures pertinent to Cu mineralization, closeness to late Eocene intrusive contacts, closeness to late Eocene volcanic rocks, proximity to the faults, and vicinity to argillic, phyllic and propylitic alterations.

The spatial evidence values in the obtained maps do not involve identical maximum and minimum values. Inevitably, the evidential values of mentioned maps were transformed into a new space. Then concentration-area (C-A) fractal model, was applied to classify spatial values of evidential maps. Next, AHP-TOPSIS MCDM method was applied to generate Cu prospectivity map. In this regard, AHP method was used to determine the weights of criteria and sub-criteria and TOPSIS method was used to rank the alternatives. For this, a decision matrix of 361638×7 was created that comprises 7 criteria (evidential maps) and 361,638 alternatives (each of which corresponds to a particular cell with a certain coordinate in the evidence layers). At the end, the Cu prospectivity map was generated. To evaluate the efficiency of prospectivity map obtained by AHP-TOPSIS method, the Predication-Area (P–A) plot was applied. According to the result of this P-A plot, the intersection point for this prospectivity model has been appeared in a high place, at about 78%. Thus, this map can be used as target map for subsequent detailed explorations.

The present study addresses the successful application of a new hybrid MCDM method called AHP-TOPSIS to generate a predictive model for Cu mineralization in the Abhar area. Despite the ability of two methods alone, experience has demonstrated that the combination of two or more MCDM methods eventuate to better results. Since the simultaneous use of these two methods will ultimately eventuate to the reduction of the target areas, this could indicate the high precision of the hybrid method in predicting target areas. Consequently, it was decided to use a combination of two methods, which are already mentioned. After generating the overlay prospectivity map, P–A plot was used to evaluate its efficiency in predicting favorable areas. Based on the results, the AHP-TOPSIS method can provide a potent tool for quantifying the specifications of geo-anomalies and delimiting target areas in mineral exploration programs

The subduction systems are located in the continental collision phase. Due to the tectonic regime reversion from the tensile phase to the compressive phase and due to the reactivation of the normal and transverse basement faults, constitute folded belts that are in their tectonic evolution, have experienced multiple fault interactions. Therefore, based on the angle of post-collision shortening axis, relative to each of these old basement faults, their reactivation in the form of thrust or strike-slip components and their effects on the structural pattern of the folds, are justified. In the Zagros foreland, there are several fault lineaments with different trends and mechanisms. They have been reactivated during the collision phase of the Iranian and Arabian sheets. The present study tries to show the effect of the Zagros thrust faults and the Arabian strike slip faults interaction on the development and structural evolution of the Rag Sefid and Tango anticlines using analog modeling.

In order to model the interaction of basement faults in the South Dezful embayment, first, in accordance with the structural realities of the region, the topography of the basement is simulated using the cutting of wooden boards. The arrangement and cutting of the boards are according to the slope of the Rag Sefid thrust fault. First the wooden board is cut at an angle of 47 degrees. Also, considering that about one third of the Rag Sefid anticline has an axial curvature, and due to the slope of approximately 80 degrees at Hendijan fault, which is perpendicular to the Rag Sefid fault, the wooden board is cut into two unequal parts with an 80-degree slope. According to the interpretation of reflective seismic sections and drilled well data, the stratigraphic sequences detectable in the southern Dezful embayment are Aghajari, mobile Gachsaran formation and Middle Resistance Group between Asmari to Gadvan, respectively. Therefore, in order to model these stone units, clay with a thickness of 3 and 2 cm was used for upper and middle resistant units, respectively. Also, in order to simulate the Gachsaran moving formation, a combination of sifted rock powder and 3 cm thick engine oil is used at the beginning of modeling.

The northwest-southeast trend of Rag Sefid anticline located in Zagros foredeep, has been raised due to the Zagros orogenic phase in the Pliocene. After the collision of the plates from the Late Eocene onwards, in addition to folding on the northwest-southeast faults, the north-south basement faults during the Late Cenozoic have been reactivated by the entry of the Zagros deformation front into the study area. The reactivation of these faults has caused changes in sedimentary cover, such as facies change and sediment thickness as well as changes along the axis of surface anticlines. Oblique convergence after collision between Iran and the Arabian Plate has shortened the succession of the Zagros basement; so that the northwest-southeast longitudinal faults that were extensional at the time of the rift formation are now basement thrusts in this belt. The north-south faults, which have trends similar to those of the north-south basement fault in the eastern Arabian Block, are reactivated as a result of this compression.

Due to the general compression trend of N22E in southwestern Iran and the trend of the southern part of the Hendijan fault (N20E), the small-scale fold at the Tango anticline located on the Hendijan fault is due to the parallelism of this transverse fault and the overall compression direction. In contrast to the Rag Sefid anticline, where the trend of the main fault is approximately perpendicular to the direction of total compression (N100), a clear fold with large structural dimensions is created in the Rag Sefid anticline. Our results show that with the entry of the Zagros deformation front into the foreland of the orogenic region in the Pliocene, in addition to the Tango anticline rising at the top of the Hendijan fault, the Rag Sefid anticline has rotated axially by 30 degrees clockwise due to the movement of the right-hand slip in the Hendijan fault. Our modeling shows that the reason for the higher wavelength of the western part of the Rag Sefid anticline is due to the high thickness of the salt layer and also the high value of the ratio number. Due to the location of the western part of the Rag Sefid anticline in a right-sided fault zone and the resulting structural rotation, the widening and increasing wavelength of the anticline is facilitated.

The Persian Gulf, as the richest hydrocarbon pool in the world, plays a very important role in the world's energy equations. Approximately two-thirds of proven oil reserves and one third of global natural gas reserves are available to the Persian Gulf States. Iran's water borders in the Persian Gulf hold a significant portion, 16 oil fields developed in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary carbonate reservoirs.

 In this study, Rock-eval analysis was used and a series of calculations were performed for evaluating unconventional Kazhdumi source rocks in the A and C fields in the north west of Persian Gulf. According to the research and exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world, today these reserves are divided into two main groups of conventional reservoirs and unconventional reservoirs. Conventional tanks are located in the form of oil traps, source rocks, reservoir rocks and rock covers. However, in unconventional reservoirs, with the presence of special petrological features, the possibility of direct exploitation of the source rock is provided. It is also possible that part of an oil system will be operated as a conventional reservoir and another part as an unconventional reservoir. In unconventional reservoirs, with mature source rocks converting organic matter to hydrocarbons, if permeability is created, we will be able to extract hydrocarbons. This is done at the shale gases, that are currently being used around the world.Gas shales are a diverse group of rocks in which methane is trapped. Then methane is extracted from gaseous shale by distillation or hydraulic fracturing. Today, oil and gas shales are a good alternative to conventional hydrocarbon resources due to depletion of conventional ones.

 Gas shales have a high content of organic matter. If organic matter enters the gas window maturely and the dry gas production stage is ongoing, then on-site gas generation takes place in them. This is considered as shale gas (unconventional tanks). For this purpose, by drawing geochemical logs of parameters S1, S2, S1 + S2 and TOC (Table 1), field data A and C were examined. There is evidence of good to very good hydrocarbon generation power at the source rock. Then, by examining the characteristics of Barnett shale (as a producer and important shale in the United States) the set of geochemical parameters of the Kazhdumi Formation for A and C fields have been compared with the minimum threshold values in Barnett's shale.

Kazhdumi Formation has a small amount of gas production in field A, and is located in the C field between oil and gas windows. The evaluation of the vitrinite reflection coefficient, the maturity of the samples and the probability of the gas shale potential are investigated. The results of the TR-RO graph have represented the biogenic source of gas production in A and C fields. In deeper depth, there is a higher production of gas for this formation in the A and C fields.

The composition of skarn's mineralizing fluids is closely related to the physicochemical conditions prevailing during the cooling and crystallization of magma. Biotite is an effective indicator for determining the physio-chemical conditions prevailing during the cooling and crystallization of magma. In this study, the biotite composition of Sarvian biotite quartz diorite from Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic arc was investigated to estimate the magma crystallization conditions and also to determine the petrological and metallogenic characteristics of the granitoid rocks.

The study area is located 15 km northeast of Delijan city and in Markazi province (Figure 1). Miocene Sarvian quartzdiorite rocks are classified into three subgroups: quartzdiorite, micro quartzdiorite and biotite quartzdiorite. In this study, 21 spots of Sarvian biotite quartzdiorite were analyzed at the Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (Table 1).

The biotites of Sarvian granitoid are crystallized at a temperature of about 750 ° C, oxygen fugacity is between 10-11 and 10-13 and the pressure is about 0.6-1.1 kbar. The mentioned crystallization conditions indicate that the biotite quartzdiorite rocks of Sarvian crystallized at high temperature, shallowly and under high oxygen fugacity conditions. In addition, it shows that Sarvian biotite quartzdiorite has a high chance of mineral exploration. Placement of Sarvian biotite quartzdiorite rocks in Cretaceous limestones and Eocene pyroclastics, crystallization at a pressure of about 1 kbar and the mentioned crystallization conditions, indicate the formation of skarns in the region. The formation of skarn iron ores in the area is a confirmatory examination that has been performed on the studies.

Emplacement of Sarvian biotite quartzdiorite rocks are at shallow depth and crystallization at high temperature conditions. High magnesium calc-alkaline magmatic series, high oxygen fugacity and type I orogenic granites from subduction of the oceanic crust below the continental plate leads to magma which is the result of melting and mixing of crust and mantle. So it has created suitable conditions for the formation of metal skarns.

Introduction :

One of the most extensive Cretaceous deposits is the Gurpi Formation in the Zagros Basin, which was studied based on calcareous nannofossilstudies. Type section of the Gurpi Formation is located in the southwestern Tang-e Pabdeh, North of Lali oilfield (Jams & Wynd, 1965). One of the most important achievements obtained in the Gurpi Formation is the evaluationof biozones. In the present study, calcareous nannofossils have been investigated in the Qutbabadsection located in Northeastof Jahrum. The thickness of the studied section is about 458 m. The study in the Qutbabad section show that sediments of Gurpi Formation have a drop in the depth of sedimentary basin at the late Maastrichtian and suddenly lead to limestones of Tarbur Formation.

In this study 78 samples from the Gurpi Formation have been studied. Samples were prepared following standard smear slide method (Bown and Young 1998). All slides were studied under polarized light microscope at × 1000 magnification. The nomenclature of calcareous nannofossils follow the taxonomic schemes of Perch-Nielsen (1985).

In order to study biostratigraphy based on calcareous nannofossils, the Gurpi Formation in the Qutbabad section was selected. In this section, Gurpi Formation mainly consists of gray argillaceous limestones. For introducing calcareous nannofossil assemblages, slides have been studied, which led to the recognition of 22 genera and 37 species of calcareous nannofossils. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and recording bio-events, eight zones including Aspidolithus parcus ZonetoArkhangelsiella cymbiformis Zonehave been recognized. According to the first and last occurrence of index species the following bio-zones are identified:Aspidolithus parcus parcus Zone
The first zone in the Gurpi Formation is recorded from the FO of A. parcus parcusto LO of M.  furcatus. The age of this zone is early Campanian. The thickness of this zone is 53 m.

 Calculites ovalis Zone:

This zone spans the interval from the last occurrence of M. furcatusto the FO of C. aculeus. The age of this zone is late Early Campanian. The thickness of this zone is 40 m.

Ceratolithoides aculeus Zone:

This zone spans the interval from the FO ofC.aculeusto the FO ofU. sissinghii. The age of this zone is late Early Campanian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 54 m.

Quadrum sissinghiiZone :

This zone spans the interval from the FO of U.  sissinghiito the FO ofU.  trifidum. The age of this zone is early Late Campanian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 78 m.

Quadrum trifidum Zone:

This zone spans the interval from the FO of U.trifidumto the LO ofR. anthophorus. The age of this zone is late Campanian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 20 m.

Tranolithus phacelosusZone:

This zone spans the interval from the LO of R. anthophorusto the LO ofT.  phacelosus. The age of this zone is latest Campanian–early Maastrichtian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 50 m.

Reinhardtites levis Zone:

This zone spans the interval from the LO of Tranolithus phacelosusto the LO ofReinhardtites levis. The age of this zone is early Maastrichtian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 133 m.

Arkhangelsiella cymbiformisZone:

The last bio zone recorded is Arkhangelsiella cymbiformis Zone. This zone spans the interval from the LO of Reinhardtites levisto the FO ofNephrolithus frequens. The age of this zone is late Maastrichtian. The thickness of this zone was measured about 27 m.

As a result of this study, 22 genera and 37 species of calcareous nannofossil have been recognized. Based on distribution of index species calcareous nannofossils biozones of the zonation of Sissingh (1977) have been recognized, including CC18, CC19, CC20, CC21, CC22, CC23, CC24 and CC25, that correspond to UC14aTP till UC20bTP zones of Burnett (1998). According to the identified biozones, the age of the Gurpi Formation in this section is early Campanian to late Maastrichtian.

Soil erosion is a widespread environmental problem threatening environmental sustainability. It is one of the significant factors in both water and wind erosion. Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes and wetlands sediments is essential to study sedimentology and erosion. Drying up the wetlands around the world is one of the worst experiences of human life that has had many adverse effects. Large wetlands are drying because of changes in water use patterns, due to land-use changes and water constraints due to climate changes.

Systematic random sampling was carried out from lake sediments. Then the texture of deposits was determined using triangle soil texture. The velocity and direction of the dominant and erosive winds were determined by drawing the wind and storm rose. Thirty-three soil samples were taken from the lake surface and the agricultural lands around the lake by random sampling from 0-30 cm depth, and the location of each sample was recorded using GPS. Sorting was done by dry sift technique. GR graph 3.0 software was used to determine sedimentological indices such as Median Diameter, Median, Kurtesis, and Skewness of the samples.According to Kazeroon synoptic station's wind data, the wind condition of the area was studied in the form of a wind rose. The erosion rate threshold of the lake surface sediments is needed to calculate the storm rose. For this purpose, wind data from the study area and sampling were used to determine the wind erosion threshold velocity, based on soil properties and experimental formula.

The soil texture results showed that the sand had the highest percentage of material degradation in all samples, and the average sand content of lake sediments was about 62%. Clay and silt are less abundant, respectively. Soil texture in the study area was almost similar to agricultural land and the lake area, only with slight changes in texture due to increasing treatment intervals. According to the soil chemical analysis results, the electrical conductivity of all samples taken from the study area was less than four dSm-1 indicating that the soil was ordinary. Soil sodium content was low, thereby increasing aggregate resistance to dissemination and making the soil more resistant. In all samples, saturated moisture content was more than 50%, having high moisture content, resulting in fine particle adhesion.Based on the Kazerun station results, the frequency numbers of distribution of the annual wind class show that 50.97% of the winds are calm, and 49% of the winds have direction and velocity. The direction of the prevailing wind is westward. The Kazerun station annual storm results (2006-2016) show that 99.8% of the winds are calm, and only 0.2% of the winds have direction and velocity. This value is not visible in the flowchart diagram of the storm rose, so they can be ignored.

Parishan Lake is one of several lakes in Iran that has dried up in recent years. In this study, we tried to show whether this event as a dust storm source, can be an environmental threat for residents living in urban and rural areas around the lake. The results showed that the sand had the highest percentage of material degradation in all samples. Therefore, due to the low abundance of silt particles in Parishan Lake's sediments, lake sediments cannot be considered a potential origin for Iran's dust storm. According to the samples taken from the Lake Surface and agricultural land, the calculated morphometric values showed that the particles have irregular Kurtesis and a high skewness towards coarse grains. The results of soil physical and chemical property analysis show that the soil is resistant to wind erosion. The important thing to conclude from the wind rose is that the prevailing winds of the region are located in the classes of velocities less than 3.5 m/s, which do not play a major role in generating dust storms, which are more abundant in the basin. The problem does not threaten the rural areas around the lake and the city of Kazerun in terms of dust. If the dust is observed a few days a year, it may be due to external sources.

Landforms in the areas of tectonic activities are resulted from a complicated combination of vertical and horizontal movements related to crustal blocks, erosion, and surface sedimentation. Considering these facts, there is a great diversity of land at the Hillside of the Eastern Alborz Mountains and in the Garmsar to Semnan Range. Initially, it is impossible to provide a reason for these sudden changes, except for the tectonic factor. Because across the Garmsar fault, the gullies are concentrated only in a limited section of the fault line and have a different morphometry. On the other hand, the existence of a cone-shaped sequence along the Garmsar fault shows a clear dynamic difference in terms of the exploration process and the density between these two landforms, which has been addressed in this study. Since gullies are important landforms for identifying landform changes and sequences of landforms in geomorphology, they are important. Therefore, due to the apparent similarities of the surface of the earth, this cannot be considered effective as a single factor in different parts of gullies; this is the main issue of this research.

In this research, we have investigated gullies on southern slopes of eastern Alborz, from Garmsar to Semnan. The gully landforms have different morphological properties from west to east. To find out the factors creating the differences, we have gathered data and processed satellite images. By the way, we have divided the region into four sites or subsections for further analysis. The samples have been taken from the walls and bottoms of the gullies for geochemical and granulometric analyses. We have also measured morphometric properties of the gullies of each site in given cross-sections and equal distances. Vegetation density and taxonomy have also been obtained through the field survey. Morpho-tectonic evidence has been examined by field observations and satellite images. Then, we have applied Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy analysis to examine the influences of morphometry, sediment characteristics, and neo-tectonic properties on gully development in the area.

Considering that various factors are involved in the creation and development of gullies, each of the factors considered in the region were first studied in order to determine the effect of each of them and the most important factor in this regard. The factors involved are physics and sediment chemistry, tectonic effects in the area, vegetation and land use. The results have indicated that physical characteristics of the sediments in size and type could not have similar impacts in all the subsections. In site 4, more developed landforms are related to the fine-grain textures. On the contrary, in site 2 less developed gullies are resulted from coarse grain texture. In the other two sites, the development of gullies cannot be attributed to texture and diameter of the sediments. However, the development of the landforms is more affected by it position over the walls of the fault. There are no considerable differences in vegetation, land use, and geochemical properties among the four sites. The measurements showed that the fault wall at a height of 10.5 meters at the end of site 1 and the uplift of the middle portion of the cone at site 3, at 14 meters, are the main reasons for the expansion and deepening of the gullies in these two sites. However, these conditions do not exist on the other two sites. On site 2, gullies do not develop at all, and on site 4, there is a typical development of gullies because of the type and texture of the region's sedimentation.

Physical and chemical factors of surface sedimentation and sedimentation of gullies, as well as the study of the type and species of vegetation in the region have been studied. Also the effect of tectonics and all the evidence of tectonic landforms in the region have been investigated. The relationship between tectonics with the expansion of gullies in the region are studied.  According to the final zoning map of the ANP, the largest area of the southern Alborz pediment, the low and middle erosion classes of the gully, have been allocated. Based upon the final zonation map of ANP and fuzzy, it can be concluded that two main factors of active neotectonics and deposit texture have had the most important influence on gully development.

Improper spatial distribution of gardens at city levels can lead to low utility of the gardens, disturbance in the urban landscape, inadequate social interactions, management and maintenance problems, and reduced psychological and social security. Babol city as has faced increasing population over the past decades and the unimpeded construction. This has led to injustice in the distribution of public services, including gardens at city level. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the distribution of gardens at the level of Babol city by using spatial justice approach to determine the pattern of distribution and the extent of lack of access to the gardens, across Babol city.

The present study is applied the based on the purpose and nature and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data on the gardens of Babol city were collected from the Babol municipality green space organization and matched with Google Earth, Open Street Map and field view.  To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the gardens, models of directional distribution (standard deviational ellipse), mean center, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and mean of nearest neighbor were used in Arc Gis software environment. Then, the radius of access to the gardens was determined by network analysis method. Finally, the radius of service and accessibility of the gardens was adapted to the population density of the neighborhoods of Babol city to determine the neighborhoods access to gardens.

The gardens have a north-south distribution at the level of Babol city. The center of gravity of the gardens is located in the city center and in neighborhood 6. The gardens have a scattered distribution across Babol and are randomly distributed and do not follow a specific pattern. By comparing access to different types of gardens with the population density of neighborhoods of Babol, it has been shown that downtown neighborhoods with high population density have good access to the gardens. It has also been found that there are no garden in the three overcrowded neighborhoods, including 14, 16 and 20, as well as in the eastern and western neighborhoods of the city.

The area of gardens per capita in Babol city is 0.73 square meters. According to the standard per square meter of 8 square meters in Iran, there is a deficit of 7.27 square meters at the city level. Therefore, despite the distribution pattern which is scattered, many neighborhoods are devoid of gardens and suffer from injustice in the distribution and access to the gardens. In particular, the shortage of neighborhood and urban gardens is extremely significant; therefore, in order to establish spatial justice in the distribution of gardens in Babol city, it is suggested to establish urban gardens in crowded neighborhoods without gardens, such as neighborhoods 14, 16 and 20 as well as in eastern and western neighborhoods of the city.

Today, the calculation of sub-basin water balance is the most widely used application of game theory (Andik & Niksokhan 2020; Zarei et al., 2019). This study examines the hypothetical efficiency of game theory in determining the number of dams and distribution reservoirs. Simultaneous consideration of environmental, technical-economic and social criteria in formulating three different strategies is one of the innovations of the method for testing this hypothesis.

According to the topographic conditions and river network conditions, TAHAM area - 5763IV IRAN - located in Zanjan province was selected. Then, different basins were identified in the selected area and the largest basin was selected in terms of area and completeness of the waterway network. The number of strategies in this study is based on the hydrological classification of rivers. Therefore, the strategies were explained according to the classification of rivers within the main basin. This was done by dividing the basins based on categories two, three, four and five. However, due to the fact that the area of ​​first class river basins was very small, the division of basins into first class basins was not included. The following strategies are obtained based on the classification of rivers: (a) -Strategy S1: main basin with main river category five; (B) -Strategy S2: Divide the main basin into two sub-basins S2-1 with classification of river category three and sub-basin S2-2 with class four; (C) -Strategy S3: Division of S2 strategy basins into three sub-basins with three classifications, named S3-1, S3-2 and S3-3 and (d) -Strategy S4: Division of S3 strategy basins To sub-basins with two river categories, named S4-1, S4-2, S4-3, S4-4, S4-5, S4-6, S4-7 and S4-8.

After explaining and parameterizing the game rule, the outcome matrix of each game was obtained. Finally, according to the outcome matrix study, S2 strategy was identified as the Nash equilibrium or the answer to the problem. In this form, numbers are in tension and competition with each other. Simultaneously examining the criteria and consequences of adopting any strategy for each player practically creates interactions of effects and conflict of interest for the economic, social and environmental players. Examining the even matrix for three players with different choices can easily provide a very small change of consequences according to final results of models.

By using the game theory while solving concurrency and considering the damages caused by dam construction for the parameters (economy, environment, and community) regarding AHP model (which is based on scoring the damages and summing them) an alternative method was introduced.

Rural poverty is a multidimensional subject depending on various factors such as the level of economic growth of villagers and income distribution. On the eve of the third millennium, poverty and unfair distribution of income and wealth, has led to the imbalance of capital, welfare facilities, successive rural-urban migration and economic imbalance of the regions. Imbalance between urban and rural areas can be considered as one among many. It is considered as one of the most important problems in urban and rural communities. Paying attention to rural poverty and accurate knowledge of issues related to Iranian villages in terms of socio-cultural, economic and environmental fields is of great importance. In some cases, the root of all problems and backwardness issues such as poverty, spatial inequality, unemployment, rapid urban population growth are due to rural-urban migration. This is also due to lack of capital flow, lack of adequate facilities, low income, and declining productivity of agricultural activity as well as weak services in rural areas. Among these, the role of rural-urban links as a close interaction and two-way flow between urban and rural settlements can create economic networks. Rural-urban connections have a spatial nature and refer to the flow of people, goods, services, money, capital and information between urban centers and rural centers. This is the most important part of the connection and interaction between urban and rural areas in the economic field.

This study aims to identify the flows and practices that occur between the city district and surrounding villages to investigate the economic flows and the performance between them in reducing poverty in rural areas. In conducting this research, field and library methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. This shows the intensity and type of relationship between indicators and variables according to the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study are the villages of the central part of the city of Songor, which have been selected as a statistical population in a cluster of 15 villages located in the area.

Songor city has the ability to provide various services and facilities of welfare and livelihood and optimal investments to the surrounding villages. It also supports rural products, while providing the conditions for economic growth and development of rural areas. This can lead to changes and spatial developments in the social and economic fields of the villages. On the other hand, the residents of the studied villages can establish economic flows, trade and investment in the productive sectors. This can occur through formal and informal credits, market diversity and housing. It causes the dynamics of the economy and the growth of the city of Songor. These currents, if accompanied by a proper and planned framework, will lead to the formation of rural-urban links and spatial developments in the villages around the city of Songor and economic developments among urban and rural areas. In this study factors affecting spatial developments from different economic aspects and poverty reduction such as employment, formal and informal credits, housing foundation renovation and improvement loans, public and private investments and the availability of durable facilities and goods in rural areas are examined.

The results of the research indicate the formation of economic and service flows between the city districts and the surrounding villages, which has led to the creation of rural-urban links in the economic developments of rural areas. Remittances show employment of villagers in the city. Formal and informal credit, public and private investments have led to continuity of flows and a close and two-way relationship between the city districts and the surrounding rural areas in terms of performance. This improves the finances of rural households and reduces their economic poverty due to the currents.

In the past two decades, with the development and prioritization of sustainable urban regeneration patterns, new areas have entered the urban planning literature of the world. The rapid urbanization process has had an impact on the structure of cities, in particular, the housing system of the neighborhood in the center and the old texture of the city. Meanwhile, perhaps the most important problem is the decline in the collective spirit and social and cultural status of the old neighborhoods. The “Iran neighborhood” in Tehran and the 12th municipality district of Tehran has dominant commercial functions and valuable historical and cultural fabric. Meanwhile, problems such as physical exhaustion, imbalance among different urban utilities, the declining population of its old residents and the acceptance of a new population, have led to a decline in neighborhood dynamics and vitality. The conditions and characteristics of the “Iran Avenue” in the heart of Tehran are due to the centralized relationships and systems throughout the history of contemporary Iranian cities. Nevertheless, in spite of being located in Tehran's metropolitan area, in the past few decades, the “Iran neighborhood” has been subjected to declining spatial, economic, social, cultural and environmental values. Therefore, this research firstly identifies the causes and factors and then analyzes them through questionnaires. It deals with questions such as how urban regeneration plans influenced the promotion of socio-cultural status of the “Iran neighborhood” and the challenges and opportunities of urban regeneration at “Iran neighborhood”. The corresponding hypotheses of the research questions are as follows: a) the implementation of the urban regeneration plan has promoted the socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood; b) the strategic location of the Iran neighborhood is conservative, in the sense that along with the weaknesses, there are many future potentials for improvement of neighborhood status.

Method and Materials:

The research method is descriptive and analytical and in terms of purpose it is applied-development. Data and information are gathered in both field and library methods. In field surveys, questionnaire and observation has been used. In library studies, all the documents related to the subject matter of the research have been investigated. The data of the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software using T-test with two pairs of samples. Research indicators have been extracted from two social dimensions (sense of place, social capital, inclusiveness) and cultural (local identity, memorable experience, pride in place). The focus of this study is on the physical conditions of the residential and commercial district of Iran neighborhood in the 12th district of Tehran in relation to the cultural, social and economic bases of the families living in it. It compares the status quo with the ideal state of the model. The study of the causes and trends of degradation and exhaustion of old texture and important historical and cultural centers in the metropolises of Iran neighborhood is a necessity for planning and implementation of practical projects. Due to widespread changes in fabric, these urban centers have suffered from functional, socio-economic, biological and physical disadvantages which have diminished vitality, dynamism, and collective spirit. The purpose of this research has been to identify and analyze the causes and factors affecting the reduction of socio-cultural values ​​of historical neighborhoods, the evaluation of the effects of regeneration activities in the neighborhood and the provision of appropriate solutions for advancement of the social- cultural situation.

The socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before the regeneration is above average, but it cannot be considered quite desirable. The cultural status of the neighborhood has a mean score of 3.81 and its social status, has a mean score of 3.49. This indicates that the neighborhood has had a high status among residents prior to the implementation of regeneration projects. But among the following social indicators, the spatial sense of 4.16 and social capital with an average of 3 have earned the highest and lowest scores respectively. Respecting the cultural index, the spatial identity with a score of 4.18 is higher than average, indicating favorable conditions among the underlying cultural indicators. The lowest average is for the honor index to the place, with an average of 3.55. The contributing factors to the socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before being regenerated can be analyzed in several issues, including the existence of a cultural identity deriving from the presence of politicians and prominent political figures; a uniform and traditional body structure which is a factor for promotion of social indicators, social capital, face-to-face interactions and communications. In the past, Iran neighborhood's streets largely had cultural-political functions that increased the pride of the place, the sense of belonging and even the survival of residents to reside there. The low population and sheltered residence due to the proudness of the neighborhood have been factors influencing its socio-cultural status.

Findings of the research show that the cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before and after the regeneration have no significant difference. However in some of the following indicators, there are slight differences in social and cultural status. According to field studies, regeneration has not been carried out in all parts of the neighborhood. For this reason, the difference in the implementation of programs, along with factors such as the lack of participation of citizens and stakeholders, it didn’t have a positive impact. It reduced social and cultural status in general. The results of previous applied or fundamental researches indicate the positive impact of regeneration on sustainable neighborhood indicators, but in this research, contrary to these results, the average of most sub-indices are not consistent with previous studies. The reason for this was also examined in SWAT model. The results of the SWAT model indicated major challenges, such as neglecting development actors in the design and implementation process of urban regeneration projects. The lack of urban regeneration plans, resulted in these programs being implemented in a cross-sectional and limited manner. A growing trend of demolition and renovating buildings, eliminated the identity and cultural values ​​of the neighborhood and independent identification of them. These are serious obstacles to sustainable neighborhood development. Multilateral cooperation between government, private sector and popular institutions in bringing in investment in regeneration projects can be one of the most important strategies to highlight the role of civil and private institutions, in addition to allocating appropriate funding.

The global temperature in 2017 increased to almost 1˚C above pre-industrial levels. The studies on temperature time series in Iran as well as the city of Tehran demonstrate substantial changes within recent decades. The increase in global warming, particularly in cities, influences human health and ecosystems. Meanwhile, different types of green spaces can be a comprehensive tool to maintain urban environmental sustainability by improving air quality, controlling temperature, and reducing the cost of energy consumption in buildings.On the other hand, through city development, the natural and green spaces are under the pressure of rapid urbanization. It is necessary to evaluate the sustainability of green spaces and their impact on urban sustainability to achieve environmental sustainability. This paper studies the changes in air temperature, land surface temperature, and land use/land cover of the city of Tehran within 30 years from 1988 to 2017 to evaluate the urban environmental sustainability.

The city of Tehran has 212.3mm annual precipitation and an average temperature of 17.6˚C, based on Mehrabad station records from 1960 to 2017. It has a population density of almost 13600 persons per square kilometer. Daily temperature records of Mehrabad and Shemiran stations from 1988 to 2017 were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization to measure the changes in air temperature. Anderson-Darling, Mann-Kendall, Sen’s slope, and Pettitt’s statistical tests as well as monthly plotting and annual temperature time series with trend components were employed to analyze monthly and annual temperatures.Two daytime Landsat images in summer were used to study the changes in land use/land cover and land surface temperature: images of 18 August 1988 (TM) and 25 July 2017 (OLI TIRS). Through supervised classification, land use/land cover was classified into four classes of water, vegetation, built-up and bare soil. Land surface temperatures were calculated by using thermal bands (band 6 of TM and band 10 of TIRS), calculating brightness temperature, NDVI, proportion of vegetation and emissivity. Consequently, environmental sustainability was evaluated by analyzing the changes in air temperature, vegetation cover and land surface temperature.
 

The Anderson-Darling test results for monthly and annual mean, maximum, and minimum air temperature time series showed that the time series are not normally distributed. Therefore, Mann-Kendall, seasonal Mann-Kendall, Sen’s slope, and Pettitt’s tests were employed to detect trends. The trends in monthly and annual air temperature time series (mean, maximum, and minimum were statistically significant with p-values less than 0.05. Pettitt’s test results showed that the changing points were in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The changes in temperature before and after the changing points show 0.8˚C and 1˚C increase in minimum temperature and 1.5˚C and 1˚C increase in maximum temperature in Shemiran and Mehrabad stations, respectively.Comparing the land use/land cover and the extent of green spaces within the 30 years period, it demonstrates urban sprawl and expansion of built-up areas in western parts of Tehran. Also green patches, particularly farmlands and gardens, significantly shrunk in southwest, west and north Tehran. During this period, the extent of vegetation cover decreased by 6.8%. The minimum land surface temperature threshold within the study period increased 5.3˚C in summer 2017 compared to 1988. The increase in surface temperature was accompanied by high temperatures in southern and western districts of the city, the districts with noticeable green patch decline.
Uncontrolled construction, horizontal expansion of the concrete structures in the city, decrease in the extent and fragmentation of green spaces along with the increase in the mean land surface temperature by 2.6˚C within the study period indicate the unsustainability of green spaces as an important element of urban land use and environmental infrastructure.

According to the results of the study, air temperature in Tehran has increased with a statistically significant trend. The changes in land use/land cover were accompanied by built-up development and vegetation cover decline while the land surface temperatures increased. The course of actions during the last three decades demonstrate the environmental unsustainability of the city of Tehran. Implementing strategies following nature-based approaches, suitable for the urban climate and existing limitations, may help adapt to the impacts of temperature rise and reduce greenhouse gases emission.