پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 31 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Background & Purpose:

This study aimed to identify factors affecting on the security of the Iranian football stadiums and develop an appropriate questionnaire in this context.

In the qualitative phase of the study, critical factors affecting on the security of the stadiums were identified and a 98-items questionnaire was emerged. In the quantitative phase, 144 participants (police officers, football organizers, stadium managers and university professors) answered the questionnaire. After exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis, final questionnaire formed by 83 items in format of four main and 12 secondary factors affecting the security of the Iranian football stadiums.

The results demonstrated that fit indices of the research model in the first and second-order CFA are convenient and based on second-order CFA results, infrastructure (t=14.69, p=0.05), physical protection (t=13.45, p=0.05), personnel and staff (t=13.05, p=0.05) and game planning and management (t=12.29, p=0.05) are four critical factors affecting the security of the football stadiums. Based on the EFA, the divergent validity of the questionnaire verified.

Designed questionnaire in this study has appropriate validity and reliability and it can be used after adjustment in the future researches in the area of the security of the sport facilities and particularly football stadiums. Furthermore, factors and items presented in the questionnaire can assist football organizers and also sport facility managers to employ proper security measures to prevent threats and provide safe and secure environment for audiences at the stadiums.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethics in hidden marketing on behavior loyalty and brand equity of professional football clubs in Iran. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of how data is collected; research is descriptive and is in terms of the nature of the correlation. The statistical population consisted of all supporters of three teams of Khuzestan superiority league. Due to the uncertainty, the sample size was considered to be 384 according to the Cochran formula. Behavior loyalty questionnaire (Fattahi, 2016), consistency with brand (Mokhtari, 2015) and hidden ethics questionnaire were used to collect information. The formal and content validity of the sample was confirmed by sport management specialists. Based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the loyalty questionnaire (0.94), consistency (0.96) and ethics (0.96) were obtained. The structural equation test has been used to analyze the findings. All data was analyzed using the statistical software package Social Sciences 22 and PLS version 2 software. Findings indicate that ethics in hidden marketing has affected brand loyalty and brand equity and all of the indexes of the model have appropriate fit. Therefore, marketing managers of football clubs should observe ethical marketing principles and must take measures to increase the loyalty and consistency of their club brand and provide the conditions for the supporters of these clubs as their constant supporters are the main sum of the clubs concerned.

In addition of routine and main issues of students within high education system, there are many opportunities like as leisure times which play a key role on improving the educational environments. Hence, present study has been designed with purpose of exploring these opportunities among students with emphasized on sport activities in order to leads to happiness in high education system.

Number of 505 students (289 girls and 216 boys) from 13290 students of University of Mazandaran selected as sample by Morgan Table and they responded to research made questionnaire of 30 items. Its validity confirmed through 20 experts and its reliability calculated 0.87 by Cronbach’s Alpha.

Results of λ2 showed that students mainly activated significantly (sig= .001) with computer activities (λ2= 8.87), sport (λ2= 8.23), and hearing music (λ2= 8.01). Moreover, students reported that they are relative satisfied from sport facilities (t= 3.36; sig= .001), but they scored weakly to setting up the sport events in leisure times.

Based on these findings should be stated that government university’s students were more satisfied for university’s sport program and regarding to computer activities among students we suggested that sport program will present attractively via site and software programs.

self-talk and feedbacks are of psychological interventions that with motivation can be effective on motor performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motivational self-talk and positive feedback on the performance of static balance task students 12-13 years.

Sixty students were selected from Qazvin and to Stork test (standing on one leg) received training. Then they underwent a pre-test and divided to three motivational self-talk, positive feedback and control groups. Participants in the experimental groups, after performing pre-test, psychological intervention were its own. To analyze the data and differences between groups, Kruskal-Wallis test and the Wilcoxon test to compare pre-test and post-test each group at a significant level of p<0.05 used.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between groups in the pre-test (p≥0/05), but ,motivational self-talk and positive feedback group have significant difference than control group in the post-test. In the other hand, they have better performance than the control group (p = 0.003). Furthermore, result showed that there both motivational self-talk (p = 0.001) and positive feedback (p = 0.000) lead to significant increment in student’s static balance.

This study showed that motivational self-talk and positive feedbacks are, as effective ways they can improve the static balance. Therefore, it is suggested that educators and others involved in the exercise use both psychological interventions in this study to progress in the static balance.

Background & Purpose:

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived physical fitness and perceived body image in active and non-active women.

Two active and non-active groups (age range between 20 till 30 years) were selected randomly. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the perceived physical fitness Scale Abadei (muscle endurance, power, and flexibility) and the Silhouette figure rating.

The results of the Spearman correlation test showed that the body composition and BMI had significant relation with perceived body image. But there was no significant relation between perceived body image and perceived physical fitness in active and non-active women, and so the perceived body image had no significant relation with the perception of this three physiologic components (muscle endurance, power, and flexibility).

This results displayed that the perceived body image cannot predict the perception of this three physiologic components. Therefore, the perceived body image isn’t an affective variable to increase the motivation to improve the muscle endurance, power, and flexibility.

Background and Purpose:

The organizational performance has become one of the most interesting and attractive topics. This study aimed to investigate the impact of strategic orientation and organizational innovation on the organizational performance of Sports Delegations.

The research method of this paper is the descriptive-correlation type two-variable. The studied population included all employees of the Sports Delegations (N=300), that 230 persons were selected as samples. The data collecting are: strategic orientation Scott J, Organizational innovation Jimenez, and organizational performance Hersey and Goldsmith. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-22 and LISREL8 / 80 software.

The results of analysis on the structural equation model showed all paths (hypotheses) were confirmed with high confidence. The results of analyses on the structural equation model showed that the highest impact was about the relationship between innovation and organizational performance of staffs and chiefs (0.54). The Strategic orientation also had a strong impact on organizational performance (0.52). This research showed that the strategic orientation of the (0.38) was effective on organizational innovation. strategic orientation through innovation with a coefficient of 0.72 has a significant effect on organizational performance, which is more than its direct effect, and confirms our hypothesis.

It seems that organizations which have a particular strategic orientation are able to precisely identify weakness and strengths of interior and exterior environment of the organization and therefore they enable the employees to show more innovation, and as a result Organizational performance improves in the optimal way and will result in customer satisfaction

Purpose background:

Social capital is a structure that, through expansion of social networks, building trust, and creation of norms, assists an individual to achieve their goals. The highest goal of national team athletes is athletic achievement. Hence, the current study aims to investigate the relationship of social capital of Iran national canoe polo team with athletic achievement.

The type of this study is descriptive-correlational. The subjects of this study are all the athletes of Iran national canoe polo team in 2014, including 22 individuals (8 men and 14 women). The research tool is a researcher-made sports social capital questionnaire with three main dimensions: trust, norms, and network. The reliability of the questionnaire was approved using Confirmatory factor analysis and sequential Theta coefficient (0.93). To answer research questions, Bayesian analysis was used.

the estimated model of all the routes of social capital, trust and its features, social norms and social networks, are related with the success rate. No significant difference was observed in social capital and any of its dimensions, between the female and male athletes of Iran national canoe polo team (0.0776≥0.05).

Social capital is related with the athletic achievement. It is suggested that in terms of cultural policy with emphasis on Educational and cultural subheadings, Planned for upgrade the level of social capital of athletes.

Introduction and purpose:

Psychological interventions and mental skills training can improve the performance of the players. This study purpose was compared the effectiveness of two types of educational and motivational self- talking, as effective mental skills in optimizing performance, on vertical ground reaction force.

24 men’s basketball players with average age 4± 22 years with at least five years of experience in the sport of basketball were selected using available sampling. In this study, each subject did three rebound of basketball on the force meters. Participants were used from one of three educational and motivational self–talking and non-self-talking in each rebound.

Results indicated subjects who used motivational self-talking did significantly better performance than non-self-talking. Also, results showed that there was no significant difference between using of educational self-talking and non- self-talking.

use of motivational self-talking in order to improve of performance skills that require vertical ground reaction force, is useful and superior on educational self-talking.

Physical activities can increase life expectancy and cause happiness, relationship with others, participation in collective activities, and prevent isolation and boredom. The aim of the present study is to investigate obstacles of participation in physical activities and exercise among the disabled of Kermanshah Province.

the population of the present study included all the disabled in Kermanshah Province. Among the population, 379 participants were selected using multistage stratified random sampling method. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire (the questionnaire of obstacles of participation in physical activities for the disabled). The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by five professors of the Department of Sport Management (CVI=0.91). to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted on 30 participants and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients was obtained for personal, structural, technical, basic, and sociocultural obstacles as 0.83 to 0.93. Regarding the fact that Cronbach’s alpha coefficients are bigger than the standard value as 0.70.

results obtained from exploratory factor analysis results in identification of five personal, structural, technical, basic, and sociocultural obstacles. Findings also indicated that among these five factors, personal obstacle was considered as the most important (T=11.58** x2=0.81) and sociocultural obstacles as the least significant factor (T=4.95 **** x2=0.30) among the obstacles.

the disabled in Kermanshah Province considered most obstacles in relation with personal obstacles. Supportive approaches for the disabled should be comprehensive in their participation in physical activities, and they should not be limited to physical and ergonomic structures.

Introduction and aim:

Choosing the most appropriate method and the way of teaching of physical education is one of the most important topics in the field of physical education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the methods and teaching status of physical education in different domains of teaching physical education in primary schools.

Of the statistical population, including physical education teachers, administrators and education experts in physical education, 114, 105, 265, and 11 people by stratified cluster random sampling were respectively selected as samples. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis one-sample signal, and one-sample t were used for data analysis.

The results showed that current methods of teaching physical education in elementary schools were further practice and order methods. As well as, implementation of swimming and gymnastics ministerial projects, role of the media and parents in implementing physical education course and teaching the principals related to skeletal deformities and students’ sports nutrition were unfavourable.

According to research findings, in-service training courses should be designed to increase the knowledge of physical education teachers in setting different teaching methods and their application in different conditions. and provide serious planning and supervision for the implementation of the ministerial projects of swimming and gymnastics. it emphasizes the importance of the role of the media and parents and the training of the principles related to skeletal malformations and sports nutrition in lesson of physical education hours of students.Key words: Teaching method of physical education, Cognitive domain, Emotional domain, Psycho-motor domain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity & reliability of Persian Version The Coaching Efficacy Scale-2. For this purpose, 250 men and women Coachs in three skills level from tow filed (team sport and individual) girls were chosen by Purposeful sampling and completed the Scale. At first data was confirmed with use of translation- retranslation, face validity and translation accuracy methods. For scale construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis and for scale's internal constancy and also infraclass correlations coefficient temporal stability, Cranach alpha coefficient was used. The results show that the model fit index (RMSEA, 0.055; CFI, 0.95 & TLI, 0.94), Internal consistency (Motivation 0.85, Game Strategy 0.85, Technique 0.79, Character building 0.85 and Physical conditioning 0.86 and the total scale 0.79) and temporal stability (Motivation 0.81, Game Strategy 0.79, Technique 0.79, Character building 0.83, Physical conditioning 0.78 and the total scale 0.79) showed Persian Version the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2 have good ralibilitay and validity.These findings indicated good validity and reliability for the Persian version of the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2. Therefore, the Persian Version the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2 can be employed as a tool to study and evaluate the Efficacy of Iranian men and women Coachs.

Marketing and keeping the customer is important for sport clubs. So this research has investigated presentation of structural equations modeling of the impact of service quality and perceived value on word of mouth advertisings of customers in the sport clubs in Sanandaj city.

This study was correlation and in terms of results was practical and method of data collection was field study. The tools were service quality questionnaire by China Liu (2008), perceived value Avlaga and Eggert (2002) and word of mouth advertisings by Kim (2008).Validity and reliability of questionnaire obtained in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha test, 0.84, 0.82 and 0.74, respectively. Population of this study consists of male and female customers in sport clubs of Sanandaj. Data analysis using structural equation modeling was done at the significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that the direct impact of service quality on word of mouth advertising was 0/54. In the sense that for a unit changes in the service quality the change of customer word of mouth advertising will be 0.54. As well as the direct impact of perceived value variable on word of mouth advertisings was 0.43, and direct impact of service quality on word of mouth advertising through customer's perceived value was 0.93.

Based on the results, service quality and perceived value has affected on word of mouth advertising of customers in Sanandaj sport clubs. It is recommended that in order to strengthen customer’s word of mouth advertising provided quality services and perceived value an optimal level. Also fitting indicators showed that data were fitted well with the model.

Background & Purpose:

Tourism is becoming the world's first profitable industry and sports tourism as it has become complementary. The purpose of this study was Identify and prioritize the factors push, attracting and deterrence from the perspective of Sports Experts and tourism Esfahan province.

The method of this research was descriptive-survey. Statistical population included all managers and management experts, PE (116 People) and the Department of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (63) were (N =179). Measurement tools in the study for gathering data was researcher made questionnaires of individual characteristics, and also researcher made questionnaire included three sections (factors push, attracting, deterrence) that questionnaire's reliability was approved respectively (0/84) By Cronbach's alpha. Their validity was calculated through factor analysis. In order for analysis the data, in addition to the indexes of descriptive inferential statistics such as) Component’s Analysis Varimax, t-test, Friedman test (were used.

the Results showed that, The most important push factors include Relax, relieve fatigue and refresh the body and mind and The most important factors in attracting there vistas and spectacular landscapes And the most important factors in preventing No serious activity to increase people's understanding of tourism and increased their participation in the field.

According to the study, sport and tourism authorities recommended while strengthen and develop the factors push and remove barriers, than Factors attractive to the sports tourism surpassed more in the Isfahan province.

Introduction and Purpose:

The main focus of water sports is on social values ​​such as improved quality of life, the importance of physical and mental health, satisfying personal needs, entertainment, and motive. The purpose of study was detection and priorities of motivations of women’s participation in recreational water sports.

TheStatistical populations consist of the study included all women of Khorasan Razavi Province that participated in recreational water sports. In this study, 283 people of women Khorasan Razavi Province from 4000 people were selected using random cluster as statistical sample. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Content and face validity of instrument was confirmed by 10 people of expert university professors. After the survey content validity was used exploratory factor analysis to check the structural validity. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0/890). For certainty of normal distribution of data K-S test and Friedman test for priories of means, were applied.

Result showed pleasure and relaxation motive is the most important motive for women’s participation in recreational water sports and supremacy motive is unimportant motive for women’s participation in recreational water sports.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Therefore suggests planners of public sports and recreation and women’s sport organizations focus on these factors that lead to extension of women’s participation in recreational water sports to benefit from its advantages.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of learning and transfer of asymmetric bimanual complex tasks in combination of features of speed, gravity and amplitude. The instruments used in this study included pen Mouse, laptop, special glove and metronome. The subjects of the research were eight grade, right-handed students (mean age, 14.2±0.13) of Shahid Ebrahimi school of Ahvaz, who had no familiarity with desired skill. The subjects voluntarily participated in the study and randomly and evenly into three groups, the first group(n=10), second group(n=10) and the third group(n=10). Three test groups have performed the asymmetric bimanual task in two ways difficult task with the dominant hand (training task) as well as a difficult task with non-dominant hand (transfer task), in pre-test and post-test. The movement patterns of two hands were different from each other in movement features (first group: direction and velocity pattern, second group: velocity pattern and effect of gravity, third group: amplitude and effect of gravity). Each of the test groups after the practice run for three days and then tests were performed. The results showed that in first group, transfer to vice versa pattern is positive. However, in second group, there is a positive transition and the transition is zero, and in third group, transfer to vice versa pattern is negative. Seems interpretations that are made on the basis of the hierarchical theory should be considered more than two levels of control bimanual movements, In other words, different levels of difficulty of the task.

Attempting to improve the effective and efficient usage of various resources and facilities such as labor, capital, energy, plants, equipments of the mission, management and main purpose of organizations and institutions’ managers. F It is a descriptive- comparative research. In terms of purpose, it is applied, while in terms of the data collection methodology, it is of the field study type. The statistical sample is consisted of 19547 students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 1392-93 of whom 385 individuals were selected as the research representatives according to Morgan table and simple random sampling method. In order to perform data collection, two questionnaires were used, i.e. the investigation of the features of workers sports facilities standard questionnaire (1388) and the description of the productivity status of workers sports facilities (1388). Descriptive statistical tests such as mean, standard deviation and mean score were used in order to analyze the research data, while Friedman statistical test was used for ranking the variables. Results showed that in general, the Ferdowsi University’s gyms, cafes and spectators’ seats had the highest ranks in comparison with other features. In addition, the conditions of parquets, surfaces and walls had the lowest mean ranking. In terms of productivity, results indicated that the best and the weakest conditions are the labor productivity and the users’ facilities productivity, respectively. According to the number of the students of this university,