نشریه سلامت کار ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Lighting directly and indirectly affects employeeschr('39') mental health and their performance. Good lighting is required for good visibility of the environment and should provide a luminous environment that is human-friendly and appropriate for the visual task performed. Optimal lighting is one of the most important issues in providing the physical conditions of different places, especially the workplace. Lighting can provide comfortable working conditions, especially visual comfort. Life on Earth cannot be imagined without light. Defects in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of lighting in the workplace can cause visual discomfort and reduce the productivity and efficiency of an individual. Therefore, monitoring the intensity of brightness and color temperature of light is essential to maintain and enhance the health of employees. The quantity and quality of lighting can also affect onechr('39')s mental health. For example, one of the factors associated with depression is the defect in the quantity and quality of ambient lighting. Correlated color temperatures (CCT) of light play an important role in human psychological and physiological needs. In regards of human perception, two of the most important characteristics of lights are illumination and correlated color temperature (CCT). studies have proven that different CCT provided by different lighting are important in affecting human beings psychologically and physiologically, through their visual and non-visual processes.. According to European standard EN 12665, visual comfort is defined as a personchr('39')s mental well-being in the workplace. Studies on lighting in industrial environments have been conducted more frequently and public and office environments have received less attention. CCT is found to have effects on visual and mental fatigue. The right selection of CCT in an office environment will benefit its occupants in terms of visual comfort and reduction of daytime sleepiness. Studies have shown that insufficient and uncomfortable lightning conditions in office environments increase the risk of visual and ergonomic disorders in long term. The aim of this study was to evaluate the illumination and color temperature and its relationship with visual comfort in administrative staff in Hamadan city (west of Iran).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 rooms and among 70 staff of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and random sampling. In this study, the intensity of illumination at the work surface and at the height of the individual eye The intensity of the local illumination at the work surface and at the level of the individual eye level was measured at the userchr('39')s point of view and the angles and distances were accurately observed and measured with the presence of the user in the presence of semiconductors or other factors. Also intensity of the general lighting based on the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) in terms of lux and color temperature of light source in terms of Kelvin at the work surface using new device Sekonic C-7000 SpectroMaster was measured. The device is capable of simultaneously measuring brightness intensity (Kendel / lux), color temperature, color expression index and wavelength. The device has an accuracy of over 1 nm. Visual comfort of visual display terminal users was assessed using visual fatigue questionnaire. Visual fatigue questionnaire with15 items and four components of eye stress, visual impairment, eye surface disorder and extra ocular problems was used for this purpose. This questionnaire is rated on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10 and none to very severe.

The results showed that the mean age of the staff was 42.18± 7.46 years with a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 62 years. In this study, the average general illumination intensity of the studied rooms was 437.57 ±116 and the average local illumination intensity was 341.16±109 and 307.13±195 respectively. Also, the intensity of illumination, general, local level at work and perpendicular were 30.6%, 33.9% and 38.4% lower than the national occupational health limits. The average color temperature during the working shift in 56% of the rooms was more than 4000 °K. The frequency of low and high visual fatigue score was 61.4% and 38.6% respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between brightness intensity and visual fatigue of the staff during the study. The results of the study showed that people with room temperature below 4000 ° C had higher frequency of visual fatigue in these subjects. Chi-square test confirmed the relationship between the intensity of local illumination and visual fatigue of the subjects (p <0.05). The distribution of brightness intensity at most of the surfaces of the investigated environments was largely uneven (less than 0.6). Finally, the incidence of visual fatigue expressed by staff has been considerable.

local and general luminance was lower than the Iranian occupational exposure limit and it had not a suitable condition in term of quality and quantity. Light intensity distribution in office rooms was undesirable. The results of this study showed a significant relationship between artificial lighting and color temperature with visual fatigue. The results showed that in rooms which more hours of artificial lighting was used in the workplace and had less natural light, participants suffered visual fatigue. In rooms where the color temperature was close to that of the sun, people had less visual fatigue. Causes of poor quality of light are insufficient number of light sources as well as the use of cold light fluorescent lamps and inappropriate color temperature of some lights and even the color of interior surfaces and angles of the individual desk relative to the window and the use of dark curtains It indicates that in designing lighting and environmental factors related to the office environment, the quantity and quality of light sources and environmental factors influencing the proper lighting and visibility of people were less considered Defects in artificial light intensity and color temperature of the sources affect the visual acuity of the administrative staff and increase the visual fatigue of the employees. According to the Study the modification of lighting systems and training of Staff in order to prevent the visual disturbances associated with it, while improving the artificial lighting system of these places.

Boredom is a psychological phenomenon which is caused by many factors and it can be accompanied by undesirable effects such as reduction of professional performance. Boredom in the workplace leads to a decrease in job satisfaction and performance, and ultimately leads to a reduction in production and increase in costs of the organization. Boredom is marked by tiredness, nullity, sense of frustration with emptiness, being bored and uninterested, not interacting with a current event or situation. Most employees who are prone to boredom often experience monotony patterns in their working lives and these people are probably less self-sufficient and less enthusiastic about their work than their colleagues. Being physically present but without the motivation and not using their ability of the workplace is both costly for the organization and harmful to the health of employees. There are many factors contributing to boredom, such as mismatch between employees and work, repetitive and monotony work, feelings of job insecurity, lack of emotion, increasing levels of education and skills of employees over the job’s needs and their role in the workplace. Boredom has a long history in organizational research and has been extensively discussed in academic literature on the expenses associated with individuals and organizations and the evidence shows that it is associated with negative individual and organizational outcomes. Almost all people experience boredom at different times, regardless of the nature of the work. This phenomenon may have an impact at all levels of each organization across different countries. Although empirical evidence shows that the incidence of boredom is widespread, studies in this field have been neglected today. In Iran, there is no reliable tool to measure Boredom in employees. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Dutch Boredom Scale Questionnaire (DUBS) in the employees of Iranian University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 588 employees of Iran University of Medical Sciences during 2013-2014. Given the number of employees in the university affiliated units by proportional allocation method. At first, the number of employees required for the study was determined in each unit, and then, through available sampling, individuals were selected and included in the study. In this study, two-part questionnaire was used to collect data, the first part of which was related to demographic information and the second part of the questionnaire is consisted of 8 questions presented by Reijger et al. A 5-point Likert scale with very disagree to strongly agree (one to five points) was used therefore boredom score will differentiate between 8 to 40). The questionnaire was translated from English to Persian by using the standard back – translation method. The English version of the questionnaire was translated by two translators from English to Persian; then the Persian version was obtained by comparing and compiling the two versions. Next, the back translation was performed in such a way that the re-translation of the English version was corrected by two content specialists who were not shown the original questionnaires. Finally, the questionnaires were edited and finalized. Face validity was used by 13 experts who all experts approved the face validity questionnaire. Content validity was also used by 13 experts in the fields of epidemiology, health education, statistics, occupational health and psychology. Content validity, simplicity, clarity, importance, validity and necessity of the questionnaire questions were studied separately using a questionnaire. The simplicity and clarity of each of the 8 questions were confirmed by experts and the content validity indexes (CVI) and relative content validity coefficients (CVRs) were evaluated. The test-retest method was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire by IntraClass Correlation (ICC). The ICC was calculated by completing the questionnaire in two stages with two weeks interval from 30 people who were available. In order to analyze the data, descriptive methods including frequency distribution tables and descriptive indices were used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the quantitative data and it was observed that the distribution of data was not normal.  Therefore, Spearman correlation coefficient, nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 22) and AMOS (version 24).

The results showed that 57% of the participants were female and their mean age was 35.72(±9. 18) years. More than half of the employees were married (68.4%) and 62.2% were Contract employees. The CVR Index for all questions was higher than the value in the Lawshe (0.54 for 13 expert). The CVI Index was calculated for all 8 questions and the mean was more than 0.8, so the questionnaire has good content validity. The test-retest method was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.87 for the whole instrument that the questionnaire has a good reliability. Kaiser-Meier-Oklin was 0.846, which indicated that the data of this study were sufficient. Also, the Bartlettchr('39')s Spearmanchr('39')s for Sphericity (1430.71; p <0.001) showed that the correlation matrix of the data in the study population is not zero, so the factor analysis is justifiable. In this study, varimax rotation method was used to investigate the principal components. Finally, according to Cattell diagram slope, eigenvalues and percent of variance explained by each factor, valuable components were extracted using principal component analysis method. Questions 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were covered by factor 1 (Cronbachchr('39')s alpha =0.81) and questions 3, 7 and 8 were covered by factor 2 (Cronbachchr('39')s alpha = 0.64). In order to confirm the structure of factors of the questionnaire, the confirmatory factor analysis model was drawn in AMOS software and analyzed by model fit indices. The indices of final confirmatory factor analysis including RMSEA, CFI, IFI, NFI, AGF, GFI, X2 / df, DF were obtained as 0.054, 0.98, 0.98, 0.97, 0.96, 0.98, 2.71, 15, respectively. To confirm the suitability of these indices, confirmatory factor analysis of this study was approved. The mean score of boredom was slightly different in the men and women (mean = 16.6 for women and 16.5 for men), which was not statistically significant by Mann Whitney test (p= 0.893). Also, Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was no significant difference between age, type of employment and years of service with boredom score (p> 0.05). The results show that the mean score of boredom in single staff was higher than married (p= 0.019). In level of education, the lowest mean level of boredom among employees with a masterchr('39')s degree and higher was also statistically significant (p= 0.016) compared to the average boredom in employees with lower degrees. Among the four occupations, the highest mean score of boredom was observed among service staff (17.15) and the lowest mean among educational-research staff (15.03) (p = 0.043). The mean CVI index for all items was 0.91 and the CVR index for items varied between 0.69 and 1.00 which indicated the validity of the questionnaire was acceptable. Using exploratory factor analysis, two factors were extracted and confirmed by fitting factor analysis. Correlation coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.89 and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha for the whole instrument was 0.823. In exploratory factor analysis, two individual factors with 5 items and environmental factor with 3 items were obtained.

The results showed that the version of the DUBS scale had good psychometric properties for evaluation of Boredom at work in the employees of Iran University of Medical Sciences and could be used by Iranian researchers and experts in related fields.

Nurses are the most important support of treatment that is responsible for important tasks such as the patientchr('39')s psychological and physical care. Due to the working conditions of nurses, the occurrence of physical and mental disorders of nurses plays an important role. Quality of work life is one of the most important issues in any organization that is the key to the success of any organization. Quality of work life was first highlighted with emphasis on different aspects of work and productivity of the organization. The quality of working life describes employee satisfaction in a safe environment with regard to promotion of the organization. Quality of Work Life, as a comprehensive program, is dedicated to enhancing the satisfaction and improvement of the quality of life of employees in the workplace, as it is a vital element in recruiting, retaining and enhancing the quality of human resources of any organization. Nurses are one of the most important pillars of the health care sector, which, depending on their occupational status, are responsible for important tasks such as mental and physical care of the patient. These activities play a significant role in the development of physical and mental disorders in the case of non-compliance with the principles of safety, tranquility and work welfare. Another major problem for nurses is high workload, which affects their attention capacity and increases medical errors. Several studies have shown that high workload can compromise the quality and safety of patient care, increase medical errors, increase the length of hospital stay, and ultimately reduce quality of service. High workload is highly correlated with poor quality of care and is one of the most important causes of stress in nurses. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of work life of nurses working in Kermanshah educational hospitals with their perception and evaluation of workload.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 873 nurses in Kermanshah educational hospitals in 2017. The stratified random sampling was performed according to the sample size and the number of nurses employed in each hospital. Nurses working in each hospital were selected by random sampling. Demographic data, Darren Van Laar Quality of Work Life Questionnaire and NASA TLX Workload Questionnaire were used for data collection. Generalized questionnaire designed to collect demographic data including sections of age, sex, marital status, work sector, work experience, average number of shifts per month, average number of patients per shift, and number of overtime hours per month. The validity and reliability of the NASA-TLX Questionnaire for the Iranian population were assessed by Mazloomi et al. and its Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was estimated to be 0.897. NASA-TLX is a multidimensional method that provides a total score of workload based on the weighted average of six subscales of mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration. This method has high validity and general acceptance and can be used to identify sources with high workload. Mean scores below 50 are considered acceptable and the score above 50 is considered as high. The Daren van Laar Quality of Life Questionnaire is a multidimensional tool for assessing the quality of work life that was designed and used in 2007 to assess the quality of work life in the health sector. The Darren Van Lar Questionnaire is a reliable and reliable tool for assessing the quality of work life in the health sector. The questionnaire consisted of 24 5-point Likert scale questions (5-1) with 5 indicating "strongly agree" and 1 indicating "strongly disagree" and 6 factors including job satisfaction, working conditions, general health status. , Examines work-home communication, stress at work, and control at work. SPSS 18 software and Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher exact test were used for data analysis.

The mean age of participants was 32.44 5 5.88 years. 40.5% of the sample were men and 59.5% were women. Significant relationship was observed between all dimensions of workload (p <0.05). There was a relationship between general status dimension with all dimensions of workload (p <0.05) except performance and efficiency (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between overall quality of life with time dimension (p = 0.027), effort (p = 0.046), and frustration (p = 0.015), but between overall quality of work life and subscales. There was no significant relationship between mental and mental load (p = 0.17), physical load (p = 0.181) and performance and efficiency (p = 0.852). There was no significant relationship between the overall quality of life of nurses with the number of shifts (p = 0.107) and the number of patients per shift (p = 0.618). There was a significant relationship between nurseschr('39') overall quality of life and overtime (p = 0.001). Based on Fisher exact test results, there was no significant relationship between gender and marital status with overall quality of life of nurses. There was a significant relationship between the quality of life and the hospital ward studied, with the lowest quality of work life in the surgical ward and the highest quality of work life in the pediatric ward.

According to the results of this study, the effect of workload on decreasing the quality of working life, adopting measures to improve the quality of working life, removing the underlying factors, preventing, treating and training appropriate coping methods and skills, and Communication is one of the current essentials of health policy making in such environments. It also identifies the role and impact of management and supervisors on effective interventions to improve the quality of work and work life, and further studies are suggested to identify other factors affecting the quality of life and work.

Many efforts have been made to use chemical components as weapons throughout history until the Germans first employed chlorine gas cylinders in April 1915 at Ypres Belgium against French and Canadian soldiers. Leaving 5,000 dead and 15,000 injured, it was the first practical application of chemical agents. The Geneva Protocol in June 1925, which was an attempt to prevent the use of chemical agents in the war, was not very successful and since 1945, chemical weapons have been utilized frequently in wars. One of the most substantial cases in this regard ocurred during the war that Iraq imposed on Iran. The toxic gases employed in the killings were reported to be of three types including Mustard gas, nerve gas, and cyanide gas; the latter killed many Halabja residents. Because as soon as it is inhaled (2 or 3 respirations), it can cause the blood's capability to absorb oxygen, which gradually spoils the blood, causing overall toxicity in the body. That is why these compounds are named blood agents in the military. These compounds consist of Hydrogen Cyanide (AC), Cyanogen Chloride (CK) and Cyanogen Bromide (CB). Failing to take proper defensive measures after the emission of these gases can irreversibly damage the health of the affected citizens. The current study reviewed the scenario of releasing cyanogen agents on the population of the suburbs of the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant in chemical attacks, whose results can be utilized in the emergency response program.

After analyzing the spectral properties of chemicals known as combat gases by various sources such as database software, Persian and English websites and copious books, the cyanogen group, including cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide, were chosen from amongst the mentioned compounds due to releasing the extremely flammable and toxic cyanide ions and hydrogen cyanide. Then, their toxicity effects were modeled and determined by Emergency Response Planning Guides (ERPGs) and Alternative Criteria (STEL, IDLH) for both high- and low-density combustible materials through Baker method using PHAST, ALOHA, and WISER software.

The investigation of the effect of AC gas vapor diffusion revealed that these vapors created clouds over a range of 15 to 133 m from the diffusion point (flammability range). If the cloud exploded in low-density environments as a result of firing a gun or electric spark, a hot flash pressure would be formed, the impact wave of which could dealt with severe structural damages, including the skewing of buildings over a radius of 2449.7 m. In this situation, deaths caused by direct and indirect injuries due to the exposure to the pressure for up to 40 m were below 1% and 25%, respectively. If the explosion occurred in high-density environments, it would produce a detonation explosion that could create a shock tilting the still structure of buildings up to a radius of 2028 meters. In this case, the death resulting from direct and indirect damages caused by exposure to pressure up to 84 meters, would be 100%. Consequently, as the distance increased, the pressure would decrease to the amount that at a distance of 334 m, the pressure (0.1 to 0.8 bar) would cause the tearing of the eardrum of the exposed persons by 1 to 90%. Modeling results of AC emission proved that the equivalent toxic dose based on ERPG-3 was at 3267 m distance downwind. Everyone at this distance could be exposed to AC gas for an hour without being affected by harm preventing them from taking safety measures, such as wearing individual protective equipment. Modeling the results of cyanogen chloride (CK) and cyanogen bromide (CB) emission revealed that CK in the orange threat zone (0.05 ppm) would extend by 10 km based on ERPG-2 criterion, and red threat zone (4 ppm) would extend up by 7.8 km downwind based on ERPG-3 criterion. In the stable D class, the orange threat zone would increase by more than 10 km and the red threat zone would increase by 5.4 km downwind. Moreover, in the event of a cyanogen bromide leak, the immediate response to isolate the leakage or leakage area in all directions was at least 50 m (150 feet) for liquids and 25 m (75 feet) for solids. The results of AC gas toxicity emission modeling using PHAST software based on alternative criteria revealed that concentration values based on alternative indices (IDLH and STEL) for distances close to the site of chemical spillage (bomb explosion containing AC gas) remained constant over the 900 to 1800 s period. Given the modeling of the instantaneous emission scenario, it is reasonable for the concentration values to be constant over time. The reason behind was that a large portion of the material was released into the surrounding environment in a short period, and its dilution happened slowly. Comparison of the Detonation Explosion Results Using the Baker Computation Model For the nearest (Halileh) and the farthest (harbor) locations, at 424 and 1382 m distances, respectively, from the power plant, it was confirmed that damage caused by explosion at distances close to the power plant, where constructions still happen, resulted in direct death of 10 to 50%, and indirect death of 25% to 50% of the individuals. Whereas, the blast impact was reduced to 154.6 ns / m2, equal to 0.02 Bar, for farther distances. As a result, at distances away from the power plant, detonation explosions, such as hot flashes, would not lead to any serious damages to buildings or individuals because of reduced flame speed and wave density. Comparison of the Modeling Results of CK and AC Gas emission against time revealed that The village of Helileh faced the greatest risk. Because at the initial stages of chemical spillage, both software reported relatively close results in reaching substantial CK and AC densities within a short period.According to the criteria used for evaluating the toxic effects, based on the ERPG-2 criterion, which indicated a rather low maximum allowable level for one hour of exposure to other gases, only 2 or 3 inhalations of these agents are enough to kill a human. Moreover, the concentration results, according to the IDLH and STEL (Alternative criteria) at distances near the chemical spillage spot, the necessity of quick response, particularly for areas close to the gas release center was highlighted. It can be concluded that the scheduling regarding taking defensive measures afforded by PHAST was more rational than that of ALOHA. Comparing the results collected through the ALOHA and PHAST software based on the outcome evaluation criteria of the toxic impacts revealed that in high F / D atmospheric conditions (ERPG3) the PHAST software provided relatively close results. While for lower concentrations (ERPG2) with comparable atmospheric conditions, ALOHA also submitted very similar outcomes. Accordingly, a comparison of the results based on the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines criteria suggested that the PHAST software yielded more valid results than ALOHA over longer distances at a stable (F) and relatively stable (D) atmospheric conditions; that is, PHAST software was more capable of delivering accurate results at lower concentrations than ALOHA software. Comparing WISER with ALOHA and PHAST models based on computational speed unveiled that modeling using ALOHA and PHAST software necessitates correct information such as the release type, ambient temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and degree of stability. The above steps are suitable for outcome evaluation in places where the likelihood of an incident is predicted. But for other events, owing to the time insufficiency to obtain the mentioned information and the need for quick reaction, WISER would provide information regarding the protection period, which is within the first 30 minutes of chemical spillage, quickly and easily on mobile devices, tablets, and mobile communication terminals online and offline.

The results of the current research regarding a 10-ton AC vapor cloud explosion indicated that the distance of 3768 m from the power plant can be regarded as safe from the intrinsic hazard of flammable vapor cloud explosion (VCE), regardless of the type of flammable material - considering the mass of 4 g defined for AC explosion and its maximum flammability, which also covers the risk range of VCE incident scenarios with fewer volumes and flammability - to the environment. Furthermore, considering the permitted exposure limits to CK and AC gases based on the results achieved in the current study, and the inadequacy of ALOHA software to the present results at low concentrations (ERPG-2), it was recommended that the farthest distance obtained using the PHAST software and the ERPG-2 criterion, which is determined based on not dealing serious or irreversible damages, should be considered in emergency planning. The limitation of the present study can be attributed to the shortage of access to information on vital (critical and delicate) sites because of their confidentiality. It is, consequently, necessary for the proper experts to examine the effects of the pressure wave and impact of the explosion of various volumes of combat gases on the actual resistance of buildings in those sites to eventually reach the required preparations to deal with possible emergencies in advance.

Absent-mindedness of drivers is one of the important cause of traffic crashes. Nowadays using of mobile phones during driving have been spread increasingly and this can disturb the attention of drivers and affect the driving performances. This study aimed to determine the effect of reading and texting of message on driving performance and mental workload of young drivers.

40 young drivers (20 males & 20 females) with the average age of 25 years were studied in a driving simulator. The scenario was driving in middle line of a three-lined highway and responsions to visual stimulus of a Peripheral Detection Task. Drivers were obligated to drive in this highway with two conditions, one in usual condition and one in condition that they were busy with receiving, reading and texting the short messages. The lateral deviation of vehicle and PDT reaction time were used to record the driving performances. And the Integrated Workload Scale was used at the end of each trial for measuring of mental workload.

The average amount of lateral deviation of vehicle. Reaction time and IWS were 26.68 cm, 502.13 ms and 2.02 respectively in usual driving trial, And were 53.04 cm, 652.12 ms and 6 respectively in driving trial with reading and texting the messages. The difference amounts of lateral deviation of vehicle, reaction time and IWS variables were statistically significant (P-value=0.000) based on paired-samples t test and Wilcoxon test in usual and with reading-texting driving trials. Moreover no statistically significant differences were seen in amounts of lateral deviation, reaction time and IWS between males and females.

This study showed that the reading and texting the short message during driving can cause both significant decrease of driving performances and increase of mental workload. Accordingly more attention to consequences of using mobile phone during driving is necessary.

Sustainable development requires economic, social and environmental stability. Considering the economic aspects of air pollution solutions, encompassing some advantages that should not be overlooked against costly and restrictive rules. Filtration system has a great importance among other air pollution control systems. In addition to the non-refundable costs and high costs of design, installation, operation & maintenance of pollution control systems make the selection process more complicated for managers as well as decision-makers. The Effective decision-making strategies are the key to addressing environmental challenges in managing and controlling air pollution. This study aimed to assess the air pollution issue based on the selection of appropriate control equipment considering economic, social and environmental criteria.

The aim of this investigation is to assess the new technologies on the basis of economical by using cost-benefit analysis. In this study profits, losses, important technical and engineering factors such as profit and cost of raw materials, design, consulting, human resources, and maintenance were considered in the design, installation and operation. This method helps the project managers in decision-making by choosing the best and most desirable options with a view to economic-executive considerations. Firstly, a primary list of modern control equipment for air pollution (gases and vapors) was prepared and evaluated by a team of experts. To find key technologies, should be assessed based on the cost-benefit criteria and the constituent elements of each option. The score of 1-3 to the elements related to the cost-benefit criteria of the selected technologies was assigned by linguistic variables. The economic value of new and common air pollution control equipment was determined by using relevant checklists based on linguistic variables. The profit-to-cost ratio and key technology ranking were derived and calculated from the cost-benefit criteria. High score will be top priorities.

The results of cost-benefit analysis in terms of new technologies ranking for gases and vapors showed that the selective catalytic reduction with a cost-benefit ratio of 1.39 was the most appropriate for the gas and vapor purification technology based on economic considerations.

Cost-benefit analysis is a useful tool for evaluating the environmental policy decision-making process. Economic evaluation of pollution treatment systems is necessary for the reduction of cost, social and health consequences. The results of new technologies ranking, for gases and vapors have priority selective catalytic reduction (chemical reactor), plasma chemistry, cold plasma, and carbon nano-filters consequently.Keywords: Air Pollution Control; New Technologies; Cost-Benefit; Prioritization IntroductionThe current economic system is unstable economically and environmentally. A new and sustainable economic model must be developed to achieve sustainable development. This economy should be based on new technologies for efficient pollution control using renewable energy sources, recycling and diversification of the transportation system with distance from fossil fuels, interactions and cooperation between the parent industry and contractors.MethodologyIn the present study, simple cost-benefit analysis tool (SCBAT) was used. The steps to perform the procedure are as follows:1. A primary list of modern control equipment for air pollution (gases and vapors) was provided.2. Evaluation of the initial list was done by the expert group and identification of key technologies.3. Cost-benefit criteria and the constituent elements of each option related to key technologies were identified and determined.4. Score of 3-1 was assigned to the cost-benefit elements of the technologies selected for the research by using linguistic variables (high = 3, medium = 2, low = 1, cost equivalent to control equipment).5. The economic value of new and common air purification control equipment was determined, using relevant checklists based on linguistic variables. The profit-to-cost ratio and key technology ranking derived from the profit-to-cost criteria were then calculated.6. Prioritization calculation: If the calculated number was greater than one, the benefit would be more than the cost, so it was considered as a high priority. If the calculated number was equal to one, the cost would be equal to the cost, so the prioritization was attentively determined. If the ratio was less than 1, the profit would be less than cost and it meant the cost-benefit field was currently in vain and this option was not prioritized. Air pollution control technology was classified and prioritized based on the obtained ranking.7. Priorities with higher scores will be top priorities.8. Accuracy and reliability of the Cost-Benefit Analysis Method refer to the experts’ accurate estimation of the costs and benefits of a project.According to the procedure, a list of modern control equipment for air pollutants (gases and vapors) was prepared by experts. The initial list was available for the panel of experts, including four technologies related to gases including plasma, plasma-chemical, selective catalytic reduction and carbon Nano filter. It was evaluated by experts. In the final checklist, selected key technologies were provided to the experts to determine profit and expenditure metrics, ratings and data collection. Then, the cost-benefit criteria and the elements of each option, considered by qualified and experienced companies’ designers and developers of the air purification technologies, were determined as well as ratings, and profit-to-cost ratios according to the proposed method. 

The results of new technologies of air pollutants treatment ranking after initial analysis were presented in table1. Table 1: Central indices, dispersion, and coefficient of variation related to the average cost-benefit index of gas and vapors treatment technologies.  Control Technologies Benefit Rank Average Cost Rank Average coefficient of variation Benefit coefficient of variation Cost Cost-benefit ratio Degree Cold Plasma 0.4 ± 2.23 0.5 ± 1.85 17% 27% 1.21 3 Chemistry Plasma 0.46 ± 2.23 0.53 ± 1.76 20% 30% 1.26 2 Selective Catalytic Reduction 0.42 ± 2.19 0.32 ± 1.57 19% 20% 1.39 1 Carbon Nano Filter 0.46 ± 2.24 0.47 ± 1.21 20% 38% 1.21 3   ConclusionCost-benefit analysis is a useful tool for assessing the beneficial effects of environmental policies. The benefits and costs of technical and engineering indicators of pollution control systems indicate the need of policies to reduce health and environmental consequences and increase economic benefits. The results of comparing the cost benefits of gas and vapor treatment technologies in the present study indicated the preference of selective catalytic reduction technology. The low cost in design, maintenance, training as well as environmental costs of the selective catalytic reduction process, have made it a top priority (coefficient of variation below 20%). The high coefficient of variation of the cost-benefit criterion in carbon Nano filter technology indicated the low use and lack of familiarity with the cost-benefit components of these technologies in design and manufacturing companies. Cold plasma technology seems to be a good alternative for the treatment of gases and chemical vapors in the future decade, instead of being only in the laboratory research and studies.

In the hot workplaces, the increase of body core temperature is induced in result of exposure to high air temperature and metabolism heating due to worker activity. Heat exposure can affect how well chemicals are absorbed into the body. Core temperature change can alter absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the toxicants. Increases in respiration can cause further toxicant exposure through inhalation, while increases in sweat and skin blood and pulmonary ventilation flow can make more efficient transcutaneous absorption of toxicants. Therefore, the amounts of xenobiotic absorbed through the lungs and the skin during heat exposure can be raised significantly in result of higher pulmonary ventilation and cutaneous blood flow. Animal studies which are investigated the effects of thermal stress on chemical toxicity showed that heat exposure plays a role on toxins absorption. However, it is difficult to interpret these findings when trying to compare differences between humans and the animal models. It is observed that workers exposure in some work environment suggests that concomitant exposure to heat stress and chemicals is likely to increase the absorption and effects of certain xenobiotics. Tetrachlorethylene is a particular chemical compound is often used for laundry. The main route for human exposure to tetrachlorethylene is via inhalation, but the compound is also adsorbed by mouth contact. As mentioned, most of what is known on the effect of heat exposure on absorption of chemicals comes from animal studies. With regard to the importance of analyzing how thermal stresses can effect on toxicity response of chemical agents and moreover, need to better understanding of its related mechanisms in humans, the present study aimed to investigate the relation of body heat strain level with Tetrachlorethylene concentration in exhaled air among laundry workers in Hamadan city.

This descriptive analytical study was conducted in two steps of winter and summer in 2017. Twenty-four healthy workers employed in laundry workrooms located in the city of Hamadan, Iran, were enrolled in the study. Their age, height and weight were respectively 32.1 ± 5.16 year, 173.7±11.5 cm, 70.3±16.5 kg. The participants were screened using a self-reported questionnaire in terms of their state of mental and physical health. Before initiation of the tests, a written informed consent form was signed by the subjects participating in this research. Based on ISO 9920 (2007), clothing insulations (Clo unit) of the participants were 1 Clo and 0.75 in winter and summer, respectively. Ambient air samples of laundry workroom were obtained using 150 mg coconut shell charcoal tubes (20/40 mesh) SKC and using SKC personal sampling pumps model 222 calibrated to a flow rate of 100 cc/min. The air samples were analyzed by the NIOSH method no 1003 recommended for Tetrachlorethylene. Desorption of Tetrachlorethylene from activated charcoals was done with 1ml of carbon disulfide. After 30 minutes an aliquot of the resultant solution (1 µl) was injected into Shimadzu 2010 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (F.I.D) and Rtx-1 column. One ml volume of the sample was injected into the gas chromatograph with a Hamilton gas—tight syringe. The instrumental temperatures were as follows: injector temperature, 250C; initial oven temperature, 70C (held for 5 min), increased to 120C at a rate of 10C min-1, held for 5 min. For exhaled air samples of the same participants, individuals were asked to exhale normally into a 3 liter Tedlar air bags (SKC) until it was filled. Measuring Tetrachlorethylene in exhaled air was conducted through integrating NIOSH 1003 and NIOSH 3704 methods through optimizing analysis parameters using analytical device GC-FID.  Thermal strain of exposed workers was measured based on oral temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate in accordance standard method ISO 9886:2004. The heart rate was measured using a heart rate device (Beurer PM100). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the SPSS software version 20. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The mean of dry temperature, natural wet bulb temperature and globe bulb temperature were 29.42°C, 23.96°C and 30.77°C, respectively. The mean of Tetrachlorethylene concentrations in ambient air of laundry workplace in summer and winter were 45.91 ppm, 50.64 ppm, respectively. The mean values of the thermal strain indexes included oral temperature, heart rate, and pulmonary ventilation in summer and winter were 37.3°C and 37.1°C, 99.95 and 90.95 beats per minute, 26 and 20.5 breath rate per minute, respectively. The mean values work metabolism in summer and winter were 110.86 and 108.73 kcal/h, respectively. The mean of Tetrachlorethylene concentration in exhaled air in summer and winter is 3.18 and 2.23 ppm, respectively, which were higher and lower than national occupational exposure limit (3 ppm). The significant difference was observed between the mean Tetrachlorethylene concentrations in exhaled air in summer and winter (p<0.05). Paired sample t-test was not showed a significant difference between the mean Tetrachlorethylene concentrations in ambient air samples in two steps (p>0.05). According to the results of paired sample t-test, core temperature, heart beat rate and pulmonary ventilation of workers were significantly increased in summer compared to winter (p<0.05). The results showed that correlation between Tetrachlorethylene concentration in the exhaled air and ambient air samples in winter (p= 0.003, r = 0.58) and summer (p= 0.023, r = 0.46) were statistically significant.

Few quantitative data has been published on this subject, and hence, this study aimed to investigate the interaction of coexposure to heat and chemical agents in real work condition. The present study confirmed that the Tetrachlorethylene concentration was increased in the workers̕ exhaled air in result of thermal strain in the laundry workrooms. It can be confirmed that workers who are exposed to extreme heat may be at risk for increased absorption of chemicals into the body. The quantities of Tetrachlorethylene absorbed via the pulmonary routes during work in the studied environment could significantly increase due to the elevation in pulmonary ventilation rate. It should be note that, the increase in skin temperature and skin blood flow as well as the presence of sweat on the skin surface may also promote the cutaneous absorption of chemicals during concomitant exposure to heat. It is suggested to empirically investigate workers skin absorption of chemical agents in exposure to high air temperature compared with natural condition in future studies.

Road traffic accidents are considered a major threat to public health worldwide and are usually referred as “hidden epidemic”. In developing and middle-income countries, however, worries are more severe. For example, a national study in Iran found that traffic accidents ranked first in the number of years of life lost due to premature death in Iran. Various studies have divided the factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents into three categories: human, vehicle, and environmental factors. The human factor has a decisive role in the occurrence of accidents. In a way that based on studies, this role in traffic accidents could be 70 to 90%. It is clear that study in this area, like other research, requires data collection. Since archival information about driverschr('39') behavior is often incomplete and difficult to obtain, researchers often have to evaluate driving behaviors using self-report tools. One of the foremost common self-reporting instruments used in research focused on driver behavior is the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ). The only complete Persian version of MDBQ has been published by Oreyzi et al. (2010).The authors of the present study had initially intended to use a Persian MDBQ questionnaire to conduct a field study. But while comparing this questionnaire with the original one (in English), they found several shortcomings in the Persian version. For example, it can be mentioned the lack of attention to the difference between regular driving of the road in the UK (on the left side) and in Iran (on the right side). Since the accuracy of data collection tools is vital in research, the authors intended to revise the Persian version of this widely used questionnaire. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the psychometric properties of MDBQ.

The original MDBQ version developed by Reason (1990) with 50 items responding in a five-point Likert scale (never = 1 to always = 5). The items are divided into four categories according to the type of behavior including slip, deliberate violation, mistake, and unintentional violation. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of MDBQ, the linguistic, face, and construct validity were check, as well as, instrument reliability. For assessing the linguistic validity of the questionnaire, the original version of the DBQ questionnaire was translated by English-speaking experts, one of whom had more than ten years of driving experience in European countries. In this way, it was possible to implement traffic signs and regulations in the country of origin and Iran (localization of items). This was followed by other linguistic validity steps.To investigate the qualitative face validity of the questionnaire, the questionnaire was given to 15 drivers to express their views on each of the questionnaire items in terms of difficulty, appropriateness, ambiguity, relevance, and ambiguity of the instrument items. To study the quantitative face validity of the items (impact factor), the questionnaire was given to 14 members of the target group (drivers) and asked to rate the importance of each item in the questionnaire in a five-point Likert scale (from not important at all = 1 to very important = 5). The criterion for accepting each item is the score of the impact factor, which should not be less than 1.5.Content validity was studied using the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). For this purpose, a questionnaire was provided to 10 members of the expert panel (expert on safety and occupational health and health education) who were fully acquainted with the content validity assessment. After making the necessary changes based on the expert panel opinions, the mentioned indicators were calculated. To evaluate the CVR (necessity of each item), the group of experts was asked to classify each item according to the three-point Likert scale (essential = 1, useful but not necessary = 2 and not necessary = 3). Then the content validity ratio was calculated. The CVR acceptance criterion based on the number of experts (n = 10) was 0.62 and the minimum CVI acceptance was 0.79.In this study, 500 participants (drivers) took part in the phase of the construct validity evaluation. To access these people, parking lots, commercial complexes, parks, etc. were referred to. All drivers with a driving license could potentially be among the participants, except for illiterate drivers and drivers with less than three years of driving experience.  Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to submitting the questionnaire. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS 16 at the significant level of 0.05. In this study, Bartlett’s Test (BT) was applied to ensure that there were sufficient correlations between the statements in the questionnaire to be able to integrate them and cover the factors. The rotated factor matrix was used to interpret the functional structures of the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire. To determine the number of MDBQ questionnaire factors the Scree Plot and Eigenvalue methods were used in this study. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency in this study. For this purpose, the alpha value above 0.7 was considered acceptable.

The linguistic validity, as well as, comparing each item of the available Persian version of MDBQ (2010) with the original English version revealed that besides, shortcomings in translation, there were technical and cultural in some items of previous Persian version MDBQ (2010). The authors classified all shortcomings into three groups as follows:Criticism 1: Differences in the regulation or signs of driving in Iran and the United Kingdom (such as driving on the left side of the road; or the lack of a specific shape of the line in Iran).Criticism 2: Translating the items into Persian, including incorrect translation or deletion of some words.Criticism 3: Editing items (such as inappropriate verb tenses, prepositions, pronouns, etc.). At first glance, this critique may seem to be a matter of taste. However, it should be noted that an easy understanding of the items can have a serious effect on the correctness of the participantschr('39') responses.The amendments, based on differences in traffic rules or signs in the two countries, included 8 items (16 percent). While incorrect translation, 34 items (68%) and non-fluent items accounted for 18 items (36%).It should be noted that for some items, only one modification was sufficient, but some required two or three modification s. Of the 43 items changed, 28 items (56 percent) required one, 13 items (26 percent) required two, and two items (4 percent) required three modification/s. It is obvious that Criticism 2 (editing the items) has given itself the most abundance. One of the things that came back to this critique was the use of the words vehicle, machine, and automobile at random to translate the words vehicle and car. In the suggested version, the appropriate equivalent fixed words for vehicle and car have always been used in translation of the items. Also in the suggested version, the authors intentionally changed the translation of some of the items. Because, in the English version, there were cases that were not compatible with the conditions of Iran, such as: In item 8, the multi-level car park is mentioned that in some cities of Iran this type of parking does not exist yet. For this reason, the word "multi-level" was removed from the item. In items 26, a restaurant and a pub are mentioned, which are consumed in accordance with the western culture of alcoholic beverages in these places. Due to the lack of such places in Iran, this phrase has been omitted. Instead, given the importance of drug and sleeping pills use, this has been added to the item. In item 27, the original questionnaire does not provide an example for this item, but the authors concluded that in order to better understand the respondents to this item, it is better to provide examples. In item 28 refers to pelican crossing, which does not currently exist in Iran. In item 29, the double-yellow line is mentioned, which is not common in Iran at the moment. As a result, the authors used the phrase "no parking area" instead, which is the closest concept to the double-yellow line in terms of content.In face validity, two items were corrected according to the participants. The CVI values ​​of all items were above 0.79 and the CVR values ​​for all items were higher than those suggested by Lawshe. Thus, all items were retained. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that the four extracted factors account for 51.6% of total item variance. All 50 items had a factor load greater than 0.4. Therefore, none of the items in the questionnaire were omitted. As a consequence, the MDBQ was retained with the same four factors and 50 items of the original questionnaire.

The new Persian version of MDBQ was able to correct the defects and weaknesses of the previous version. The finding showed that despite minor cultural differences, the MDBQ had satisfactory reproducibility, internal consistency, and validity consistency between the items in the new version of the questionnaire is desirable and the items in each of the four domains measure the characteristic well. Our result showed that application of this new Persian version in the target groups was acceptable, easy, and comprehensible and attracted cooperation and motivation to respond.

One of the major health issues in developed countries is the workplace air pollution. Cement factories are one of the industries where many workers worked in them. Workers in this industry are exposure with many harmful factors, such as ergonomics factor, physical factors, and in particular various chemical agents, during their job. The most important factors that threaten the health of workers in the cement industry are dust and respirable particles of cement. Respirable particles of cement contains some elements such as arsenic, calcium, aluminum, cadmium, lead, cobalt, zinc, iron, and chromium. Recent studies concluded that the concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lead, and cadmium within the particles are higher than the other metals. Exposure to heavy metals within cement respirable particles can lead to some adverse health effects among exposed workers. Expanding of industries and emission of respirable particles containing heavy metals in the workplace ambient causes higher exposure for workers within various industries and therefore has become a major problem in these industries, including the cement industry. To arrive the health goal that is protection of the workers, exposure to chemicals and the dangers of exposure to these substances need to be scrutinized. Risk assessment is defined as the process of assessing the risks arising from risks in the workplace by taking control measures and deciding whether or not to accept them. Risk assessment is a basic action for evaluation of danger in the workplace and the first step for risk management. Quantitative health risk assessment for different chemical agents in industries is necessary to decide on control of risk and management measures to reduce risk and determine risk level of these substances. This process combines scientific information about the toxic properties of chemicals as well as the results of chemical measurements in the workplace can provide comprehensive information on the measure of risk and how best to deal with these potential risks. The aim of this study was to assess the risk level of workers occupational exposure to heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium) within cement respirable particles for exposed workers in a cement factory.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in one of the cement industries during warm  and cold air condition during 3 months (March 2016 to May 2016). In this study, the concentration of respirable particles within the breathing zone of 70 workers who were working at different production worksites of a cement factory (Packing worksite, Cement mill, Grill and Greater cooler, kiln, blending, Raw material storage and Mine and crushing) was evaluated. The standard method of 0600 recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was use to evaluate time weighted average (TWA) of workerschr('39') exposure to respirable cement particles. Workerchr('39')s exposure was measured using a personal sampling pump (SKC, model 224-44MTX, UK) with a 2.5 L.min-1 flow rate,   air was passing through an aluminum cyclone (SKC, UK) with a 37 mm 2 micrometer pore size poly vinyl chloride (PVC) filter (SKC, UK) bedding on a plastic cassette. The filters were placed in the desiccator for 24 hours before sampling time. To weigh the filters, a microbalance accurate to 6 decimal places (1 µg sensitivity   Sartorius, Model ME5, Germany) was used. Critical orifice was used to keep the flow constant during sampling period. Workers personal sampling carried out continuously during a complete shift time. A blank filter was used for each batch of samples to eliminate sampling errors. To evaluate workerschr('39') exposure to heavy metals including lead, chromium and cadmium within the cement respirable particles, the standard method of ID121 recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was applied. Each filter was dissolved separately at 100 ° C in concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid until its metals were dissolved in the solution phase. Then, the solution obtained with deionized water was diluted to the lowest level of detection (LOD). The US-made FAAS Model VARIAN 240FS atomic absorption device was used for analysis. Firstly the standard curve was obtained using standard solutions with different concentrations of meals. Samples were then transferred to the atomic absorption apparatus to determine the concentration of the metals within solution. By measuring the sample absorption rate and comparing with the calibration curve and using Bier Lambertchr('39')s law, the amount of metal elements in the unknown sample was obtained. Semi quantitative risk assessment of heavy metals among exposed workers was carried out using a standard method provided by the Institute of the occupational health and Safety in Singapore. Finally, the risk level for each of the heavy metals (lead, chromium and cadmium) in the respirable cement particles was obtained. The degree of exposure (ER) for all parts of the plant was obtained. Since the mean concentrations of these metal in the air of all sections of the cement plant were below the exposure limit recommended by the Iranian Occupational Health Technical Committee (OEL) and the (TLV) recommended by the ACGIH, the E/OEL ratio was lower than one. The hazard rating (HR) of the chemicals was determined using a standard table. Then, the exposure rating (ER) was calculated and determined using air monitoring results using E that is the weekly exposure in milligram per cubic meter or parts per million, F is the number of exposures per week, D is the average time of each exposure in hours, M is the exposure rate in parts per million or milligram per cubic meter, W is the average working hours per week (40 h). Finally, the risk rate (RR) was calculated using the chemical hazard risk (HR) and exposure rate (ER) values.

This study showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium elements were measured as 2.41, 10.39, and 1.36 microgram per cubic meter respectively. The highest average exposure to lead metal in the respirable cement particles was 15.09 ± 4.45 µg / m3 and the lowest mean was 8.48 ± 3.11 µg / m3. The highest mean chromium concentration in cement respirable particles was 2.27 ± 1.15 µg / m3 and the lowest mean was 1.11 ± 0.48 µg / m3. The highest mean concentration of cadmium in the cement respirable particles was 2.78 ± 0.62 µg / m3 and the lowest mean was 2.17±0.37 µg / m3.Most workers in the various cement worksites were exposed to heavy metals less than the OEL suggested by the Iranian Occupational Health Technical Committee and the TLV recommended by the ACGIH. Due to the toxicity of lead metal, the grade 3 risk was considered for this metal. According to the E / OEL ratio, the exposure rate (ER) for all parts of the plant was 1, and since the concentration of this metal in all parts of the cement plant was less than the OEL designed by the Iranian Occupational Health Technical Committee and the TLV recommended by the ACGIH. the risk score for all parts of the plant was 1.73, and finally the risk score for lead in all parts of the plant was low. Due to the toxicity level of chromium metal, the hazard rate (HR) for this metal was considered 5. According to the E / OEL ratio, the exposure rate (ER) for all parts of the plant was obtained 1and since the concentration of this metal in all parts of the cement plant is less than the OEL designed by the Iranian Occupational Health Technical Committee and the TLV recommended by the ACGIH, the risk score was 2.23 in all parts of the plant. And the risk rating for chromium metal was low in all parts of the plant. Due to the toxicity level of cadmium metal the (HR) was considered 4 for this metal. Risk score was obtained in all parts of factory number 2 and as a result the risk rating for cadmium metal in all parts of factory was low. Since all workers in a section are exposed to cement respirable particles and therefore exposed to lead, chromium and cadmium metal elements in these particles are different. The risk of exposure to workers exposed to the highest concentrations of the studied metals in the three sections of kiln, blending, and Cement mill was calculated separately. The results showed that workers exposed to cadmium and lead metals were in the medium risk exposure kiln and blending worksites, respectively and workers exposed to chrome metal working in the cement mill were also at low risk. 

According to the present study, concentrations of chromium, cadmium and lead in the respirable cement particles were lower than the exposure limit set by the Occupational Health Technical Committee of Iran (OEL) and (TLV) recommended by the ACGIH. Exposure to lead, chromium and cadmium elements in cement respirable particles were at a low risk rates for all worksites of the plant However, some workers in the kiln silo and milling materials that exposed to higher particle concentrations containing cadmium and lead had an average risk rate. Therefore, engineering and management control strategies for heavy metal exposure in those sectors are recommended to reduce the risk and prevent injury to these workers.

Given the complexity and unpredictability of human beings, the control of their behavior is difficult. However, it is possible to reduce many of these behaviors through accurate planning and well-documented training. One of the important ways to change peoplechr('39')s behavior is through the use of educational interventions. Several studies have been performed on the use of an educational intervention for improving employeechr('39')s behavior in different industries and occupations. Another way for behavior correction is the use of the rewards and punishment system. Rewards mean applying a training strategy that is used to create, correct or stabilizes behavior and encouraging action for its repetition. However, the studies have not yet examined the simultaneous effect of two strategies of the educational intervention and the encouragement and punishment system for reducing unsafe behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of educational interventions and the implementation of a reward and punishment system on reducing the unsafe behaviors among workers of the Mapna plant of Kashan.

The present interventional study was carried out on 115 workers of the Mapna plant of Kashan in 2017. Inclusion criteria included having work experience higher than one year in Mapna company. Also, an exclusion criterion was the changed behavior due to the presence of researchers. The sampling method was the classified random. First, a preliminary evaluation was performed to recognize the jobs and processes in the company. In the present study, unsafe behaviors are defined as actions outside of the standard limits determined in the system. For this reason, a list of unsafe behavior was provided by observations and literature review, including a list of unsafe practices of American National Standards Institute (ANSI), type and nature of work, rules and instructions for performing work, and reports of accidents and semi-accidents in a company. Then, a checklist was designed based on this list. Also, for evaluating the unsafe behaviors of the workers, the sampling safety behaviors (SSB) technique was used for three months. In this technique, all the behavior of workers while performing the task is imperceptibly observed and information about their behavior is recorded by the designed checklist. For this purpose, all data were collected by researchers in the morning shift from 8 am to 6 pm. The number of observations per person was 80, which was randomly done during the individual work shift. In this study, the time of each observation was between 3 and 5 seconds. Then, the educational intervention and the system of the rewards and punishment were simultaneously implemented for six months. At final, a secondary assessment of the unsafe behavior was conducted for three months. The data related to the behavior assessment of the workers before and after performing the interventions were entered into SPSS software version 20 and were analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test was used to evaluate the normality of the study variables. The results of this test showed that the data distribution was not normal (p <0.05). Therefore, Wilcoxon statistical test was applied to examine the relationships among variables. The significance level was equal to 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation values of the age were 37.56 and 9.8 years old, respectively. Also, the mean and standard deviation values of the work experience were 12.22 and 9.6, respectively. In this study, 48.7% of the studied subjects had a diploma degree and 85.2% of them were married. The results showed that the highest and lowest numbers of the observations were related to the occupational groups of the cutting and assembling with 1040 and 480 cases, respectively. The total number of obtained unsafe behavior observations was equal to 2405. The results also indicated that 478 (45.96%) cutters and 276 (33.38%) scaffolders had the most cases of unsafe behaviors, respectively. Before the training interventions and implementation of the rewards and punishment system, some unsafe behaviors of cutters included non-use of personal protective equipment and the use of inappropriate personal protective equipment. The least number of unsafe behaviors was observed in the mold workers (15.46%). Based on the results, cutters with 226 (21.72%), loader operators with 98 (12.25%), and mini loader operators with 91 cases (11.37%) had the most numbers of unsafe behaviors after educational interventions and implementation of the rewards and punishment system. The lowest number of unsafe behaviors were observed in the mold workers with 30 (4.68%) and excavator operators with 50 cases (8.92%), respectively. The results also revealed that mini-loader operators with 55.48%, steel frame installers with 55.45%, and paint workers with 55.14% had most decreases of the unsafe behavior after educational interventions and implementation of rewards and punishment systems. Based on the results, mold workers with 30.3% and scaffolding workers with 30.43% had the least decrease in unsafe behaviors. However, the results showed that the rate of unsafe behaviors has decreased in all occupations after interventions. Based on the results, the relative frequencies of the unsafe behaviors before and after interventions were 24.82 and 10.99 percent, respectively. Wilcoxon test showed that there were significant relationships between the safety training and reward and punishment systems with the reduced unsafe behaviors in employees of different occupations (p=0.041). The results also indicated that there was a significant inverse relationship between work experience and unsafe behaviors before and after interventions (p<0.001).

Results indicated that the intended interventions were effective in reducing unsafe behaviors. Therefore, these interventions can be used to reduce unsafe behaviors in various industries. Given that unsafe behaviors are one of the main causes of accidents, it is recommended that comprehensive programs are considered for implementing and repeating the specialized training courses based on the safety needs of each job. Also, the reward and punishment system can be used to motivate workers for implementing safe behaviors. One of the limitations of the present study was the lack of investigation of independent effects related to two techniques of the educational intervention and the rewards and punishment system, which can be examined in future studies.

Today, with the growth of different dimensions of sustainable development, managers at the organizational and governmental levels have become more and more interested in the components of sustainable development. A healthy and productive human being is at the core of sustainable development. Many factors are contributing to sustainable development, including human, economic, social, industrial, cultural, as well as health, safety, environmental and energy (HSEE) factors. In this regard, the existence of several processing indicators is important in promoting the program and organizational goals at the micro and macro levels. Since continuous evaluation and monitoring of all indicators is not feasible, developing a set of principles to facilitate managerial decision-making processes and monitoring continuous improvement of systems is an important issue in system performance management. Due to the vital role of correct selection of principles in the sustainability of the integrated management system, it is important to consider the key components involved in this choice. The present study aimed to prioritize the HSEE processing indexes in the integrated management system (HSEE IMS) of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade.

The statistical population of this study is professionals and experts with occupational health, safety, environment, and energy orientation and work experience. In this study, to obtain process, safety, health, environmental and energy processing indicators, firstly, a list of environmental, safety, health, and energy indicators was prepared and evaluated, by using a set of indicators presented in scientific and credible research and articles, the Iranian Environmental Agency, HSE Ministry of Oil, HSEE Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, including mining and industrial organizations, including Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran (IDERO), Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO) and other sources. In the present study, being SMART is the main selection criterion for indices, which are weighted as the five main affecting criteria by the AHP method. Weighted criteria were used to prioritize the eight principles of HSEE management including policy, continuous improvement, do, check, monitoring, and measurement of the system, commitment and leadership, planning and corrective action using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique.

The results show that the executive strategic index with a closeness coefficient of 0.937 was selected as the first priority. Continuous improvement and corrective action with the coefficient of closeness of 0.133 and 0.108 were selected from the weaker priorities of the Eight HSEE indices, respectively.

Appropriate selection of indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes, optimal monitoring of these indicators with maximum efficiency and minimum cost is possible by using multi-criteria decision-making models. Based on the results, sustainable development can be achievable by ranking and prioritizing the HSEE processing indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes and monitor continuous improvement of systems to protect individuals, property and reduce accidents and pollution.Keywords: Prioritization, HSEE, Sustainable Development, Fuzzy TOPSIS, Index, Weighting, AHP.IntroductionPreventing health, safety, the environment, and energy injuries and accidents by taking into account the health, safety of employees, customers, contractors and others requires a unified management system structure. This system tries to create a healthy, pleasant and joyful environment free from accident, damage and waste by integration and synergy of human resources and facilities. The present study aims to key and prioritize strategic principles in the HSEE integrated management system of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade to evaluate the performance based on specific processes in subsidiary industrial-productive units.MethodologyIn this study, to obtain safety, health, environmental, and energy processing indexes, firstly, a list of environmental, safety, health, and energy indicators was prepared and evaluated, by using a set of indicators presented in scientific and credible research and articles, the Iranian Environmental Agency, HSE Ministry of Oil, HSEE Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, including mining and industrial organizations, including Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran (IDERO), Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO) and other sources. Then, the SMART metrics including specificity, measurability, achievability, realism and being timely have weighted as five effective criteria by the AHP. After keying the HSEE strategic indicators of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade, including: policy, continuous improvement, do, check, system monitoring, commitment and leadership, planning and corrective action were selected. Initial questionnaire was prepared based on the fuzzy TOPSIS method and key indicators and research criteria. Then, the reliability (internal consistency) and validity of the questionnaire were assessed and finalized. After completing the questionnaires and receiving the information, the expertschr('39') answers in the form of verbal statements were transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers with the capability of analysis. In the present study, to obtain effective indicators for identification and evaluation of key indicators, the five SMART criteria were weighted based on the AHP method. After weighting the research criteria using the AHP method, this ratio is used for weighting the key indexes by the fuzzy TOPSIS method to rank and prioritize.ResultsThe results show that the face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were determined by FVR = 78.08% and CVR = 88%, respectively which have acceptable validity based on Lawshe’s model. The reliability of the research questionnaire was estimated by the appropriate Cronbachchr('39')s alpha equivalent in 0.935, illustrating the intrinsic homogeneity of the evaluated indices. Regarding weighting results, research criteria, weighting criteria and indices are presented in Tables 1-2. Table1. Final weight of criteria by the AHP method Realism Achievability Timely Specificity Measurability Criterion 0.300 0.203 0.135 0.231 0.341 Final Weight   Table 2. Closeness coefficient and rank of HSEE processing indicators of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade Ranking CCi Criterion Commitment and Leadership 0.491 3 Policy 0.403 4 Planning 0.226 5 Do 0.937 1 Monitoring 0.699 2 Check 0.193 6 Corrective Action 0.108 8 Continuous Improvment 0.133 7  ConclusionAppropriate selection of indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes, optimal monitoring of these indicators with maximum efficiency and minimum cost is possible using multi-criteria decision-making models. This study aimed to weight, key and prioritize HSEE process indicators for the first time in Iran at the level of the largest executive-economic system. According to the results of the study, due to the high speed and efficiency of HSEE units in subsidiary organizations, do index (CCi = 0.937) was first priority and continuous improvement (CCi = 0.133) and corrective actions (CCi = 0.108) were found as the weakest priorities of the HSEE eight indicators because of weaknesses in the regular and systematic follow-up of regulatory units or lack of appropriate tools to evaluate these indicators. The results of this study showed an interesting convergence between the weight and prioritization of SMART criteria of strategic indicators of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade. This conclusion can help managers select key performance indicators based on SMART criteria and help them choose sustainability indicators that prevent wasting time and cost.

Distribution of air pollutants in industrial units is one of the issues that always affects the environment and ecosystem of adjacent areas. Air pollution is an inevitable part of modern life, and the knowledge of air pollution existed in the past and must be continued to make policies. The cement manufacturing process produces millions of tons of byproducts each year, including dust, toxic gases and heavy metals, which will pose health and respiratory hazards and environmental pollution. Therefore, awareness of pollutant concentrations can be used as key information in pollution control programs. There are still many activities to complete effective control strategies for the prevention, continuous improvement and application of modern technologies to substantially reduce dust in the cement industry. The amount of dust produced can be significantly reduced using modern technologies such as cyclones, bag filters, and electrostatic filters. There are various types of dust in the cement industry including, raw materials such as limestone, marl, clay, iron ore, mixing dust, dryer outlet dust, furnace outlet dust, clinker dust, gypsum dust, and cement dust. In this study, the purpose of dust is the furnace outlet dust. Air pollution is a very complex process that depends on many factors. Therefore, it is very difficult to predict such data with nonlinear dynamics and to determine how the pollutants are to be dispersed and propagated in the atmosphere, which will also be extremely costly. Then, each section can be modeled using this data and solving the equations involving atmospheric processes in the form of data networks. Air quality modeling can be considered as a suitable tool for predicting future air quality and determining emission control strategies. In recent years, one of the best models that has shown good performance in pattern and control modeling is intelligent systems, which include neural networks. Multilayer perceptron neural networks are a model for information processing made by mimicking biological neural networks such as the human brain. The key element of this model is the new structure of its information processing system, consisting of a large number of elements (neurons) with strong internal communications that work together to solve specific problems. Artificial neural networks by empirical data processing transmit knowledge by the law behind the data into the network structure; this is called learning. Ability to learn is essentially the most important feature of an intelligent system. A system that can learn is more flexible and easier to program, so it is better responsive to new problems and equations. Artificial neural networks have been employed for various purposes such as simulation, pattern recognition, classification, prediction, and optimization in engineering sciences. The ability of these networks to map between input and output information with acceptable error has made this method a useful tool for modeling engineering processes. In the basic state, a neural network consists of three layers, input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. Also, each layer contains a number of neurons. In the neural network, neurons are active (on or 1) and inactive (off or 0) and each wing (synapse or communication between nodes) has a weight. Positive-weighted wings trigger or activate the next inactive node, and negative-weighted edges inactivate or inhibit the next inactive node (if it was active). To calculate the output, each of the previous layer inputs is multiplied by the network weights and summed with the corresponding bias. Sabzevar city is located on the west of Khorasan Razavi province in Mashhad-Tehran highway. This city is bounded by Esfarayen in the north, Neyshabur in the east, Kashmar and Bardeskan in the south, Shahroud city in Semnan province in the west. Based on the latest country divisions, Sabzevar has five Bakhsh including, Markazi, Roudab, Khoshab, Davarzan, and Sheshtamad. Sabzevar Cement Factory is one of the sources of dust emission in southwest of Sabzevar in Roudab Bakhsh. The plant started operating on an area of 150 hectares, with a capacity of 3400 tons per day, with Portland cement type 2, 1-325, and 1-425 from October 2007. The plant also uses Bag filter, Bag house, and electrostatic filters for dust, and allocates an area of 50 hectares to build a green belt to protect the environment. The purpose of this research was to predict the amount of dust from the main chimney (baking furnace of Sabzevar cement plant) using a perceptron neural network model.

In this study, first, the amount of dust emitted from the main chimney of Sabzevar cement plant was studied through field surveying in three seasons in 2017-18 by the Experts of Mashhad Environmental Trust Company (Pak Afarinan Avizheh). All sampling and measurement procedures were in accordance with the requirements of the Iranian Environmental Protection Agency. 180 dust samples were collected and then, compared with Iranian Environmental Protection Agency standards and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The parameters of output gas velocity parameters, temperature, voltage, fuel, and furnace feed were used as perceptron neural network input. Perceptron neural network with 5 neurons as input in the first layer, 10 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 neurons in the hidden layer. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to train the network, which is one of the most used and fastest optimization algorithms. Perceptron neural network is one of the supervised learning methods. To evaluate this method, the data were divided into two training and test groups. The model was trained on the training data. The model error was estimated on the test data. In order to include all data in both training and test groups, k-fold cross-validation method with k = 5 was used. In this way, the data were divided into 5 sections and at each run, 4 groups were considered as training and 1 groups as testing. The network with the least error over the test data was selected. The amount of dust concentration was estimated based on input parameters with the above mentioned neural network (input, hidden and output three layers) and above method. In order to observe the effect of each of the input parameters on the estimation of dust concentration with the perceptron neural network, all possible scenarios should be considered. Since five input parameters are selected, so 25, there are 32 subsets, which results in 31 cases with the removal of the null set. The perceptron neural network was run with 10 neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer on each mode (subset). Thus, all subsets of one-member, two-member, three-member, four-member and five-member problem parameters were investigated. In each case, the number of input layer neurons is equal to the number of selected parameters. For each subset of input parameters a neural network was constructed and the amount of dust was estimated. The subset that had the least error in predicting dust concentration was selected as the influencing parameter. For each subset, 5 models were trained, validated each time, and the model with the least error mean squared on the test data was selected. Correlation coefficients and mean squared error were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model in predicting dust concentration. All implementations were performed in MATLAB software.

The results showed that the perceptron model has a good accuracy in predicting the dust concentration of Sabzevar cement plant. Perceptron neural network model was able to Show the correlation coefficient as much as 0.98168 and 0.98249, and Mean square error as much as 0.709 and 280, respectively in two modes of using all parameters (output gas speed, temperature, voltage, fuel, and furnace feed) and the influential parameter (temperature). This indicates a higher correlation and lower error of the perceptron neural network model in using only the temperature parameter than in the prediction of dust concentration in all parameters.

Achieving environmental pollution standards in the cement industry requires proper design and increased efficiency of dust collecting equipment to reduce dust particles. Nowadays, due to the increasing development of cement factories to produce cement needed in the country as well as the growing importance of environmental considerations in various industries, especially the cement industry, the need for better and more efficient technologies to control pollutants and wastes from cement plants has become more and more prevalent. The cement industry is one of the industries that is always referred to as the pollutant of the environment. Although in recent years the industry has tried to meet the environmental standards required by modernizing its equipment and machinery, it is still one of the most important contributors to air pollution. The results of this study showed that the, this model can be a suitable and fast way to better manage industrial dust concentration and ensure quality monitoring results and reduce costs because of the high capability of perceptron neural network in predicting dust concentration.

management of change is one of the requirements of quality standards  in dynamic industries. Make changes without evaluation can be a challenge, if not managed properly, can be irreparable damage. Failure to management of change can cause an organization in the HSE area to face many problems, including accidents and work-related illnesses or unwanted environmental pollution. Determining the criteria for assessing the consequences of change may help the organization determine whether this change is in the organization or not. On the other hand, change in the organization is compulsory in many cases. Assessing and determining the causes of the impact of a change can help the organization to improve its readiness to deal with possible emergencies through the implementation of a change. Any change in the manpower, equipment, processes and procedures of the organization will be likely to create new health, safety and environmental hazards. The management of change process helps to ensure that the organization (production or service) operations are carried out safely and reliably. It should be noted that many policies, safety instructions and safety processes have been created in the organization based on traditional thinking and are less reviewed and changed, which does not interfere with the changes that have occurred in the technology. The aim study aims to provide a change management model with the HSE approach.

In this study, firstly, the contributing of change management process were defined based on the HSE approach according to available resources. In the first stage, 15 criteria and 40 sub-criteria were determined. Then, using the expertschr('39') opinion, the most important ones were selected, in which 5 criteria and 12 sub-criteria were defined. In this research, expert someone who has at least a Bachelorchr('39')s degree in the field of HSE, industrial engineering or industrial management. Also have at least 10 years experience in the copper industry. At this point, 10 experts were selected. A pairwise questionnaire (prepared by researchers) was used to collect expert opinion. Experts were used to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Matrix correlation coefficient as well as Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient were used to change its reliability. At this stage, we used the FAHP method to determine the weight of effectiveness and prioritization of the criteria. To provide a conceptual model of the study, it was necessary to determine the relationship between the criteria to determine which criteria were defined as being setting Effect measures in the change management process and which criteria were defined as a receiver Effect measure of the management of change process. In this section, research and determination of the criteria of the criteria was used with the main change management process from DEMATEL. DEMATELchr('39')s results were categorized into two setting Effect and receiver Effect groups. Based on the results, it was proposed to present a decision model for assessing and ranking the changes, as well as providing a decision model for assessing the implementation of the change. At last, Based on the results, a linear model was proposed for evaluating and ranking the changes, as well as providing a decision model for evaluating the implementation of the change.

In the first stage, the results of FAH in determining the weight and ranking of main criteria showed that among the main criteria, the main criterion is the consequences of the change and then the ability to execute the change. The lowest priority is the change type, which has a lower rating. In the case of sub-criteria, the results showed that among the sub-criterion that influences the management of chang process, the following is the highest priority under the criterion of the level of effectiveness and type and outcome probability, and the budget and facilities needed. Changes in equipment and organization and manpower are of the lowest priority.The results of the DEMATEL section to determine the internal relations of the criteria with the change management process for the conceptual modeling of the research showed that the highest criterion of setting Effect among the sub criteria is the type of change with the sub-criterion of organizational changes and the ability to execute with the sub-criterion of the required facilities and HSE management With a safety degree. Also, the most receiver Effect measure in managing change is the change outcome with the sub-criterion of the type of outcome and the standard of HSE management with the sub criteria of environmental pollution.According to the results obtained from normalizing the data, the decision model of priority and choosing the changes defined is as follows.Where in; S is degree of Safety, H is degree of Health, B is Budget required, F is facility required, O is organization, Hu is Human, Ma is Management, Eq is equipment. It should be noted that all defined parameters have 0 or 1 state (they are realized 1 and they are not reached 0). It is clear that as much as the number of ASSESS is higher, the defined change has a higher priority in execution.According to the results obtained from the normalization of data, the decision model is the priority of implementing the defined changes as follows. Where in; I is conseqence of change (if consequence is acceptable I is 1. If consequence is unacceptable I is 0), Ip is probablity of conseqence (if probeblity is high then Ip is 1. If probability is low, then Ip is 0) , P is performance (if performance is acceptable P is 1. If performance is un acceptable P is 0), E is environmental pollution (if changes cause enviromental pollution, E is 1. If changes don’t cause environmental pollution, E is 0). It should be noted that all defined parameters have 0 or 1 state (they are realized 1 and they are not reached 0).

Using change management models can make changes without putting a lot of challenge. In the copper industry, due to changes in environmental conditions and the dangers of this industry, the cosequence of change is prioritized. In other industries with their own structures, creating a change management structure may vary. The results show that the most important issue in the change management process is the assessment of executive capacity and the assessment of the consequences of the change. Also, in evaluating the feasibility of making changes, there is a need for comprehensive studies to be made so that we can properly and accurately plan the resources needed to implement the change. Using decision models, especially the use of models that represent the internal relations between decision-making criteria, can act in the formation of new conceptual models with a new approach.

Job ability in the midwifery profession is highly important due to the critical role played by midwives as one of the effectual components of the health system for providing midwifery services to two vulnerable groups in society, i.e., mothers and children. Job ability denotes the balance between a person’s ability to work and the occupational demands of the job in question. Job ability is defined in this model as the degree to which a person is physically or mentally able to adapt to the job requirements based on his/her health condition. The most significant factor considered in this model is individual health. In fact, in this model, health is one of the crucial components of job ability, not one of its determinants. In this case, job ability can be affected by various factors such as physical and psycho-social factors, occupational factors, physical and mental abilities, and lifestyle. The imbalance between these factors and one’s health can lead to reduced production, sick leave, and eventually work-related disabilities. Midwifery is one of the jobs where midwives are exposed to high stress daily, which can affect their job ability. In Iran, according to research findings, midwives’ job ability is on an average level. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to improve midwives’ mental health and thus increase their job ability. One way that may prevent these disorders is to consider midwives’ well-being. The PERMA model is one of the positive psychological interventions recently developed by Seligman (2011) to help increase the well-being of individuals. The model consists of the five components of positive emotion (P), engagement (E), positive relationships (R), meaning (M) and accomplishment (A), where each component can independently enhance well-being, and the power of each component can help individuals find a happy, satisfying, meaningful life. Therefore, among interventions that are likely to affect midwives’ job ability are those based on positive psychology – an approach in psychotherapy associated with the creation of positive abilities and emotions. It aims to alleviate and tranquilize psychological trauma and to enhance happiness and well-being by increasing meaning to individuals’ lives. In recent years, the positivist approach in organizations has been considered as an optimal approach to influence different job outcomes, and some scholars have tried to translate its concepts into practical actions and interventions through which they can produce positive results. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of positive psychotherapy-based group education on midwives’ job ability in Mashhad.

The present study was a randomized clinical trial with pretest-posttest design with control group that lasted from September 23, 2015 to March 20, 2016. The statistical population of the study included all midwives working in community health centers of Mashhad City, Iran. For sampling purposes, centers 1 and 3 were selected via cluster sampling method from among the five community health centers located in Mashhad city. Subsequently, all centers and subsidiaries affiliated with these centers were enlisted. Each of them was assigned a number from 0 to 113, and a small card with the corresponding number was issued. All the cards were put in a box. Each time, after shaking the box, one card was randomly taken out, and the number was recorded successively as either the intervention group or the control group. This process was reiterated until all the centers were allocated to the intervention or control groups. In this way, information dissemination between the two groups was prevented. Then, the researcher visited the intervention and control centers and invited all eligible midwives (who take care of mothers) to participate in the study. The sample size was obtained using the formula for comparing the means, and based on the results of the pilot study with 95% confidence and 80% power, the number of 17 subjects was obtained in each group, and taking into account the probability of drop of samples, sampling continued until the completion of each group as 30 subjects (total of 60 subjects). During the study, 13 midwives were excluded from the study in the intervention group due to irregular participation in the sessions. There was no drop of midwives in the control group. The most important criteria for selection of the respondents were at least an associate degree in midwifery and at least 1 year of work experience in community health centers, marriage, non-pregnancy, lack of referring to a psychiatrist during the past 6 months, or admission to a hospital due to mental illness, a history of using mentally affecting drugs, lack of a medical condition leading to a disability in performing occupational duties, and not receiving a severity score from the Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Scale (DASS 21). In addition, the most important exclusion criteria were the absence of more than one session in the training course, the occurrence of major stressful incidents during the study, and failure to do homework for three consecutive sessions. The data collection tool consisted of: Demographic information form of subjects (including three parts of the individual characteristics, occupational characteristics, and midwife’s lifestyle). The Persian versions of Ryffchr('39')s Scales Psychological Well-being (84 items) and The Persian versions of  Work Ability Index (WAI) was completed by midwives in the two intervention and control groups at pre-test and post-test stages. The educational interventions were conducted in groups based on Seligman’s 2011 PERMA model, along with homework assignments in eight 2-hour sessions held on a weekly basis. Each participant was required to complete the assignments between every two sessions and report back to the group at the next session. The control group received no intervention.After completing the intervention, the Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scale and Work Ability Index (WAI)  was completed by midwives in the two intervention and control groups. In the present study, the statistical methods including independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann–Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, and the analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data using the SPSS software (version 19.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Moreover, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

According to the results, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age of the midwives in the intervention and control groups was 36.89±9.73 and 31.76±5.12 years, respectively, which were significantly different based on the independent t-test (p=0.010). Mean ± SDs of work experience in the two groups were 165.96±86.86 and 66.97±43.79, respectively, which had a significant difference based on the results of the Mann–Whitney test (p<0.001).Mean scores of midwives’ psychological well-being and job ability were not significantly different at baseline (p=0.381 and p=0.722, respectively). However, after the intervention, they were significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). Also, according to the Wilcoxon test, the mean score of midwives’ job ability in the intervention group was statistically different at the end of the study compared to baseline (p<0.001).

Findings showed that education based on positive psychotherapy could increase midwives’ job ability. Therefore, it is suggested that PERMA-based interventions be incorporated into in-service training courses of midwives in order to enhance their psychological well-being and thus improved job ability of midwives.(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20160102025813N3)

The large amounts of the dyestuffs used in industries are toxic and whenever are released into wastewaters can lead to environmental and health problems. One of the most commonly used dyes in industries is Rhodamine B. It is widely used in printing, leather, paper and textile industries and is harmful to both human beings and animals. Thus, it is necessary to treat contaminated wastewater prior to discharging into water streams. Among all conventional physical, chemical and biological methods, adsorption is a very simple and effective method for removing dyes from wastewater even at low concentration. Activated carbons (ACs) are among the most widely used efficient absorbents which can remove these pollutants from aqueous phase and cause to prevent damages to the environments. Specific surface area, pore volume, pore-size distribution and the nature of surface are the main factors that influence AC performance. The surface modifications result in the change in the surface reactivity, chemical, physical and structural properties. Based on the type and chemical nature of the dyes, the surface of AC can be modified to enhance the affinity toward the desired contaminants. Depending on the application, there are different methods to modify AC, which can be classified as chemical, physical and biological modification. Plasma treatment is an environmental friendly method, which can introduce functional groups onto material surfaces without changing the bulk properties of the substrate.

Modification of AC surfaces by means of plasma is a well-known method to enhance its adsorption capacity. Hence, in this research AC was prepared using chemical activation method from sound (SBAC) and rotted (RBAC) beech wood (Fagus orientalis) as precursors. The impregnation was carried out by ZnCl2 with the ratio of 75 percent to precursor mass and carbonization was performed at activating temperature of 400 ºC.  The potential of AC treatment by plasma was then examined to introduce oxygen-containing groups onto AC surfaces and to enhance its efficiency to remove a basic dye, Rhodamine B, from aqueous solution. After carbonization step, surface modification of activated carbons was then conducted by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in a parallel- plate reactor under different conditions of voltages (2, 4, and 6 kv) and treatment time(20, 30, and 40 min). Specific surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume of ACs were characterized from the results obtained by N2 adsorption at 77 K. In order to evaluate structure changes in plasma modified-ACs the FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used. Then, the capability of modified-ACs in removing of Rhodamine B was assessed and was compared with untreated ones. The batch adsorption tests have been carried out in the laboratory by contacting a 100 ml of dye aqueous solution with 0.1g of AC. The adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution was measured using UV-Vis spectrometer at 555 nm.

The results indicated that the iodine number of ACs prepared from sound wood (SBAC) was less than RBAC that indicate more development of micropores in RBAC. Activated carbons from sound wood exhibited more specific surface area (1538 m2g-1), total pore volume (0.649 cm3g-1) and less average diameter (1.69 nm) in comparison with RBAC. As it was expected, chemical activation of precursors by ZnCl2 could successfully develop micropores through dehydrating reactions. It was found that adsorption capacity of untreated ACs prepared from rotted beech wood was higher in comparison with sound wood ACs. This may be attributed to differences in chemical compositions of precursors, which results in different pore structures at the same preparing conditions. It was also revealed that the adsorption capacity of ACs for removal of Rhodamine B can be improved by the surface modification of ACs using plasma treatment. Although, voltage changes showed no significant influence on ACs adsorption capacity, but maximum gain of 20% obtained at 2 kv with plasma treatment time of 2 min. Destruction of micropores walls and probable blocking of pores due to developing new functional groups may be a main cause of adsorption capacity loss in ACs, which  modified by high voltage plasma. Raising heat of plasma because of increasing treatment time up to 30 min impaired dye removal by plasma modified ACs. The results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that oxygen-containing groups on ACs surfaces increased due to cold plasma treatment and changed slightly in acidic nature. A few bands were observed at around 1250, 1570, 1750 and 3440 cm-1 for each spectrum which indicated qualitatively that these carbon surfaces contains a mass of phenols, carboxylic anhydrides and a small quantity of carboxylic acids. This confirms the role of surface acid oxygen containing groups in contributing adsorption of Rhodamine B from aqueous medium. The enrichment of surfaces with hydroxyl groups results in improved interaction between Rhodamine B and adsorbent surfaces via electrostatic attraction and Van der Waals forces.  In addition, a comparison of spectra of treated ACs with unmodified AC showed that use of cold plasma in presence of air to modify the carbon surface could not generate new types of surface chemical groups. It is proposed that adsorption of Rhodamine B on plasma-modified ACs is based on physisorption.  The results of analyzing SEM images showed significant degradation of wood microstructure during impregnation with ZnCl2 as well as carbonization process under N2 inert atmosphere. However, it was observed from SEM images that morphology of ACs remained unchanged during plasma treatment. Although, in some cases the deposits effect of plasma caused to smooth surface of ACs sample.

It is concluded from this research that both rotted and sound beech wood as a lignocellulosic materials has good potential in preparing ACs with great performance using ZnCl2 as activation agent. The results demonstrated that any variations in structure and compositions of lignocellulosic precursors with the same sources due to biological degradation result in different adsorption behavior of activated carbons. It was also found that cold plasma treatment under optimum conditions of voltage and treatment time could be a good surface modification method to enhance the adsorption capacity of ACs without any significant morphological changes to remove dyes such as Rhodamine B from aqueous phase.

Natural gas is one of the most important energy sources used today in urban communities as cheap and hazardous energy. In this regard, if the government and organizations do not pay attention to the proper infrastructure for gas installations, it will create irreparable risks for that society. The assessment and management of crisis in the various processes can play a key role in the planning, organization and training of the target community. Today, the importance of increasing crisis management is not overlooked. Social and HSE crisis are the most important issues in the gas company. Crisis management results can be used for educational planning and resource management. Also, using the results of the crisis assessment can identify the weak points of the organization. Identifying weaknesses within an organization enables management to regulate the organizationchr('39')s strategies based on them and reduce the impact of the crisis effectively. The assessment of the risk of gas pipelines will be assessed by various criteria, such as the environment of the gas supply network and the social conditions surrounding the gas supply network. In the event of a crisis in gas distribution networks, the best way to prevent an increase in the crisis in urban and industrial areas is to ensure a rapid shutdown of gas transmission. The responsible organizations should use high-reliability facilities and equipment to reduce the crisis in the failure of the gas transmission lines in the network. The technical status of the gas supply pipelines and their maintenance are among other criteria for assessing the gas supply risk. Crisis in gas networks can have irreparable effects due to the direct connection of the network with residents of cities. The crisis in the gas supply network is causing fire and explosion and poisoning, but it can also lead to social crises. Since the gas company is a social institution. Its problems can affect the community. Therefore, the crisis management issue in the gas supply network is very important. Qazvin Gas Company is a government organization with more than 350,000 shareholders and customers in the province. The inadequate and old infrastructure has put the risk of crisis in this provincechr('39')s gas distribution network as unacceptable. Such organizations need to invest in building a strategic thinking in crisis management on how to design and deliver services to their customers. The purpose of this research is to determine and rank critical factors and assess the risk of crisis in gas distribution networks.

In this research, three types of major crises associated with gas supply networks were identified by using reliable sources and expertschr('39') opinion. An expert is someone who has a BSE degree in Industrial Engineering or HSE, as well as 10 years of experience in the gas industry. Toxicity, fire - explosion and social problems are the most important gas grid crisis. then 11 criticality indicators were defined for assessing the risk of crisis in gas network. Decision-making criteria in this study include: health problems, mortality, political problems, costs of line reconstruction, groundwater contamination, cost of stopping services, damage to people in the region, air pollution, reduced income, lack of trust in the organization, Fear and horror. In this study, FAHP technique and the FROMETHEEII fuzzy technique for ranking were used. One of the most efficient and comprehensive techniques for deciding multiple indicators is the analytical hierarchical process. It was first raised by Thomas L Satty in 1980. This method has many uses in solving managerial, economic and social problems. This method allows the formulation of the problem in a hierarchical manner. It is also possible to consider different quantitative and qualitative indices in problem solving. In this process, different options are involved in decision making and it is possible to analyze the sensitivity of indicators and sub-indicators. This process based on paired comparisons facilitates judgment and indicates the degree of compatibility and incompatibility of the decision. PROMETHEE was designed in 1985 by Branc & Vincke. It was developed by colleagues in 1994. This method can be called the "Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation", which, as it is known from the name, seeks to structurally address problems and use the actual values of the criteria for evaluation.Using the FAHP results, the weight determines the importance of each of the critical factors in gas networks. Using the results of the PROMETHEE, we can determine the weight and rank of contributing factor and sub contributing Factor of crisis risk for the gas network. Then using the obtained results, the grid risk assessment model was presented. The crisis risk assessment model is designed considering the importance of the type of crisis scenario. The proposed model is:where in: SN is level of severity of risk of crisis; Stox is level of Toxic severity of risk; Wtox is the weight of toxic severity of risk; Sex is level of explosive severity of risk; Wex is the weight of explosive severity; Scut is level of severity of Cut off gas network and Wcut is the weight of cut off gas network. Using the proposed model, the gas network of Qazvin province was evaluated as a case study. The results of mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the results. In order to confirm the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, the literature review and other questionnaires were used. Then, the questionnaire was adjusted and after the insertion of the necessary information, for content validity, was given to the experts. Following the necessary amendments, the original questionnaires were set up and approved by the experts. The reliability of the questionnaires was assessed using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. For this purpose, after answering all the experts, the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using SPSS software, which is about α = 0.74. According to the results, reliability of the questionnaire is reliable. In order to collect the data, the researchers examined the study environment and completed the checklist.

The results showed that the crises created in relation to the gas network with weight importance are not equal. So that the social crisis caused by the disruption of gas in the urban gas supply network is more important. The results showed that the crises created in relation to the gas network were not equal to the weight. So that the social crisis caused by disruption of gas in the urban gas supply network is more important than the crisis caused by Toxicity and explosion. This is due to the fact that poisoning and explosion can also lead to social crises that have a cumulative effect on the social crisis caused by the disruption of gas. The results showed that the most important crisis in the gas company was a definite gas. Also, the results showed that the main criteria in the risk of gas distribution network crisis are: proximity to residential buildings, population density, proximity to industrial towns, and the existence of vulnerable network conditions. The conditions of different regions of the case study showed that the best conditions for the gas supply network in the 3rd district are due to the low number of residential buildings, low population density, distance from industrial settlements, and the absence of vulnerable conditions.

Several studies in recent years have found that the failure of the gas line is the main cause of the gas grid crisis. The main reason for this is the placement of pipes in the gas network and its regulators on the roads of cars and individuals. In these studies, gas regulators are classified as one of the most vulnerable parameters in the crisis assessment. Also, the main reason for the gas supply crisis in many studies is the structural weakness of the network and network vulnerability. Also, in some studies, environmental conditions and type of use around the gas distribution network are described as contributing factors of the risk of gas pipeline leakage and vulnerability factors in the gas distribution network.The main reason for definite gas as a crisis in the gas network is the use of the gas network in residential homes, which is the case in countries like Iran. According to the results of this study, it was determined that for assessing the risk of crisis in gas networks, it is necessary to determine the crisis factors and to integrate them in order to determine the risk of crisis in the gas network. In the risk assessment process, the impact of personal judgment of the evaluators on determining the risk level of a process is very important. In this research, using decision making models has been tried to minimize the impact of personal judgment of evaluators. One of the most important results in this study was the existence of social crises due to the cut off gas distribution networks. Therefore, the definitive gas crisis is of great importance. This is most common in developing countries that use natural gas in final consumers for heating and cooking. Therefore, this indicates that the government in these countries is required to invest from gas to electricity in order to prevent social crises, to reform the process of gas consumption and change energy consumption in homes and commercial and office facilities. The assessment of social crises is a new aspect of this research that has not been addressed in other researches.

One of the most important indicators of work life is the quality of work life that indicates to what extent individuals are able to meet their important personal needs (such as the need for independence) while working in an organization. This concept has been of interest to researchers and human scientists in recent years. Quality of work life includes opportunities to solve problems that are mutually beneficial to the employee and the organization and are based on collaboration in management, which can be improved to gradually change the pattern of interaction between people in the organization. Also, proper employee management can be used as a competitive advantage. In addition to affecting many job attitudes, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job attachment, work life quality affects individualschr('39') personal, family, and social lives. Accordingly, the present study aims to design and development model for improving the quality of work life of faculty members. The definitions of quality of work life emphasize health promotion, well-being, job security, job satisfaction, competence enhancement, and work-life balance. Studies on the quality of work life indicate the importance of this concept by managers, and advocates of quality of work life are looking for new systems to help employees balance their work life and personal lives.

The present study is descriptive in nature, applied in terms of its objective, and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of the study includes all full-time faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Behbahan and Khatam Al-Anbia University of Behbahan (N = 195), who were active in the second semester of the academic year of 2018-2019. Sample size is calculated by Cochran formula (n = 129), selected by simple random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire is used for data collection. In this regard, factors affecting the quality of work life of faculty members are specified through a comprehensive study of articles on the quality of work life as well as the opinion of experts in the field of quality of life and used as the basis of the conceptual model. Considering the literature and the views of experts on factors affecting the promotion of quality of work life, a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting the quality of work life of professors is obtained. In the first step, 143 components are identified. After sorting these factors in terms of thematic similarity, more comprehensive components are selected and minor components are removed. In the next step, the questionnaire is given to 5 academic experts and management experts. After receiving comments, some questions are corrected, merged, or removed. Finally, 57 influential components are identified and categorized into four categories of individual, organizational, managerial, and occupational factors. In the qualitative section, 5 experts are interviewed to ensure face validity. In this regard, the level of difficulty, appropriateness, and relevance of the items to the main purpose and transparency of the meanings of the components are assessed. To determine the face validity coefficient, a 5-point Likert scale is used for each of the 57 items of the tool and the questionnaire is distributed among 15 professors. The item impact factor is calculated, which indicate that all questions are scored above 1.5. In the quantitative section of the content validity, the index of content validity is used. Three criteria of "relevance, clarity and simplicity" in a five-point Likert scale are assessed by experts. All items scored above 0.80. The reliability of the questionnaire is calculated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test. The total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.72. It is 0.73 for personal factors, 0.71 for organizational factors, 0.75 for management factors, and 0.76 for occupational factors.

The most important factors affecting the quality of work life of the professors are occupational factors, organizational factors, management factors and individual factors. According to participants, occupational factors affecting the quality of work life of faculty members are workplace mental health (ranked 1), occupational income (ranked 2), occupational security (ranked 3), workplace health and safety (ranked 4), proportion of teaching courses with expertise (ranked 5), required facilities and equipment (ranked 6), professional growth (ranked 7), job independence (ranked 8), teaching (workload) (ranked 9), lack of ambiguity in doing tasks (ranked 10), base (job position) (ranked 11), importance and meaning of work (ranked 12), role clarity (ranked 13), attention to research and innovation (ranked 14), increasing job capabilities and abilities (ranked 15), sharing experiences among colleagues (ranked 16), and job diversity (ranked 17). Organizational factors affecting the quality of work life of faculty members are organizational justice (ranked 1), fair payment and benefits system (ranked 2), on time promotion (ranked 3), intra-organizational communication (ranked 4), clarity of organizational laws and regulations (ranked 5), university development and growth (ranked 6), organizational discipline (ranked 7), interaction and collaboration of professors together (ranked 8), performance evaluation system (ranked 9), payment and benefit stability (ranked 10), organizational trust (ranked 11), organizational facilities (ranked 12), organizational image (ranked 13), flexible organizational structure (ranked 14), and innovative organizational environment (ranked 15). Management factors affecting the quality of work life of faculty members include fair interaction with professors (ranked 1), respect for expertise and professional attitude towards professors (ranked 2), appropriate feedback to professors (ranked 3), peer support of professors (ranked 4) , continuous relationship of managers with professors (ranked 5), integrity of managerschr('39') behavior with professors (ranked 6), delegation of authority to professors (ranked 7), staff participation in decision making (ranked 8), attention to problems and timely resolution (ranked 9), transparent expectation of professors (ranked 10), using professors’ viewpoints in developing organizational goals and policies (ranked 11), supportive supervision (ranked 12), applying system management (ranked 13), and flexibility in decision making (ranked 14). Individual factors affecting the quality of work life include job motivation (ranked 1), adjustment ability (ranked 2), expertise and experience (ranked 3), communication skills (ranked 4), hope and optimism (ranked 5), patience (ranked  6), positive attitude to job (ranked 7), decision making power (ranked 8), self-awareness (ranked 9), self-control (ranked 10), and personal creativity (ranked 11).

Designing a model for enhancing the quality of work life of faculty members, and examining and prioritizing the effective individual, organizational, managerial, and occupational factors can guide authorities to improve the quality of work life and organizational health. According to the results, it can be said that the quality of work life of faculty members is one of the most important and effective concepts in higher education organizations and has an interactive nature in the organization, so that organizational policies can positively or negatively affect the quality of work life. According to the participants, job motivation is the first and foremost individual factor affecting the quality of work life of faculty members. Motivation plays a pivotal role in the field of management, both practically and theoretically. Organizational researchers consider it as a cornerstone in developing useful theories about effective management activities, such as the quality of work life. In line with the results, university officials are suggested to develop variables related to professorschr('39') job motivation, such as respect, participation in decision making, attention to needs, and trust. Organizational justice is ranked first among organizational factors influencing the quality of professorschr('39') work life. In fact, when employees feel that they are working in an organization that does not respect the principles of justice; they are exposed to perceptual and emotional pressures. Therefore, university officials are suggested to consider promoting fair behaviors as a management strategy and more or less promote fair behaviors in the university. Identifying factors that reduce perceptions of organizational justice behaviors among faculty members is one of the main tasks of university managers. In addition, it is suggested to increase the quality of work life by taking into account the sensitivity and complexity of the work and the level of expertise of faculty members, assigning responsibilities based on the level of capability of individuals, and reduce workforce stress by dividing the desired workload, and provide opportunities for growth by evaluating staff performance in terms of expertise, experience, and education. Respondents consider fair interaction to be the first management factors that influence the quality of work life of faculty members. Fair behavior is something that employees are sensitive to and expect its realization when they invest their capabilities in the organization. Therefore, fair dealing with faculty members plays an essential role in promoting and providing mental health and their perception of quality of work life. Also, given that workplace mental health is ranked first in occupational factors and that advocates for quality of work life are looking for new systems to help employees balance their work and personal lives, academic managers need to help their faculty members achieve a quality work life by creating a relaxed and stress-free environment for faculty members. Obviously, promoting the quality of work life of professors requires understanding its concept, functions and benefits by senior management of the university, considering all factors affecting it, and the desire to improve the quality of work life in order to enjoy its valuable benefits for the university.

Pre-hospital emergency care technicians are faced with a high level of physical and mental stress because they must quickly attend emergency situations, and this high level of stress can lead to occupational stress in them. Occupational stress is the result of an interaction between job conditions and personal factors, when the demands of the workplace and the related pressures are higher than the degree tolerated by the individual. Research shows that prolonged and continuous stress in the workplace can result in reduced productivity, decreased job satisfaction, poorer quality of service provision to patients, fewer accurate and timely decisions, a sense of job-related incompetence, occupational fatigue, a higher degree of absenteeism, and finally the occupational burnout syndrome. If occupational burnout is not identified and an effective solution is not proposed to reduce or prevent it, the physical and mental health of the employees will be threatened, and their performance efficiency and quality will suffer. Having a skillful and efficient human force is an important factor contributing to the efficiency of organizations; therefore, it is necessary to implement personal interventions to enhance the capacity of the employees in the face of stress, and maintain and promote their mental health. One such intervention which may help mitigate occupational stress is the use of positive psychology. In positive psychology, one’s higher focus on the positive aspects of events and less focus on negative aspects create a positive feeling, promote effective relationships with others, contribute to rational decisions, improve one’s resilience in the face of problems, and help one resolve life challenges and better manage problems. A gratitude program is a positive psychology skill which serves as a mental health indicator and complements psychotherapy and cognitive therapy interventions. Gratitude is not compatible with negative feelings and emotions such as stress, and even protects one from the impact of mental distress. It empowers people in fighting stress and promotes their general positive attitude by improving mental, spiritual, and physical well-being. It is evident that emergency care technicians experience high levels of stress and occupational burnout as a result of the stressful nature of their job. Thus, it is highly important to study the mental health of these technicians. The present study examined the effect of a gratitude program on the stress and occupational burnout of pre-hospital emergency care technicians.

This was a randomized two-group ad three-phase field trial with a pretest-posttest (immediately after intervention) design and one-month follow-up. Eighty pre-hospital emergency care technicians in the south of Isfahan Province, Iran, were randomly selected. After explaining the study to the participants and receiving their written informed consent for participation, they were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups based on the inclusion criteria. The demographic information form, the Occupational Stress in Emergency Technicians Questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were completed by both groups in the introductory session and before implementing the intervention. The demographic information form examined the participants’ age, marital status, job experience, working hours, level of education, type of employment, and type of the emergency base. The occupational stress questionnaire was developed and standardized by Danesh. It comprised 46 items examining stress in four dimensions of physical, occupational, group-related, and organizational. The reliability of this questionnaire was examined in the present study by checking its internal consistency, and the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.86 was obtained. The Maslach Burnout Inventory consisted of 22 items which assessed the three dimensions of occupational burnout: emotional exhaustion, lack of personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Maslach and Jackson reported the internal consistency coefficient of 9.0, 0.79, and 0.71 for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, respectively. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were confirmed by numerous studies in Iran, and Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75-0.87 was reported for it, indicating its reliability. The intervention comprised six sessions of in-person gratitude program as a positive coping technique in stressful and difficult situations, developed based on the models of verbal gratitude (Emmons & McCullough, 2003), behavioral gratitude (Tsang, 2002), and practical gratitude (Seligman, 2005), and approved by the Department of Psychiatric Nursing,  School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The educational content consisted of writing a letter of gratitude to significant people in onechr('39')s life, consciously searching for gratitude in daily life, recalling memories of gratitude by people and the organization during onechr('39')s work life, increasing attention to the smallest positive events during missions despite a high level of stress and recording them. Next, the program was followed for four weeks online by using the Telegram app. For the experimental group, five in-person sessions of gratitude were held at the Accidents and Emergencies Educational Center in the south of Isfahan Province. At the end of the fifth session, the participants joined a Telegram channel and were requested to record the positive aspects which merited gratitude encountered in their missions for four weeks (twice a week). The person in charge of education at the center reminded the participants of sending their messages to the Telegram group once before the shift was started and once at the time of shift change. After four weeks of online program, the sixth session was held at the center, in which the content provided throughout the program was summarized, and the messages sent to the Telegram group were examined in terms of their positive and negative load. The participants were then asked to fill in the same questionnaires once more. To eliminate the cohort effect of the intervention group, the control group also received two sessions in which general topics related to the missions and the importance of implementing mental health interventions for the personnel were discussed. The control group joined another Telegram group and their requested to record the events related to their missions for four weeks (twice a week). At the end of this program, the control group also filled in the questionnaires, and their messages were examined in terms of negative and positive loads. One month later, all the participants in the experimental and control groups completed the questionnaires for a third time without receiving any additional intervention. The questionnaires were distributed and collected in all three phases by the person in charge of education at the center. The data were inputted in SPSS 18 and analyzed by using t-test and ANOVA.

The highest frequency in both groups belonged to married people who worked in urban bases on a 24-hour basis. In terms of level of education and type of employment, the highest frequency belonged to those with a bachelorchr('39')s degree and full employment (experimental group), and an associate degree and contractual employment (control group). Results of the t-test indicated that the mean scores of the dimensions of occupational stress and burnout did not significantly differ before the intervention between the two groups (p>0.05). However, this difference was significant immediately after and one month after the intervention (p<0.001), demonstrating the effect of the gratitude program on the dimensions of occupational stress and burnout in the experimental group.  One-way ANOVA showed that, in the experimental group, the mean difference in the scores of the dimensions of occupational stress and burnout before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention was significant in all the dimensions of occupational stress, except for the group-related dimensions (p<0.05).  In other words, the intervention affected the physical, occupational, and organizational dimensions of occupational stress. Findings also showed that gratitude was effective only on the emotional exhaustion dimension of occupational burnout (p<0.05).

Based on the findings, implementation of the gratitude program reduces occupational stress and also affects emotional exhaustion which is a dimension of occupational burnout. Based on the nature of the emergency care technicians’ job and the inadequate time they have to spend on mental health programs, the implementation of such programs over messaging services such as Telegram is cost-effective and practical in a short period. It can also help these technicians overcome occupational stress in the first stages, preventing it from progressing to more advanced levels which lead to occupational stress. The effect of interventions is stronger in the first stages of a problem than the final and progressed stages. This must be kept in mind when trying to prevent occupational burnout which has negative effects on organizational productivity and personal relations. It is recommended that such programs be implemented to maintain and promote the mental health of pre-hospital emergency care technicians.

In hairdressing career the disregarding of hygiene and also the use of contaminated equipments result in major convection of diseases such as viral, bacterial and fungal infections, eczema,and verruca.Assessment of knowledge,attitude and practice of hairdressers is necessary for the guarantee of public health. 

this cross sectional study was conducted in total160 female beauty salons with legal work permit in Garmsar.The questionnaire containing 50 question regarding the personal details,knowledge,attitude and practice was used to data collecting. 

The mean age of hairdressers interviewed was37.4±10years. In total hairdressers,only 130 person (83.1%) had good knowledge about the possibility of convection of AIDS,hepatitis B and C from people seemingly healthy but infected, also 155 personb(96.9%) had knowledge about threat of receiving hazardous infectionbfrom sharps.Attitude of the hairdressers was associated significantly with educational level and work experience(P<0.005).Out of total participants 95% had good performance about the use of alcoholic light, oven or autoclaves to sterilize their sharp and winning tools and 5%of the participants who used other materials or equipment had a bad performance. 

Although the knowledge,attitude and practice of hairdressers in Garmsar city were good.The implementation of teaching programs is recommended to promote their condition.

Managing the emergency situation is a big challenge for the process industries. Training has a substantial role the quality and success of the emergency response. Disasters regularly have devastating effects on the worldchr('39')s populations. The potential of high human casualties, heavy financial burden, environmental damage, and negative impacts on corporate reputation, highlights the importance of proper emergency management. Investigation of major industrial accidents demonstrates that organization’s unpreparedness for emergency conditions can noticeably increase consequences of an accident. Emergency management means establishing, training, and practicing plans and programs that reduce the vulnerability of the organizations to critical conditions, and help organizations to overcome these conditions more effectively with minimal costs and losses. Effective emergency management requires proper planning to increase the software and hardware readiness of the organization for critical situations. Planning processes, theoretical and practical training (maneuvers) are of key importance in software preparation. Each of the three processes of planning, training, and practicing (maneuvering) has a decisive role in the success or failure of an emergency response. In the planning phase, the most likely event scenarios should be identified, their consequences evaluated and accordingly, guidelines and procedures should be developed to deal with emergencies. In the later phases, these programs are trained and strive to enhance the preparedness of individuals and operation units for dealing with emergencies by holding maneuvers. It should be noted that practicing maneuvers are also a form of training that attempt to convey and understand concepts more effectively by simulating real emergencies. The review of past events indicates that the lack of proper educational system or ineffective training is one of the major reasons for people’s inability to respond appropriately to emergencies. For example, analysis of the explosion incident at the Texaco refinery in 1994 showed that inadequate training of staff to prepare for emergencies was one of the main causes of the accident. Lack of proper and adequate knowledge of the accident and consequently failure of the response team to act in the accident can aggravate the accident and result in life and financial losses. The quality of an organization’s response to emergencies highly depends on the quality and quantity of pre-programmed and implemented training. If emergency response training programs are presented properly, responding personnel will be able to collaborate effectively and will be ensured of response team’s health. Research shows that courses tailored to individual’s responsibilities have a major impact on promoting their preparedness for confronting emergencies. Also understanding and ability to implement a skill is highly dependent on pre-provided training. The roles and responsibilities of different levels of staffs, in emergencies, vary from each other and partly have a distinct nature. Therefore, people at different levels of an organization need different training at emergency management. The issue of crisis management training and how to deal with relevant emergencies is of particular importance in the processed industries and especially in the petrochemical industry that dealt with toxic substances. One of the standards that systematically addresses the essential training required by emergency response teams is the HAZWOPER standard. Given the above, it should be further emphasized the key importance of systematic training in the emergency readiness phase. Despite the importance of this issue, few research studies have been conducted to determine the educational needs of emergency response groups. In this study, it is attempted to identify the operational criticality of each scenario by identifying and analyzing emergency scenarios and extracted its training needs and compared it to the HAZWOPER standard. This study aims at determining the training needs of the emergency response team using task criticality analysis and comparing the determined requirements to the HAZWOPER standard.

the present study was conducted in Bouali Sina Petrochemical co. in 2018 as a cross sectional research. This study aimed to determine the training needs of the emergency response team using Swezey Task Criticality Analysis. First, a team of eight experts from the company’s safety and crisis management was formed and four final scenarios were selected by examining the list of pre-identified emergency scenarios. The criteria for selecting these scenarios were considered as probability of emergence, probable consequences, and the level of readiness of the organization to deal with these scenarios. Selected scenarios also attempted to cover a wide range of different kinds of possible events. Then, for each of the final scenarios selected, the tasks of the response team members were identified using the Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) technique. HTA is introduced by Kirwan as the most powerful task analysis technique that is one of the applications of this technique to determine the training needs needed to perform a task. After performing the HTA, criticality analysis was performed for the scenario response tasks. According to the Swezey Criticality Analysis method, tasks are divided into three levels of low, medium and high criticality. Tasks with low criticality level are tasks in which the occurrence of errors or improper performance has a negligible negative effect on successful mission accomplishment. Tasks with medium criticality level are tasks in which the occurrence of errors or improper performance has moderate consequences and may jeopardize the successful execution of the mission. Tasks with High criticality level are tasks that any errors or improper performance to perform will certainly lead to the failure of the entire mission. After training the Criticality Analysis method, the information of the hierarchical analysis of the Emergency Response Tasks graphically was provided to 77 personnel of the Emergency Response Team. The study group was selected based on the census method and from all the emergency response personnel team in three shifts. The group was asked to determine the criticality of the analyzed tasks at three levels of low, medium, and high through using Swezey criticality analysis method. After collecting the opinions of the study group and averaging the given scores, the criticality status of each task was analyzed. Then, according to the results, the sub-tasks were identified with high criticality level. After this stage, the most critical tasks were classified. In other words, the number of critical tasks for each emergency post was determined. Next, the list of high-critical tasks along with the job titles for those tasks were made available to previous experts and specialist and they were asked to list the essential training needs to perform each critical task safely and effectively. By gathering and summarizing the comments, a list of training needs of the critical task respondents was compiled. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect and record expert’s opinions. The identified training needs were compared with the HAZWOPER training requirements to determine the degree of overlap. To this end, the responders with critical duties were classified into five levels according to the HAZWOPER standard. The HAZWOPER standard defines essential training for the five levels of emergency responders, including the Incident Commander (IC), Hazardous Materials Specialist, Hazardous Materials Technician, First Responder Operations Level, and First Responder Awareness Level. Finally, the proposed training needs of each responder level were compared with their corresponding responder level in the HAZWOPER standard.

The four final emergency scenarios selected by experts were: atmospheric tank rim seal fire, synthesized reactor fire, H2S compressor leak, and hydrogen compressor fire. Forty-four tasks were identified as critical tasks involving twelve responders. Responders with critical duties were classified into five levels according to the HAZWOPER standard: Incident Commander, Hazardous Materials Specialist (Safety Expert), Hazardous Materials Technician (Firefighter and Fire Officer), First Responder Operations Level (head of shift operations, operation shift supervisor, and head of feed preparation units) and First Responder Awareness Level (senior security officer, security patrol, and ambulance driver). Investigating educational needs in different phases of crisis management showed that about 24% of suggested training needs by the expert team were related to the planning phase, 76% were associated to the operational phase and there were no suggested training need for recovery phase. These measures were 25, 56.25 and 18.75 percent for HAZWOPER, accordingly. Results revealed that approximately 72% of HAZWOPER requirements were covered in the suggested courses titles. Also, 52% of recommended trainings were complementary to the HAZWOPER requirements. Also, about 28% of the HAZWOPER requirements in the proposed training needs of this study were not recommended. The most educational requirement in the present study belonged to emergency group of hazardous materials technician, and in the HAWOPER standard, the group of hazardous materials specialist. Also, the lowest training requirements in both groups were related to the first responder awareness level.

the results of this study show that the determination of the educational needs of emergency response teams, based on the criticality level of their tasks and considering the levels of their responders and their specialized fields, can be very useful for effective performance and enhancing the capabilities of emergency response teams.

Characteristics of any job and its socio-economic outcomes are related to the social health of the working population. Social health attempts to identify the mutual effects of social interaction on the individuals’ well-being. An individual’s positive or negative willingness to the society-benefiting environmental subjects with high sensitivity, care, and intelligence along with the ability to understand the others, share their experiences and emotions, and actively participate in the social processes falls in the field of social health. In a society where the conditions are becoming healthier, an individual with social well-being is expected to adaptively see the conditions improving, accepting his society with all its positive and negative aspects and attempting to help the society’s improvement. In addition to its importance in terms of the individual and occupational health and interaction with the coworkers and other society members, social health is important in terms of the public health. If a baker does not have a proper social well-being, not caring about his society, the bread health of a majority of the population may negatively change, leading to low quality bread. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the social health of the bakers and the related variables in Isfahan, Iran.

This study was cross sectional-analytical and was conducted in 2017. The statistical population consisted of 469 bakers working in 171 traditional bakeries in Isfahan, who were selected out of 633 qualified bakeries by stratified sampling method in proportion to the size according to Cochran formula with the confidence level of 95% and error level of 0.07. The data were collected by the Adult Social Health Questionnaire (validated by Rafiey et al.) and Demographic Information Questionnaire. Each individual’s score were derived from 29 questions in the social health questionnaire with the components of social interaction, social responsibility, conscientiousness, attitude to society, empathy, family relationship, and social participation. In addition to the overall score, each component was scored. The social health was classified into five groups: very weak, weak, medium, good, very good, with their relationships with the demographic variables and each individual’s perceived social-economic status being assessed. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and non-parametric covariance in SPSS 20.

Three individuals worked in most of the studied bakeries. The mean age was 39.9 (±11.83). Those who worked in the bakeries had the work experience of 1 to 65 years with the average of 18.3 years (±12.31). Half of them had lower than 16.5 years of experience. However, 17% of the bakers had higher than 30 years of experience. Their social health scores were 18 to 40 (The minimum and maximum scores possible in the social health questionnaire were 10 and 145, respectively). Among the bakers, 3%, 36%, 27%, 26%, and 7% fall in very weak, weak, medium, good, and very good classes, respectively. 95.7% of the bakers viewed their socio-economic status to be in the 5th of 10 grades or lower in the society. Most of them (79.7%) evaluated their income to be low. These bakers’ social health had positive and direct relationship with their work experience (P-value≤0.05), such that an increase in each of the two variables by one unit increased the other by 0.304 and 0.316, respectively. The married individuals’ mean social health score were approximately higher than that of the unmarried ones by 9.7. Moreover, the social health of those with medium income was higher than that of the individuals with income by 6.22 (P-value=0.34).Discussion and

The social health status was weak to medium among the traditional bakers in Isfahan. This seems to be resulted from the limited number of the bakers, alternating working time (early morning and late night), and reduced productive social interactions of them. The bakers probably do not have proper responsibility for their role in the society and are weak at understanding the others. These individuals might not have appropriate relationships with their families and relatives, not participating in the society improving programs. They also might not find themselves having a share in the society, being separated from it. These individuals have a relatively low subjective assessment of their socio-economic status. The mentioned bakers must be improved in the components of social interaction, empathy, conscientiousness, and attitude to society. Interventions are required, such as redesigning the workplace to increase the interactions between the bakers and people while observing the food hygiene. Moreover, programs have to be implemented to enhance the bakers’ social activities. The improvement of their business environment through socio-political pursuance to increase their income and reduce punishments of the governmental organizations probably enhances the bakers’ social health.

The lack continuous and correct use of this equipment causes many respiratory problems. Hence, providing safety educations by using the models identifying and strengthening the effective factors is an essential. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the use of masks in the Isfahan Atlas Flour Factory workers.Nowadays, respiratory diseases caused by work can be prevented to a large extent. Excessive exposure to respiratory dust is one of the most common environmental hazards in the workshops, which can have a harmful impact on the health of workers. Excessive exposure to this group of contaminants causes irritation and discomfort of the respiratory system, and in some cases, it causes disabling and malignant diseases such as lung cancer. There is no accurate estimate of the burden of lung disease caused in workplace in the world. Limited estimates reported on the burden of work-related diseases suggest that the respiratory disease is among the most common job diseases with a contribution of 14.1%. Accordingly, timely identification of respiratory symptoms in workplace and their proper management can play major role in reducing worker-related diseases and death of workers. Studies suggest that most of chronic respiratory diseases, which occur often due to the negligence and ignorance, lack of knowledge, and unsafe behaviors of workers, can be prevented by simple measures such as using mask during work. Flour dust is one of the factors involved in chronic respiratory diseases in the workplace. A large number of workers in various jobs such as flour industries, silo workers, bakers and workers of confectionery industry, are exposed to flour dust and this dust can cause respiratory asthma in airways and other lung illnesses. The results of some studies have indicated that exposure to flour dust increases the susceptibility of people to these diseases and causes allergy in the eyes, nose, and airways of the respiratory system. Respiratory equipment is considered as the last solution for respiratory protection against workplace contaminations. However, studies suggest that most workers do not use this equipment properly and continuously. It should be noted that the use of personal respiratory protection equipment is not adequate, but they should be also used properly. Thus, it is necessary to explain the factors affecting the use of respiratory masks, especially in flour industry workers, using appropriate models and theories. One of these comprehensive models used to explain and change the health-promoting behaviors is the theory of planned behavior. Based on this theory, behavior related to human health is based on their intention to perform it. Behavioral intention is affected by attitudes, normative beliefsand perceived behavioral control. Attitude is a negative or positive personal evaluation on performing a behavior.The normative beliefs are based on the fact that individuals are influenced by different people in society. Perceived behavioral control shows that to what extent a person feels that his behavior is under his voluntary control. Despite its predictive value, this theory has been used very limitedly in explaining and even changing the preventive behaviors in terms of safety and safe behaviors related to workplace among workers. In general, limited number of studies has evaluated the impact of educational interventions on changing flout industry workerschr('39') behaviors on increasing the use of respiratory protective equipment. As effectiveness of the theory-based educational interventions in the job health and safety area has been proven, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the use of respiratory protection equipment.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on all workers of Isfahan Flour Atlas Factory in 2017. Using census method, 50 workers were assigned into two work shifts (each contained 25 workers). One shift was randomly selected as the intervention group and the other shift was selected as control group. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed based on a previous studieschr('39') questionnaire. The tools for assessing the questionnaire information included 7 demographic questions (age, employment history, marital status, educational level, monthly income level and two questions about respiratory problems and educations received before on respiratory diseases). The questions of the theory of planning behavior structure include the indirect assessment of attitude structures (9 questions of behavioral beliefs and 9 questions of evaluation of the outcomes), normative beliefs (8 questions of normative beliefs and 8 questions of adherence motivation), perceived behavioral control (13 questions of control beliefs, 13 questions on the effect of control beliefs), and behavioral intention (2 questions: One question on previous behavior of the use of a protective mask and one question of the behavior of use in next month).Validity of the questionnaire was analyzed by a panel of experts, included a set of health experts, health education expert and psychologist. After calculating the content validity ratio (CVR) at an acceptable range of 0.75-1, content validity index (CVI) was calculated 0.81. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire before the study, 20 staff members randomly completed the questionnaire. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was calculated 0.873 for the entire structures. For each section, it was calculated as follows: behavioral beliefs 0.810, evaluation of outcomes 0.918, normative beliefs 0.735, adherence motivation 0.842, control 0.774, and the effect of control beliefs 0.924. At the beginning of the study, participants were invited to participate in the research project in different parts of the factory. After informing about the goals and obtaining their consent, they entered the project. The first stage of the questionnaires was completed by the two groups. After obtaining information from pre-test questionnaires, educational sessions were designed and educational interventions were provided for 2 months, 4 sessions per hour (15 days each) for the participants of the intervention group.  The aim of these sessions was to provide knowledge for workers with respiratory diseases caused by lack of using of masks, behavior of continuous use of masks, as well as increased behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, adherence motivation, and reduced control beliefs. For this purpose, various teaching methods such as lectures, group discussions, brainstorming, practical presentation, role play, and the invitation of relevant professionals as well as teaching aids (boards, slideshows, booklets, pamphlets, posters and educational laminates) were used.The educational sessions was provided in this way: in the first session, s definition was provided on heath and onechr('39')s mission in maintaining the heath and protective strategies against the most common respiratory diseases in flour companies with the aim of increasing the behavioral beliefs to maintain personal health and self-care against respiratory problems.  The second session was provided with the aim of stabilizing the positive attitude and increase the behavioral beliefs of using masks and reducing control beliefs about not using the mask by inviting the physician and lecturing on the respiratory diseases and the complications of not using respiratory mask and the emergence of job-related respiratory diseases, and symptoms of these diseases.  The third session was provided with a focus on subjective norms and with the aim of identifying the role of key people in maintaining health and creating a healthy environment at work. In this session, the role of a professional health experts and safety officer as an important contributor to the health and safety of people was explained.   In this session, all participants were involved in the subject by holding a group discussion. In this session, the use of various respiratory masks used by the personnel of various units was trained using slideshows for the workers. In addition, the way of using it was displayed for them.  In the fourth session, all the contents of the 3 previous sessions were reviewed. In this session, questions and answers were given to the group to discuss on all the questions in group. After completing the questionnaires, the data were entered into the software and analyzed using independent t-test, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Chi-square tests.

The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean of the scores of TPB constructs . there was a significant difference in all the TPB variables between the two groups (after intervention, P < 0.001).of statistical observation and recording of observational behaviors showed that there was a significant increase in the use of mask in the intervention group immediately (P = 0.02) and 3 months after the intervention (P = 0.04). Also, all the structures of the planning behavior  theory ()In the intervention group, it increased in two periods. (P >0/05)

 The results of this study showed that educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior was effective in improving the behavior of using masks. Therefore, using this model is recommended for creating safe behaviors. The results of this study revealed that providing educational intervention based on the model of planned behavior caused change in behavioral beliefs structures and evaluation of outcomes, normative beliefs, adherence motivation, control beliefs and its impact on the behavior of using masks in the intervention group. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that intervention in the form of planned behavior is effective in behavior of using the mask. Given the high density of flour particles in air of some parts, clinical examinations of workers are recommended to identify and treat patients with respiratory tract infections as soon as possible. In order to provide appropriate health conditions in workplace to protect the health of workers, flour factory owners are recommended to use proper ventilation systems, to oblige workers to use respiratory masks and periodic measurements of inhaled particles by plant officials. These measures can play major role in reducing respiratory diseases. Keywords:worker, mask, educational intervention, planned behavior model

Traffic safety is a major concern all around the world. About 1.5 million people die each year from road accidents and 50 million are injured. These figures account for about 1/2 percent of all deaths in the world, making road crashes the ninth most common cause of deaths. In Iran, the number of road accidents and their fatalities is significantly higher than the world standard. As the annual incidence rate of 32 cases per 100,000 is the second leading cause of death and the most common cause of injuries. The need for road tunnels increased with the development of road transport to reduce traffic congestion, reduce travel time and save energy. The construction of these tunnels created visual problems associated with the physiological mismatch of the driverschr('39') eyes at the inlet and outlet of the tunnel resulting in an increased risk of traffic accidents. Therefore, standards were developed to improve safety and reduce traffic accidents in these tunnels, including CIE 88-2004, PR-22-05 and IESNA. In order to safely cross the road tunnel, it is essential that all drivers have sufficient information about the road ahead, potential obstacles, and the presence and performance of other drivers. Therefore, one of the key factors in preventing accidents in road tunnels is the installation of lighting systems. The purpose of lighting in road tunnels is to provide an appropriate degree of safety for drivers during entry, transit and exit of the road tunnel, both over the day and night. According to CIE 88-2004, the purpose of road tunnel lighting is to create a safe and comfortable environment throughout the tunnels so that drivers along the road will have sufficient information on the road, possible obstacles and the direction of movement of other vehicles. According to the CIE Technical Report, drivers have different visual problems as they approach, enter, and exit the tunnel. One of the main causes of road accidents in tunnels is the lack of design of an optimal lighting system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the luminance in a road tunnel based on CIE88-2004 standard in order to reduce the number of accidents caused by visual problems. 

In the present study, CIE88-2004 was used to evaluate the luminance in road tunnels. Early stages in assessing and evaluating luminance road tunnels include the determination of safety stop distance, equivalent veiling luminance, atmospheric luminance and wind screen luminance. The safety stop distance is equal to the sum of the distance between the barrier processing in the brain and the driverchr('39')s motor response to the brake, so that this distance prevents the vehicle from colliding with potential obstacles in road tunnels. Equivalent veiling luminance is caused by the reflection of light from the environment around the tunnel, to the driverschr('39') eyes, resulting in reduced contrast in the tunnels. Luminosity caused by factors such as dust in the atmosphere that make light scattering is called atmospheric luminance. One of the main reasons for the reduction of contrast in the eyes of drivers is due to the diffusion of light in the windshield. To determine the equivalent veiling luminance, photographic camera with 35mm lens and Holiday-Stiles was used. In order to determine the brightness of the equivalent view, the percentage of environmental factors (sky, road, rock, building and grassland) were determined by drawing a polarized halide diagram on the tunnel entrance photo and considering the networking of each segment of the rings. It should be noted that in some areas, the luminance level was not included in the luminance calculations due to the dashboard and the roof of the car, which prevents drivers from glaring. To determine the atmospheric luminance and wind screen luminance, HAGNER luminance meter model S3 was used. After determining the equivalent veiling luminance, atmospheric luminance and wind screen luminance of the vehicle, the required luminance in different areas of the study tunnel was designed using the CIE88-2004 standard. According to CIE-88-2004, in order to prevent road accidents caused by poor lighting, road tunnels are divided into 5 areas: access zone, threshold zone, transition zone, interior zone and exterior zone. The access zone is the distance before entering the tunnel which is equal to the length of the safety stop distance. The threshold zone is the first area inside the tunnel that requires a great deal of artificial lighting to manage and control the adverse effects of the black hole phenomenon. In the transition zone, due to the driverchr('39')s transition from the bright environment outside the tunnel to the dark environment inside the tunnel, the eye must adapt to these changes in brightness. The interior zone is the longest area in the tunnel and usually requires low illuminance levels. Exterior zone; this area again prepares the eyes for sunlight and usually requires a high level of illuminance to adapt the eye from the tunnel to the light outside the tunnel.

In determining the safety stop distance, the average reaction time was set to 1 second according to the CIE standard recommendation. Based on the tunnel location and the 10-year data of Ilam Weather Station No. 40780, the average annual rainfall was 73.8 days. According to the Paris recommendation, the coefficient of friction between the road and the tire in places where the average annual rainfall is more than 75 hours, the road condition is considered wet in access zone of tunnel. Therefore, the coefficient of friction between the road and the tire was 0.35, taking into account the wet road surface and the maximum speed allowed by vehicles passing through the tunnel. Then the safety stop distance in the tunnel was set 69.6 m. After estimating luminance in all polarized halide diagram rings, the equivalent veiling luminance was determined equal to 127.5 candela per m2. Also, the wind screen luminance and atmospheric luminance were measured 234.4 and 308 candela per m2, respectively. Then, according to these measurements, the required luminance levels in the first and the end of the second part of the threshold zone were determined as 576 and 230.6 candela/m2, respectively. Then, according to the safety stop distance (69.6 m) and heavy traffic volume, the required luminance level of the interior zone was 6.2 candela/m2. After determining the luminance in the interior zone of the tunnel, the type of tunnel (long, very long) must be specified. Therefore by reducing the length of the threshold zone (69.6 m), transition zone (432 m) and exterior zone (89.6 m) of the entire tunnel length (1200 m), the length of interior zone (608.8 m) was determined. Thus, by dividing the maximum permissible speed of vehicles inside the tunnel by the length of the interior zone, the time interval by the interior zone was determined to be 33.8 seconds. Because the time interval in the interior zone for studied tunnel was more than 30 seconds, the tunnel was classified as very long tunnel and the luminance in the second part of the interior zone was 2.3 Candela/m2. Also, according to the CIE standard, the luminance at the end of the exterior zone increased by 5 times compared to the second part of the interior zone, which equals 11.5 candela per square meter.

Lighting in road tunnels is of particular importance as neglecting it can cause major problems with driver safety such as black hole phenomena (before entering the tunnel), mismatch (during tunnel entry) and white hole phenomena (as exiting the tunnel). In this study, the required luminance (designed) in the initial part of the threshold zone was 576 candela per square meter with respect to the equivalent veiling luminance resulted from the tunnel surrounding, wind screen luminance and atmospheric luminance. This amount of luminosity required at the tunnel entrance can be reduced in appropriate ways such as; installation of asymmetric lighting systems inside the tunnel (of course, asymmetric lighting systems have some disadvantages, such as the high need for the high ceiling, also, not adjusting asymmetric lighting systems in the opposite direction of traffic can increase the flicker effect). Another way to reduce the required luminance is to reduce the luminance of the surrounding of tunnel environment. By changing the surfaces around the tunnel from high reflective materials to low reflective materials (planting grass and trees), the level of luminance can be significantly reduced in the eyes of drivers in the tunnel access zone. In road tunnels, drivers should identify road barriers at least at safety stop distance to prevent accidents. Effective ways to quickly adapt the driverschr('39') eyes to the dark inside the tunnel have been investigated, including the installation of semi-transparent structures to move the threshold zone to the outside of the tunnel. This allows the use of sunlight to achieve the desired luminance. Although most problems occur at tunnel entrances, the eye matching from low luminance inside the tunnel to high luminance outside the tunnel in the exterior zone of tunnel should not be ignored. Although this process is relatively fast, however, a high difference in luminance between the end of the tunnel and the environment outside the tunnels should be avoided.

Contractorchr('39')s safety performance assessment provides an opportunity for managers and decision-makers to choose contractors based on safety principles as an effective factor. The construction industry creates a complex working environment due to the use of complex devices and equipment, modern construction methods, temporary organizational structures, and the multidisciplinary and multitasked aspects of the project workforce. Construction projects are performed by contractors in many countries, and the accident rate is very high in this industry. Therefore, the safety of the workplace in the construction industry needs considerable attention. In the construction industry, completing a high-quality project with the minimum time and cost is a priority, and safety is a secondary concern. The lack of motivation to promote a safety culture at the organization and project level has weakened the safety performance and made construction one of the most dangerous industries in the world. It is possible to improve the safety standards of contracting organizations with continuous monitoring and reviewing of their safety performance. To achieve this goal, safety performance measurement methods must be available. To achieve the safety objectives of the safety management system, organizations require a rational framework for assessing safety performance to measure the effectiveness of the organization in preventing accidents over time. The goal of measuring the safety performance is to provide a feedback mechanism to accelerate improvement. The effectiveness of the feedback mechanism is directly dependent on the use of appropriate information resources. Safety performance is one of the most important concerns of project managers, because poor safety increases project failures and affects other key performance indicators. For example, the unsafe work environment reduces the quality of work and causes extra time and costs. This study was conducted to evaluate the contractorchr('39')s safety performance indicators.

In this study, the articles published in the Science Direct database from the beginning of 2005 to the end of 2017 on measuring the safety performance of construction projects were reviewed. Articles with the term "safety performance" and "construction" in the title, abstract, or keywords were selected. A total of 145 articles were found in the first search, and after a closer look at the title and abstracts of articles, 54 articles related to the purpose of the study were examined. These 54 selected articles were categorized based on various criteria such as the title of the article, year of publication, journal name, authorchr('39')s country, and methods. In general, the safety performance indicators were divided into three groups of methods, including lagging indicators, leading indicators, and other methods, and each of these groups includes subgroups.

From the review of 54 articles, it was found that two indicators of incident rate (29 articles) and accident rate (19 articles) were studied in the majority of articles. These two were followed by studies on the near miss rates, safety culture, risk assessment, unsafe conditions, experience modification rating, and safety costs for safety performance measurement, respectively. Most articles in the field of safety performance of contractors were published in the Journal of Safety Science and originated from the USA and China. Below, each lagging and leading indicator is summarized.Lagging indicators: Accident rateAccident rate is most commonly used in assessing safety performance, simply calculated by having the number of accident. It can be used to compare performance. The accident rate can be calculated for a month to several years with the following formula:Accident rate = (number of accidents / number of employees) ×106 Incident rateAccording to some authors, incidents include accidents, near misses, unsafe acts, and unsafe conditions. In fact, the word incident can refer to any situation where there is a lack of safety. The methods for calculating incident rate vary from country to country. Typically, the rate of incident is calculated as follows: Incident rate = (number of incidents / number of employees) ×106Incident and accident rate have certain advantages for assessing the safety performance; for instance, information about them is relatively easy to collect and understand, they are suitable indicators for comparison, and they prove useful in the identification of trends over time. Near missNear miss is defined as an unplanned event that has the potential to cause damage, injury, or illness, but does not cause any specific damage and does not come with a direct cost. In fact, a near miss is a warning for the occurrence of accidents. By controlling and recording near misses, it is possible to measure the current safety performance, and by investigating near misses and their causes, organizations can prevent accidents and improve safety performance. It is not easy to identify near misses, and some of the factors preventing employees from reporting near misses include fear of being blamed, accepting a risk because such events are considered part of the work, lack of feedback on how the reported information has been used, and the perception that data collection is difficult and time-consuming. Experience modification rateExperience modification rating is a method used by companies in the United States to measure the safety performance of firms based on the company’s injury and illness claims for over the past three years. The basic formula for experience modification rating is:EMR = actual claims / expected claimsThis formula is adjusted according to company size and the frequency and severity of injuries. The actual losses of accidents and injuries result in workers’ compensation claims, and the expected losses are based on the experience of claims for a particular work classification. Companies are ranked based on the experience modification rate. The average score for an experience modification rate is 1, with higher scores indicating the payment of more insurance premium, and lower rates indicating a lower premium.The formula of experience modification rate is relatively complex and, in practice, different methods are used to calculate it. This formula is not a suitable method for calculating the safety performance of all types of companies. The experience modification rate is based on the performance of the past three years and is, therefore, not appropriate for measuring the current safety performance.Leading indicators:Leading indicators provide early warning signals for potential failures and continuous control of safety in the work processes. These indicators primarily and often focus at the level and analysis of small units such as individual behavior, so that work processes and behaviors can be improved before an accident occurs. Leading indicators based on the type of selected criteria can predict future safety performance and prevent future accidents. Risk assessmentRisk assessment is a fundamental principle in safety management. For the effective prevention of accidents, their causes should be identified with risk assessment. In construction projects, risk assessment can be the identification of hazards in the design phase of construction before they can lead to an accident. To do this, the first step is to identify the main stages of the construction process and then to identify the risks associated with each step. To determine the hazards, one can use the information on incidents and accidents occurring in similar projects. Behavior-based safetyBehavior-based safety is a measure of performance evaluation that is measured by different methods, including the use of checklists. Checklists evaluate different behaviors such as the use of personal protection equipment, housekeeping, hot work, scaffolding, and access to heights. The four basic steps in behavior-based safety include identifying, observing, intervening, and review (or follow-up observation) and monitoring. After the interventions, behaviors are observed and grouped as safe and unsafe behaviors. Then, the raw data are converted into a score, so that the numbers of safe behaviors multiply 100 and divided by all observed behaviors. In most leading indicators, data collection is performed manually. The observation and control of construction sites are time-consuming for safety authorities. The inspectorschr('39') errors are also involved in the results and reports. Safety cultureTo assess the safety culture of an organization, there are a variety of qualitative methods such as observation, and quantitative methods such as surveys, each being useful for assessing culture. However, quantitative methods, in particular, surveys of individuals’ responses, are often more practical in terms of time and cost-effectiveness. As a result, surveys and questionnaires are widely used in assessing the safety culture in various industries. Different studies use parameters, management commitment, supervisory environment, supportive environment, communication and feedback, work pressure, personal perception of risk, workerschr('39') involvement, training and competency, safety rules and procedures, and assessment of work hazards to evaluate the safety culture.

One cannot claim that a certain indicator of safety performance measurement is better than another; the choice of indicators depends on the objective of safety performance measurement and the available sources of information. The use of safety performance measurement methods depends on the time and location of their use. At the project level, the use of leading indicators causes the current safety performance of the project measurable, so that its results can be used to improve performance. For example, incidents and accidents can be prevented by improving the behavior and safety culture. Nevertheless, for companies that choose a contractor for their own projects, using indicators such as accident rate, incident rates, and experience modification rate will be very useful because these indicators show the outcomes of contractor safety performance. This paper can serve as a useful source of information for employers and managers of construction projects to evaluate the safety performance of contractors in this field.

International Labor Organization (ILO) 2015 report shows that about 40% of the all total compensation for work-related diseases and accidents in the world is due to musculoskeletal disorders. According to UK Health and Safety Executive (2019) 41% of all registered Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) are due to upper limbs. Barr et al. (2004) reported that most absence from work in the United States was due to musculoskeletal injuries to the hand and wrist. Hand, arm, and forearm are most important limbs of human body to work. Hand tools, especially non-powered hand tools, are responsible for a significant portion of damages. Many different types of hand tools are used in industrial, services, and domestic activities including wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, clamps, snips, saws, etc. The use of hand tools is accompanied by repetitive movements and previous studies have shown that inappropriate design of hand tool can damage human joints, tendons and muscles. Repetitive movements are one of main causes of musculoskeletal injuries. In order to achieve high levels of comfort, safety, and efficiency of hand tools, physical abilities and limitations of users must be taken into account in design phase. Also, women and left-handed people must be considered in design of hand tools due to their different body dimensions and abilities. These factors are directly influences the trading of hand tools. Handle design is an important factor in the safe, convenient and ease of use of non-powered hand tools. Socket wrench is a single-wrench that is widely used to open and close the bolts and nuts that require high force and high speed operation. Due to wide usage of socket wrench this study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical parameters of length and diameter of handle, and weight of different models of socket wrench with electrical activity of two selected forearm muscles. We examined the correlation between three physical parameters of six trade model of socket wrenches. 

This descriptive-analytical study performed among 58 male workers of the installation and maintenance unit staff of a university. Their ages ranged from 25 to 45 years.  All participants were right-handed, healthy, and without history of upper limb injury or musculoskeletal disorders. They had at least one year of job experience in maintenance unit of university, and their body mass index was between 20-30. Six different types of socket wrench were selected and named with alphabetic codes A, B, C, D, E, F. Selected wrenches were differed in length and diameter of handle, and weight (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of the Socket wrenches Type of socket wrench Handle length  (mm) Handle diameter  (mm) Weight  (gr) A 225.52 25.76 439.77 B 158.30 18.14 240.21 C 235.16 37.82 570.58 D 228.78 18.36 592.08 E 186.68 29/20 348.90 F 185.70 33.56 235.21   A simulated task were designed according to usual usage of wrench users. This task was consist of opening the bolts using 6 types of wrenches. For this purpose, a wooden plate was fitted on a table with 12 fitted bolts and nuts of size 10. All bolts and nuts were fastened on the plate using a torque meter with 8 Nm. The height of task surface was in 95 percentile of elbow height of males (104 cm). However, it was possible to adjust the height of the table with the elbow height of each participant. Participants were asked to stand behind the desk and perform the activity of opening the bolts with each of six wrenches. The order of use of wrenches for each participant was random. The steps of each trial were as follows: steps 1) select the right socket; step 2) attach the socket to the handle; step 3) check turning direction; step 4) open the bolts.Surface Electromyography (SEMG) was applied to record the electrical activity of forearm muscles. The flexing muscle of the fingers and wrist extensor muscles play important role in gripping the wrench handle and using it to perform the simulated task. Therefore, the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) and Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR) muscles were considered for the recording the surface EMG signals. The steps of recording EMG signals were as follows: step 1) finding the flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis muscles on participant’s forearm; step 2) preparing the skin to conncet the electrodes; and step 3) connecting the electrodes. A surface EMG apparatus made by Biometrics Ltd. was used in this experiment. Since the independent (length and diameter of handle and weight of wrench) and dependent variables (EMG signals) were both quantitative, linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between the two quantitative variables and the data were analyzed by SPSS® 21 software. 

The mean of participants’ age, height and weight were 39.95 year, 175.7 cm, and 72.9 kg, respectively. Mean and standard deviation of normalized electrical activity of FDS and ECR muscles are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Mean (SD) of normalized electrical activity of flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialismuscles Type of socket wrench Mean (SD) of electrical activity of muscles (mv/s) FDS muscle ECR muscle A 0.45(0.21) 0.47(0.22) B 0.61(0.25) 0.48(0.23) C 0.43(0.23) 0.46(0.24) D 0.55(0.24) 0.45(0.21) E 0.48(0.23) 0.44(0.21) F 0.50(0.22) 0.43(0.22)  The results showed that the lowest level of electrical activity of FDS muscle was belonged to type C wrench, which had the longest handle length and largest handle diameter. On the opposite side, the highest level of electrical activity of FDS muscle was belonged to type B wrench with shortest handle length and smallest handle diameter. Lowest and highest levels of electrical activity of ECR muscle were belonged to type F and B wrenches, respectively.A linear regression test was used to examine the relationship between the electrical activity of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle and the physical parameters of the socket wrenches. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the electrical activity of FDS muscle and the wrenches’ handle length and diameter (p-value<0.001). Based on regression models, for one millimeter increase in handle length and diameter, the level of electrical activity of the flexor muscles decreased by 0.001 and 0.007 mV, respectively. Simple and multiple regression models showed no significant relationship between the electrical activity of ECR muscle and physical parameters of wrenches (p-value>0.001). Discussion and

In the present study, relationship between three physical parameters (handle length, handle diameter and weight of wrench) of six type of socket wrenches with electrical activity of two important muscles involved in using this hand tool was investigated. The results showed that increasing or decreasing socket wrench length, handle diameter, and weight were associated with changes in the electrical activity level of FDS muscle. However, no relationship found for ECR muscle. The findings showed that lowest and highest muscle force for opening the bolts were applied in using wrench type C (maximum length) and wrench type B (lowest length), respectively.Li (2002) showed that new designs of handle for powered and non-powered hand tools can decrease the unnatural postures, including flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. He showed that flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris of the right forearm may be significantly reduced when using the new designs of pliers. Dong et al (2006) and Ozawa (2001) reported similar finding. They showed that physical characteristics of hand tools can strongly effect the muscular effort required to work with hand tools used by dentists.The present study showed that there is no significant relationship between the weight of the wrench and the electrical activity level of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle. This indicates that muscles other than FDS are involved in controlling the weight of hand tool.In power grip tasks (such as working with a wrenches), the handle diameter and length of the tool are important parameters. Therefore, wrenches with a longer handle length and a larger handle diameter provide the lowest level of electrical activity of the FDS muscle to open the bolts. This results to lower levels of muscle fatigue. Therefore, the force required to open the bolts can be reduced by choosing a longer handle and a larger handle diameter (near to optimum diameter). The findings of this study can be used by hand tools manufacturers to improve tool design. Also, differences in the ergonomic characteristics of different types of a hand tool can be well documented using electromyography. The generalization of the findings of this study should be considered to its limitations. In this study, the performance of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle and Extensor Carpi Radialis muscle were recorded for a short time task. Therefore, the level of muscle fatigue that occurs in participants may vary in actual and long-term conditions. Also, the effect of roughness and softness of the handle on the grip power and electrical activity of the muscles were not examined in this study. Thus, it is suggested that the effect of this variables along with other physical factors be investigated in future studies.

One of the major problems facing human societies in recent decades is the stress phenomenon, especially in the workplace. Job stress is the harmful responses that result from a mismatch between onechr('39')s abilities and knowledge with job pressures and demands. Stress is one of the most important and effective factors in disturbing peoplechr('39')s health, that makes a person unable to perform his or her individual, family and social duties and commitments optimally. Public health means complete physical, mental and social welfare (Not just lack of illness and disability). One of the most common disorders in general and occupational groups is mental disorders. The most important signs and symptoms of mental health include self-reliance, independence, the ability to cope with others, the ability to accept responsibility and the duty, to express love and affection, the ability to endure failure, and so on. Manpower is one of the most important resources and the most significant asset of any organization; also, staffs health is one of the key Scales of effectiveness of any organization. Today, university staff are exposed to workplace stress, their health has been harmed. In addition, it is essential for lecturers and staff to be healthy individuals to ensure that those who educate and deliver the community have adequate health and expertise. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between public health and occupational stressors and its influencing factors among staffs of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytic and correlation type study was conducted on 153 staffs (employees and faculty members) of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The samples were selected using Cochran statistical formula and simple random sampling. Data collection tools were Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire, Philippe L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire and Demographic Questionnaire. The GHQ questionnaire was designed by Goldberg and Hiller and localized by Taghavi in ​​Iran. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions and 4 subscales of seven questions, including somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression, in which general health and its dimensions are divided into four domains: none or least, mild disorder, moderate disorder and severe disorder. In this study, 4-point Likert scale, from 0 to 3, was used to score GHQ-28 questionnaires; also, cut-off point 6 was used for each subscale and cut-off point 22 for overall score. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire is one of the validated job stress questionnaires approved by the American Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This questionnaire was designed by Philip L. Rice and localized by Hatami in Iran. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire contains 57 questions and three subscales of interpersonal relationships (26 questions), workplace physical conditions (22 questions) and job interests (9 questions) that job stress and each of its subscales are divided into three levels of low, moderate and severe stress. Occupational Stress Questionnaire scores were scored on a 5-point Likert scale from one (never) to five (always). In the present study, in interpreting occupational stress (total), a score less than 120.96 indicates low stress, a score between 120.96 - 183.54 moderate stress and a score above 183.54 indicates severe stress. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and regression tests.

The total mean score of general health and occupational stress in the study population was 25.09 (14.81) and 25.152 (31.29), respectively. Also, 50.3% of the studied subjects had no or least impairment in scope of general health and 68.6% of the study participants had moderate level of job stress. In the survey of general health dimensions, the highest score belonged to social dysfunction with mean score of 7.49 (3.58) and also mean score of all three subscales of occupational stress was in average level, although, the highest score among the subscales belonged to the subscale of interpersonal relationships. Pearson correlation test showed a significant and direct correlation between job stress and general health (p<0.05). Also, the highest and lowest correlation coefficients were observed between severe depression with interpersonal relationships (r = 0.462) and severe depression with job interests (r = 0.250), respectively. The results of linear regression test showed that job stress was able to predict 22% of changes in somatic symptoms, 21.4% of changes in anxiety and insomnia, 19.1% of changes in social dysfunction, 18% of changes in severe depression and 27.5% of public health changes. According to the results of stepwise linear regression test, job interests subscale was not able to predict changes in general health and its dimensions (p> 0.05). Also, subscales of interpersonal relationships and physical conditions of workplace with 22.3% and 5.5% respectively are able to predict changes in public health. According to the results of this test, only the interpersonal relationship subscale predicted 20.9% of the changes in the severe depression subscale. T-test showed a significant difference between the mean score of the components of somatic symptoms, interpersonal relationships and job stress with marital status (p <0.05), so that the mean score of all three components was higher in single than married individuals. Also, according to the results of this test, there was a significant difference between the somatic symptoms subscales and the gender variables in the study population (p <0.05). The mean score of this subscale was higher in females than males. Chi-square test showed no significant relationship between all dimensions and subscales of job stress and general health with educational level and type of employment (p> 0.05). According to the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a significant difference between subscales of interpersonal relationships and age groups (p <0.05). This difference was found between the age groups under 30 years with 30-40 years and under 30 years with 40-50 years, so that the mean score of this component in persons with age group under 30 years was higher than the other two groups. Also, according to the results of this test, no statistically significant differences were found between mean scores of all dimensions and subscales of occupational stress and general health with work experience (p> 0.05).

The staff of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were in the range of unhealthy (mild disorder) and moderate level of general health and job stress, respectively. Marital status and age were identified as the most important factors affecting job stress and general health, and interpersonal relationships and somatic symptoms were determined as the most important subscales among job stress and general health subscales. To improve general health and reduce job stress, such as developing a comprehensive stress management program, avoiding the use of high-stress and with little experience people in high-stress and high-risk jobs, prioritized to married people and men when to operate in sensitive and stressful jobs, providing consulting services to staffs within the organization, as well as regular and periodic physical and psychological staff monitoring are recommended.

The physical and mental health of workers is very important in occupational health, one of the most important organs of the body is cardiovascular system or blood circulation. Various occupational factors affect it. Cardiovascular health in workers is an important item. Before doing physical work, such as exercise or work, it is necessary to determine the maximum aerobic capacity of individuals. However, this was not a matter for business for a few years ago, and it was only for professional athletes performing a series of aerobic tests before going to work professionally it was done. Today, the importance of this issue has been detected in physically active workers, but for some reason it is difficult to determine the maximum aerobic capacity of the workforce, but it can find a good place in physical examinations. Occupational physiology is contented cardiovascular system; heart and blood circulation and vessels such as arteries, veins and capillaries, respiratory system; lungs, musculoskeletal system and other related organs, but cardiovascular system has an important situation in this item. Heart beat, cardiac output, electrocardiogeraphy and its changes are main variables in tests and examination. Heart beat in many test has major importance; step and bike tests. Electrocardiography in treadmill tests is assessed. Changes of electrocardiography such as P wave, P-R, QRS complex, T wave, ST are assessed. Occupational physiology is one of the subject in ergonomic factors. Ergonimic factors are occupational physiology, anthropometry, environmental physiology, industrial psychology and biomechanic. Anthropometry is study on measurement of human body, it is used in making worker’s station. Environmental physiology is environmental factors such as temperature. Biomechanic is study on skeleton muscles and joints, working postures and lifting loads. Industrial psychology is study about stress in workplace and prevention of it.Occupational physiology was an important and must be assessed for many situation such as preplacement examination for workers, fitness for work or sport, periodic physical examination, return to physical work, impairment and disability assessment and calculation.Aim was determining the appropriate and suitable tests for determination the maximum aerobic power in working people in a review study, the objective of the study was determination the tests for calculation of the maximum aerobic power in workers according to jobs and ages.

Using the scientific resources up to day, validated and scientific websites related to medical sciences was conducted on the tests used to determine the maximum physical aerobic power of review research. In this study, the tests were divided into four major categories . The results of job and age were compared.The first group of tests performed by the standard step, the second group of tests performed by an ergometer bike, the third group of tests performed by the treadmill and the fourth group of tests that were not required by the special instrument.Determine the research question, determine the instructions for doing the study, review the texts, evaluate the information in the studies, analyze the findings and interpret it, so that the researcher can determine the appropriate tests in each case. All studies on the determination of maximum aerobic power in employed people from 1970 to 2018, review of texts in scientific books, journals and related scientific sites, motor searching such as Springer, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar, Elzevier, Wiley, Web of science, Medline, magazines and books on Sport medicine and Occupational health ,physiology and Occupational medicine, Behdasht ministry, international labor organization, occupational safety and health administration, national institute for occupational health and safety websites.  Based on the method of measuring maximum aerobic power, the name of the test and the type of job was searched. Assessing the information and results in qualitative and quantitative studies and analyzing the findings to determine the appropriate tests in each case. In this regard, the numerical scale was used.                                                                                   

The first set of tests performed by the standard step, the second group of tests performed by an ergometer bike, the third group of tests performed by the treadmill, and the fourth group of tests that are specifically designed to do without special instrument. The results of tests performed had differences from each other. Each test had indication and contraindication. Side effects were important and must be considered. Some contraindication were cardiovascular disorders; ischemic heart disease in acute phase, crisis of hypertension, respiratory; asthma attack and musculoskeletal diseases; hip osteoarthritis and rheumatism and fever in infection or inflammation disorders that could be affected on heart rate. Fatigue and chest pain or dyspnea during the test were indications for stopping the test. The most prevalent test in each group was Mc Ardle step test, Astrand Bike test, Bruce test and Cooper running test.Result of studies demonstrated, the first set of tests performed by standard steps, such as Quin’s or McArdle College step testing, performed this test in 3 minutes with steps of 104 steps, then measured heart rate per minute and placed in the formula the corresponding result was to calculate VO2 Max and then MET (metabolic equivalent of task). In fact, in all tests, the goal is to obtain these indices. It was recommended in moderate to heavy work and in young people. Another step test is Harvard step test, it was done in 5 minutes. The second set of tests performed by an ergometer bike, one of these tests, is the test of the Astrand bike. This test was carried out in six minutes of biking. We only need to give the bike the intensity, and eventually using the heart rate to calculate the maximum aerobic power. It was recommended in heavy work and young ages.The third group of tests performed by the treadmill were different. These tests were varied from common tests such as Bruce and Bruce modified, Balk and Nakhton by a moving tape. Usually, the time the person was on the tape is placed in the corresponding formula and the aerobic power of the person was obtained. Performing these tests requires a fairly high physical capacity. However, the conditions were different from each other, and the Bruce modified test and Nakhton are used for people who were less physically fit. It was recommended in pilot and diving and middle ages. The fourth category of those tests that did not require a specialty to do it, the Cooper Test, George Jog Test, and Rockport Walk Testing were among them. With a range of features such as running distance (Cooper), age, gender, weight, duration Running or Walking Time (George & Rockport) researcher could get the maximum aerobic power and calculate it. It was recommended in moderate work and adolescence and young people. Precition of test was an important some of test had more precision than others. Mc Ardle step test, Astrand bike test , Bruce test and Rockpport walk test had more precision than other in each group. Occupational health team should be calculated the VO2 max and metabolic equivalent of task for each worker and compared with standard amount and needed for physical job. Percent of metabolic equivalent of task to MET of workers was calculated and if it was lower than 40 percent it would be in low risk for health. But more than 40 percent had moderate to high  risk for health and must not placed worker on this job.This research worked on aerobic and other study should be done for anaerobic physiologic exams that could be help of occupational health team.

Using appropriate tests in appropriate situations could help in making better decisions for the employment. Each test was appropriate for some specific jobs and persons in different ages. It was important in occupational examinations. This study recommended the Mc Ardle step test for young people (19-30) in gaurding work, Astrand bike test for young people(31-44) in firefightering, Bruce test for middle ages in Pilot and Diving work and Cooper for adolescence in educational and sporting. The researcher recommended the tests in preplecement of workers in physical works but must be done under supervision because of side effects and having cardio- pulmonary resuscitation instruments and team. In some industries might be elected some tests, in this situation occupational health team must be determined the suitable examination. All of the results must be gathered and recorded in occupational health issues in occupational health center.Keywords: occupational physiology, aerobic power, employees

Inherent safety (IS) refers to set of measures which increases the level of safety in industries without adding any safety equipment. In general; the strategies for improving safety in the industries can be subdivided into conventional and inherent categories. In conventional safety; the process safety level will be enhanced by adding a variety of safety equipment to processes or/and plants (which named Add-on) also engineering techniques and strategies. In conventional safety methods and strategies; maintaining a high level of safety requires constant maintenance. On the other hand; in case of perturbation or failure in any of the safety layers, the safety level will back to the basic level that was before doing any safety measures.Inherent safety strives to eliminate risk rather than controlling or accepted them. In recent decades; many studies have been done on inherent safety. Many researchers have present different principles as inherent safety principles. For instance; Faisal Khan et al., in the integrated inherent safety index (I2SI) have proposed five principles of minimization, substitution, attenuation, limitation of Effects and simplification as inherent safety principles. All of the principles named inherent safety are essentially aimed to eliminating risk, hazardous substances or hazardous and/or complex processes in industries. In this study, the I2SI used to assess the inherent safety status of a process plant. This index can evaluate the inherent safety status at all stages of the system life cycle, especially the operational phase. It is also capable of evaluating the inherent safety for each equipment and process as well as the whole system and quantifying the results. In this aspect, this index can be used to prioritize control measures. In addition to the above, this index can compare the costs of implementing inherent safety principles with conventional safety costs and quantify the economic justification for implementing inherent safety.This study aimed to evaluate the inherent safety status of a C2 + recovery unit in a petrochemical plant and justify the cost of implementing the principles of inherent safety and its impact compared to conventional safety.

First, the inherent safety status of each equipment and eventually the whole system were evaluated using the I2SI approach. In addition, I2SI could calculate the cost of implementing both conventional and inherent safety of the processes. Hence, by comparing cost indices together; the economic justification for implementing the inherent safety was examined. The I2SI consists of two main sub-indicators, including the hazard index (HI) and the inherent safety potential index (ISPI). Moreover, this sub-indicator calculated by other sub-indicators. To calculate the HI and ISPI, first, the damage index (DI) was determined, then the degree of need for process hazard control index (PHCI) was calculated for each case. Next, to calculate the ISI, each of the inherent safety principles was evaluated based on the applicability according to the process engineers and process designer’s viewpoint, also the application of the inherent safety principles to control each of the process condition parameters was obtained separately. Finally, the I2SI was calculated for each equipment as well as the whole unit. In general, the range of score for HI and ISPI can from 1 to 200, which provides the flexibility to quantify the calculation of the I2SI to inherent safety status. Scholars have shown the processes or equipment which obtain the higher I2SI score, have a better situation of inherent safety also application of the inherent safety principles to them has a better impact. In order to calculate the economic aspects of inherent safety implication compared to conventional safety, the cost indices including conventional safety cost index (CSCI) and inherent safety cost index (ISCI) was also calculated and analyzed. 

This study aimed to evaluate the inherent safety status of a process unit and justify the cost of implementing the inherent safety principles and its impact compared to conventional safety. The results showed, due to using a large tower with a capacity of 1137 m3, that the I2SI for the Methanizer tower is lower than other equipment. It is also because of its high process pressure which almost 33.5 brag, which is high pressure from the standard atmosphere and could have severe consequences in the possible accidents. The results of the simulation of worst-case scenario with PHAST software showed that the DI for the Methanizer tower is higher than the other equipment.On the other hand; DI for LP REFR. Circulation Drum, which has the smallest amount of inventory resulting in has the lowest capacity from other equipment, is less than the rest. Similarly, the PHCI for the Methanizer tower was calculated more than any other equipment, indicating the low inherent safety of this equipment and the need for control measures. Also, the I2SI for Methanizer tower was lower than other equipment and calculated equal to 0.29. For this reason, the DI for the Methanizer tower for mortality of 50% is high as a result the HI obtained high, too (200 and 4, respectively). The same thing has affected the inherent safety of this equipment. The I2SI for the equipment involved in the propane cooling cycle were 1.05, which is higher than other equipment.Costs of the possible incident that infliction to process and environmental due to the nature of material released, the cost of its environmental clearance and equipment operating conditions were estimated based on the method presented in the I2SI approach. According to this index in an incident case; MP REFR. Circulation Drum could cause the most financial damage to the system, besides the feed drum has minimal damage. The results received from the sensitivity analysis of the Methanizer tower by PHAST software showed if the temperature of this tower to be more negative, also if the operational pressure will approach atmospheric pressure, the inherent safety of the Methanizer will be improved; in the other words, the Methanizer tower will be inherently safer. The reason is that in the case of a leakage scenario, low temperature will be reduced the material flow rate also the severity of its consequences such as type of fire and/or vapor cloud dispersion. Low pressure can also have a similar effect on the outcome of potential scenarios.The mass flow of the cooling propane could be decreased by increasing the temperature of the flow 22-26. This line acts as heating of the Methanizer tower, thereby reducing its temperature can result in reducing the amount of cold (propane) required. By lowering the pressure of the Methanizer tower, the cooling propane flow rate can be reduced as well, which will improve the operating conditions of the Methanizer tower inherently to enhance its safety and, in other words, the implementation of the “attenuation”.  Also, optimizing operating conditions can reduce the volume of vessels, especially the Methanizer tower, thus enforcing the principle of “minimization”. The results of this study showed that the I2SI for the process studied was 0.41, indicating a low level of the inherent safety status of the process. This is probably because of lack of unawareness of process designers and engineers about the inherent safety principles during the process design and operating it. The results of this study showed that although the design phase of the system life cycle is the best time to implement the inherent safety principles, some of the inherent safety principles could be economically justified to implement in the operational phase.Based on the results of the study, the inherent safety cost index (ISCI) for the Methanizer tower was higher than the conventional safety cost index (CSCI). These indicators mean that 3.58$ should be spent to maintain a dollar of capital by increasing the inherent safety of the Methanizer Tower, and 3.11$ should be spent to maintain a dollar of capital by enhancing the safety of the Methanizer Tower. In other words, it is more cost-effective to implement conventional safety principles to improve the safety status of this equipment. The reason for this is that the operating conditions of the Methanizer tower are dangerous and inventory is very high. For this reason, the inherent safety of the Methanizer tower is very low and provide the inherent safety principles for this equipment will be costly.  However, the difference between the cost of implementing conventional and inherent safety principles is less than 0.5$.This indicates that if the “attenuation” is applied to the operating conditions of the tower, its will be inherently safer, therefore; its inherent safety cost index will decrease. Also, if the inherent safety principles had been adhered to in the design of the Methanizer tower, the implementation of the inherent safety principles in the operational phase would have been more justified.

The I2SI could use for the assessment of inherent safety status also can be performed at all stages of the systemchr('39')s life cycle, including the operational and design phases. The results showed that attention to the inherent safety principles, especially in the design phase, could increase the safety level without reducing the amount of production in addition to reducing the strategic costs of the process and equipment or other Imposed cost for increasing the safety level of safety.

The diversity of health, safety and environmental issues (HSE) and limitations of the resources hinders response to all the research needs in the field of HSE. HSE promotion and policy making require research based on the real needs and problems of the society. Although, the budget allocated to the research is limited, this budget is not optimally utilized in present situation of Iran. Therefore, setting research priority in HSE is important to direct the flow of resources to the real needs of the society. This study aims to define research priorities in the field of HSE with the use of experts’ and other stakeholders’ opinions.

The qualitative research method was used in this study.  The proposed model of Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) was applied in five stages including stakeholder analysis, situation analysis, identifying research topics, scoring research priority using defined criteria and prioritizing researches based on maximum agreement. The first stage was stakeholder analysis, the centers, institutions, organizations and universities related to HSE field were identified through review of literature, investigating Iranian scientific journals and by asking the experts. Also, the contact information of 70 experts, professionals, and stakeholders who were members of health centers, institutions or universities in the field of HSE were collected.In the second stage, an extensive search was done on the literature and published scientific articles from 2014 to 2019 in google scholar. The articles were selected through investigating the title and abstract of the articles and then studying deeper into the texts. Also, the official websites of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare, Ministry of Industry, Mine and Commerce were examined.The third stage was to identify the research topics and occupational areas, which was done by using the classification of International Labor Organization and also through brain storming of the experts.The fourth stage was scoring the priority of researches in each occupational area and research topic based on criteria such as necessity of research, appropriateness of the research to the target population, feasibility of researches based on the available resources and the research outcome. Scoring was done in a panel discussion based on a Likert scale of 1 to 9 by experts; one represented the lowest and represented the highest priorities.The fifth step was to prioritize the researches based on mean score given by the experts.

Situation analysis of studies in the field of HSE from 2014 to 2019 in Iran showed that most studies have been conducted in industries. According to experts, in the field of health and environment, the highest research priority was given to agriculture, fisheries, and livestock, and the highest priority to safety was given to workers in industry and mines, construction and driving. Also, workers in medium and small scale constructions and workers in small and medium industries and mines had the highest priority in the ten research areas in health and safety. Agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry had the highest priority in most of the ten research areas in environment. Among the three HSE domains, in the managerial and sales jobs, the research priority was given to occupational health research. Priority research in health care, industries and mines and construction, service, armed forces and driving related jobs were given to safety related researches. In agriculture, fisheries and husbandry, the priority of research was given to environmental issues and then to occupational health.In the area of occupational health, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to the researches that assess impact of different program. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In large scale industries and mines, the highest priority was given to the researches that are related to developing interventions or solutions, but in medium and small industries and mines, the highest priority was given to the researches that assess the impact of a program or intervention. In the field of medium and small-scale construction workers, the highest priority was given to the research area of  qualitative or quantitative situation analysis and assessing the causes of a problem. In the service occupations, the highest priority was given to the research area of qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. In the military occupations, the highest priority was assigned to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In large scale agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries, the highest priority was given to the research area of determining the trends of a situation or problem. In agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries of medium and small industries, the highest priority was assigned to the field of evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, higher priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions.In the area of occupational safety research, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to the research domain of cost effectiveness or cost benefit analysis. In the health care occupations, the highest priority was given to Evaluation of the interventions. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In the field of large-scale mining and industrial workers, the highest priority was given to research in developing new interventions or solutions. In the field of medium and small-scale industrial and mining workers, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the interventions. In the field of large industrial construction, the highest priority was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and developing new interventions or solutions. In the service occupations, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In the military occupations, the highest priority was devoted to the research of developing new interventions or solutions and evaluation of the interventions. In agriculture, fisheries, poultry, and small and medium-sized industries, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions.In the area of environmental research, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and developing plans or strategies. In the health care jobs, the highest priority was given to the evaluation of the interventions. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. The highest priority was given to developing new interventions or solutions for workers in large-scale industries and mines. For workers in the field of medium and small industries and mines, the highest priority was given to developing plans or strategies. The highest priority was given to developing plans or strategies for workers in the field of medium and small scale construction. In service jobs, the highest priority was given to qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. In military jobs, the highest priority was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and evaluation of the interventions. In agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries, the highest priority was given to qualitative or quantitative situation analysis and determining the trends of a situation of problems. In agriculture, fisheries, poultry, and small and medium-sized industries, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the interventions and evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, the highest priority was given to the determining the trends of a situation or problem. 

Most studies in the field of HSE have been conducted in industry. It is required to expand the HSE research based on the priorities set out in this study.

Rise of urbanization in last century has led to the formation of large cities and the accumulation of human population in concentrated urban areas. Commercial centers in large cities are considered as the metropolitan critical areas. Commercial centers in metropolises are prone to crisis and the accidents in these centers can lead to human, social, and economic disasters. The presence of old textures, monuments, cultural features, large numbers of visitors per day, incompatibility of traffic routes with some of these centers, weak infrastructure and facilities, etc. increase the importance of crisis management in metropolitan commercial centers. In recent years, existence of some major weaknesses in crisis management in metropolises has revealed the need for complementary approaches such as resilience engineering. Resilience engineering is a new approach to measuring and maintaining safety in complex systems, with the goal of maintaining the capacity of the organization at an acceptable level to face crisis and maintaining the ability of the organization to return to its pre-crisis state.

The purpose of this study was to design a questionnaire for crisis management assessment in commercial centers, based on resilient engineering approach. Several commercial centers of Tehran were selected for this study. Management commitment, reporting culture, learning culture, transparency, preparedness, awareness, and flexibility were considered as the main criteria of resilience engineering (RE). After identifying the main criteria, the questionnaire questions were extracted based on literature review, field studies, experts’ opinions, and the use of contextual content analysis, . Then a questionnaire with 97 questions was designed according to experts’ opinions. This questionnaire was evaluated by 17 experts of safety and crisis management, using Delphi technique. For initial screening of identified sub-criteria, a score between 1 to 5 was assigned for each of them and any sub-criteria with score of less than 3 was omitted. The Delphi technique was applied in two rounds and a questionnaire with 68 questions was approved in the second round. Kendallchr('39')s coefficient of concordance was used to calculate the consistency of expertschr('39') opinions. The ANP model was then used for weighting and prioritizing the sub-criteria. The sub-criteria were compared in pairs based Saaty’s 1-9 scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by calculating the inconsistency rate. If the inconsistency rate of the pairwise comparisons is greater than 0.1, it is better to revise the comparisons. DEMATEL technique was used to identify criteria interrelationships. The matrix derived from the DEMTEL technique (Interrelationships matrix) is able to show the causal relationship between the effectiveness of the variables and their capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The technique involved the following steps: 1. Creating the direct relationship matrix (M): When using opinions of multiple individuals, the simple average of their opinions is used and M is formed.2. Normalization of the direct relationship matrix3. Calculating the complete relationship matrix4. Creating a causal diagram5- Displaying Network Relationship Map (NRM)In this study, we used experts’ opinions (in a 5-point scale) again to complete and evaluate the tables.The ANP analysis consists of four steps. Step 1: Identifying the main criteria; Step 2: Identify interrelationships; Step 3: Determining the overall priorities; and Step 4: testing the consistency.In order to determine the final priority of the criteria by the ANP technique, the unbalanced super-matrix, balanced super-matrix, and finally the limit super-matrix must be calculated. Each component of the diagram is calculated at different stages of the pairwise comparison technique and DEMATEL. Therefore, the unbalanced Super-matrix structure can be visualized by entering this data into the final model structure designed with SuperDecision software. The unbalanced super-matrix is transformed into the balanced super-matrix using normalization technique. In the balanced matrix, the sum of the elements of each column is equal to 1. Finally, the limit super-matrix is calculated. The limit super-matrix is achieved by raising the power of all elements of the balanced super-matrix. In the SuperDecision software, this operation is repeated until all the elements of the super-matrix become equal to each other. In this case, all elements of the super-matrix will be zero, and only the elements of each sub-criterion will be a number that is repeated throughout the row corresponding to that sub-criterion.Based on the calculations and the limit super-matrix, the final priorities of sub-criteria were derived by the SuperDecision software. In this study, TOPSIS technique was used to select the best shopping center among other shopping complexes in Tehran.The sub-criteria related to the main criteria for shopping centers were identified and evaluated. Therefore, to identify the best shopping center, the scoring matrix for the shopping centers was created based on the sub-criteria. The 5-point Likert scale was used to score the shopping centers based on each sub-criterion. The score for each of the shopping centers was calculated based on the simple average of the experts’ opinions.In the next step, the matrix was made dimensionless and then the dimensionless balanced matrix was created. Then the most positive and the most negative options and the distance of each option from them were calculated. In this method, the highest priority is given to the option which has the highest distance from the most negative option and the least distance from the positive option. Finally, the research data were analyzed through multiple case studies in 7 commercial complexes using a researcher-made questionnaire to determine the level of resilience. The data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS 18 software.

Based on the Kendallchr('39')s coefficient of concordance, the consistency rate of expertschr('39') opinions in the first and second rounds were 0.317 and 0.637, respectively. The results showed that management commitment, preparedness, awareness, culture of reporting, flexibility, culture of learning, and transparency (which had normalized weights of 0.182, 0.80, 0.178, 0.155, 0. 128, 0.100, and 0.077, respectively) had the priorities of 1 to 7 respectively. The results of the management commitment sub-criteria analysis showed that setting and communicating the policies and objectives of crisis management in the commercial complex by the manager was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.168). Issues such as the building structure and selecting the right people, the managerchr('39')s attention to the importance of building safety, preparing the plans, and providing the resources and equipment needed for the complex were the next priorities. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.038 which is less than 0.1 and therefore the comparisons can be trusted.For the culture of reporting sub-criterion, tendency of individuals to report errors and unsafe situations in the commercial centers was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.132). Therefore, organizations should always pay attention to reports provided by employees and customers. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.052 which is less than 0.1.For the culture of learning sub-criterion, the commercial centers’ use of previous accidents and crises to better respond to future events was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.238). Learning from crisis simulation and practical exercises to build up teamwork experience for speeding up reactions to similar events were the next priorities. The results of this prioritization of learning culture sub-criteria indicate the importance of learning from past events to prevent similar events. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.053, which is less than 0.1.For the transparency sub-criterion, Identification of non-conformities and deviation of commercial complexes from normal safety limits was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.084). The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.084, which is less than 0.1.For the preparedness sub-criterion, existence of a crisis management team in the commercial center was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.161) and creating and communicating the emergency response document, deploying the safety management system, identifying related risks in commercial complexes, developing and implementing the preventive programs and plans, implementing the safety rules and regulations to inspect and retrofit structural and non-structural components of commercial complexes, increasing their resistance against crisis, anticipating cooperation with foreign relief organizations, alert systems readiness, smart fire alarm systems, performing  maneuvering operations, and training of employees and tradepeople were the next priorities, respectively. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.056, which is less than 0.1.For the awareness criterion, reporting of the complex safety problems was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.142). Defining a transparent communication mechanism to report safety concerns, increasing intergroup coordination and collaboration at a time of crisis, and how they perform their tasks against task descriptions were the next priorities, respectively. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.084, which is less than 0.1. For the flexibility criterion, sub-criterion of ability to control unforeseen environmental conditions by management was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.25). Employee decision-making without unnecessary waiting for management orders was the next priority. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.0089, which is less than 0.1.DEMATEL technique showed that the management commitment was the most effective criterion and had the least capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of preparedness had the highest capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of transparency had the highest interaction with other criteria.Calculation of the final priorities of the sub-criteria performed by the ANP technique showed that the sub-criterion of identifying non-conformities and deviation from safety boundaries was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0448), the commercial centers’ use of previous accidents and crises to better respond to future events was the second priority (with the normalized weight of 0.34), sub-criterion manager ability to control unforeseen environmental conditions was the third priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0293), and simulating crisis and performing practical exercises to create teamwork experience and increase reaction speed was the fourth priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0278).

Based on the results of the research, in the crisis management of commercial complexes based on the resilience engineering approach, management commitment and preparedness are the most significant criteria and transparency is the least significant criterion in creating resilience against crises.Assessment of the relationship between the main criteria using DEMATEL technique showed that the management commitment was the most effective criterion. The criterion of preparedness had the highest capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of transparency had the highest interaction with other criteria. Assessment of crisis management based on resilience approach by using TOPSIS technique for commercial complexes in Tehran showed that complex No. 4 among other complexes was more resilient to crises. This indicates that all aspects of crisis management in commercial complexes are considered in the proposed questionnaire. One of the differences of this study with the existing studies is the use of fuzzy logic to rank and determine the significance of each sub-criterion in the crisis assessment questionnaire based on resilience approach in commercial centers.According to the results of the research and the final priorities of the sub-criteria in ANP technique which was derived using limit super matrix and SuperDecision software, some steps are needed to improve the crisis management situation in commercial complexes, including: creating a crisis management team for tradepeople and trade :union:s, providing financial resources and equipment needed to create and enhance safety and efficient crisis management, providing training courses for coping with crisis, simulating the crisis and performing practical exercises to create teamwork experience and increase reaction speed, encouraging the employees and tradepeople and even customers to report unsafe situations in the commercial centers, simulating fire in commercial center using software and eventually creating a template for coordination and cooperation of related groups and individuals in times of crisis.overall, the results showed that the designed crisis assessment questionnaire based on the seven principles of resilience engineering, is efficient and appropriate for assessing crisis management in commercial complexes and this questionnaire can be used to know the current situation of crisis management in commercial complexes.     Keywords: Commercial Complex , Crisis Management , Resilience Engineering

Musculoskeletal discomfort is one of the most important causes of occupational disabilities in many work communities which cause high costs for the economies of countries. Studies signifies the importance of implementation of programs to control these discomforts. In this regard, the ranking of occupational and work-related diseases provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that musculoskeletal disorders had second place after work-related respiratory diseases in 2013. Agricultural workers are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to the nature of their intense physical activities and high level of manual labor. Indeed, farmers experience a variety of physical pressures due to repetitive lifting and carrying heavy loads, working with inappropriate tools, working in undesirable conditions with awkward postures (bended and/or deviated trunk, abducted arms, working at height higher than shoulders, etc). They usually work with vibrating tools and are exposed with other hazards such as falling or slipping. Many observational ergonomic assessment tools are designed for evaluating the postural risk of different job tasks. Some examples include the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC), and so on. Agriculture is an occupation that depends highly on working methods and equipments. As a result, workers can adopt different postures as a function of their tasks and situations. It is assumed that their working postures would be more or less different from industrial workers. The majority of previous researchers applied typical existed methods to evaluate farmer’s working postures, since there was no specialized evaluation method. This lack of a proper agricultural evaluation method has recently been resolved by Kong et al. (2015), who introduced a methodology entitled “Agricultural Whole-Body Assessment” (AWBA) for this purpose. This approach covers a wide variety of body postures which are especially existed in agricultural tasks. Agricultural workers and their ergonomic conditions are rarely investigated in Iran. To our knowledge, no study has yet paid attention to the working posture of Iranian agricultures using AWBA. Considering the high number of workers in this section, and the lack of required information in order to decide appropriate interventions, the present study is conducted to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and the evaluation of working postures among fruit picker in Iran. 

A total of 135 fruit picker working in Damavand apple gardens voluntarily participated in this study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and the written consent form was signed by each participant before starting. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study were having at least one year of working experience in the fruit picking job, and lack of any specific work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Also, individuals who experienced acute musculoskeletal injuries due to non-occupational reasons during the study, and those who declined to continue their participation for any reason were excluded from the study. In this study, only fruit pickers who picked fruit from short trees without needing to ladder were entered. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to identify the demographic and occupational characteristics of the employees. Accordingly, factors including age, sex, height, weight, and work experience were collected. The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was recorded by a body map questionnaire during the study period. The body map questionnaire attempts to identify body regions involved with musculoskeletal disorders. The body map questionnaire classifies whole human body into nine anatomical areas. Workers were asked to mark each area in which they feel discomfort. AWBA was used to evaluate working postures and to determine the ergonomic risk level. This tool provides the risk levels for the upper (AULA) and the lower (ALLA) limbs, taking into account the different postures of the body during the work as well as the working duration in each posture. Finally, using a 4x4 matrix, the overall risk level of the whole body is determined. The final risk levels can range from 1 (low) to 4 (extremely high).  Data was analyzed with SPSS software version 16, using t-test and Mann-Whitney test. 

The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among the studied fruit pickers was 31.9%, 22.2%, 20.7% and 14.8% in lower back, knees, legs/foots and shoulders respectively. In total, 88 out of 135 workers (65.2%) experienced musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one region of ​​the body while 47 workers (34.8%) reported no discomfort. The age of participants ranged from 12 to 73 years (mean = 35.9 ± 15.7). The history of work ranged from 2 to 50 years with an average of 12.8 ± 11.4. Individual characteristics including age, height, weight, work experience and body mass index were not related with the presence of musculoskeletal discomfort among studied workers (P >0.05). According to the results obtained from the Agricultural Whole-Body Assessment method, the risk score of three was calculated for the upper limbs (AULA), lower limbs (ALLA) as well as whole body (AWBA); indicating high risk of musculoskeletal disorders in fruit pickers due to their excessive exposure to physical ergonomics hazards. 

Fruit pickers are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Awkward working postures in manual fruit harvesting may be considered as the main cause for the incidence of MSDs in this working group. Although the lower limbs (foot, legs, knees) of fruit pickers seem more painful than other body parts, it is important to consider their whole body (including lower and upper limbs) in the case of designing any ergonomic improvements, since both lower and upper limbs are at high risk of MSDs in traditional apple harvesting. Therefore, appropriate yet prompt ergonomic interventions should be implemented. In this regard, moving to the mechanized agriculture seems to have the highest priority among all possible interventions. However, until it could be realized, other ergonomic improvements should be adopted. These include all changes resulting in reducing repetitive movements, modifying working postures (i.e. avoiding excessive bending, twisting, deviating, abducting arms, working over the shoulder height, reaching beyond the natural working zone envelope, etc), decreasing prolonged standing, and reducing exposure to the biomechanical risk factors such as force and prolonged working hours. It is also recommended to improve the traditional methods of fruit handling and carrying by designing ergonomic baskets dedicated for this purpose.

Workplace is a unique situation for treating substance abuse issues. Employer as one of the suffering groups can play an important role in treatment of substance abusing workers. Establishing healthcare houses in workplaces provides an opportunity to play such a role. One of the most important interventions in the workplaces is defining and implementing the employee assistance programs (EAP), through which they can support employees in the relatively risky and unstable environment. EAP provides a variety of services for both employees and employers; train supervisors on how to treat with problematic employees; clear referring procedure for their counseling and consider the follow up.Work Health Promotion (WHP) is another approach which has wide goals for prevention and rehabilitation measurements for all problems of employees; for example, comprehensive and non-punishable actions to improve employee’s health status and their productivity versus drug abusing in workplaces.Establishing healthcare houses in Iranian workplaces is one of the practical action in the country to contribute employee’s health status. There are more than 1,000 researches studied on mental health issues and substance abuse in the workplace. Five comprehensive studies of mental health problems have been conducted by reliable sources. The results generally support the need for more services to address the mental problems and addiction of employees and their families. Substance abuse among adults in the workplaces costs millions of dollars for preventive health care services. Therefore, developing an effective prevention programs for drug users are essential for the workplace. Although, applied studies to prevent substance abuse in workplaces encounter many challenges such as employer considerations, data gathering and access to the intended audience of these programs.In accordance with addiction prevalence study in workplaces which is performing from 2016 throughout the country; three educational packages have been provided and distributed; promoting package (training healthy life style), facilitating package (Providing staff assistant services in healthcare houses for physical, mental and social problems) and health oriented employers package. This Study is going to develop a facilitator and practical pattern to help employers how to treat and face with addictive drug users.

This is a qualitative study. For data gathering, three methods were used; reviewing the literature, holding focused group discussions and distributing written questionnaires. The methodology followed as these steps:1- Searching keywords in English and Persian databases; Magiran, SID, Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier and PubMed to find a basic model.2- The model were discussed in three focus group discussion and three main themes as a basic pattern were found; procedures, trends and standards.3- The pattern as a ‘standard behavior guideline’ was sent to all stakeholders to comment. So the standard behavior guideline has been finalized.4- To observe executive challenges, the standard behavior guideline was implemented in two workplaces.

A public call (self-declaration) Random test A follow-up test every six months from people identified in steps three and four Positive test answer   1. Introducing the volunteers to the Commission of Preventing Addiction at workplaces to take permission for one-month off work and the treatment expenses after the approval of employer. 2. Introducing the volunteers to the drug treatment centers in the county (by Behban) 3. Receiving monthly reports about volunteer’s treatment procedures from the centers (by Behban) 4. Tracking the treatment procedures (by Behban)     Negative test answer Positive test answer 1. Brief Motivating Consultation by Behban* 2. Introducing the drug abusers to the Commission of Preventing Addiction at workplaces to take permission for one-month leave of absence 3. Introducing the volunteers to the drug treatment centers in the county (by Behban) 4. Receiving monthly reports about individual treatment procedures from the centers (by Behban) 5. Getting addiction test from all injured employees in healthcare house. Repeating the public call after 3 months Start  A pragmatic pattern to help employer how to confront substance abuser in workplaces consist of two phases; periodically repeated self-declaration and random test. In case of positive answer, the treatment process will be started. The incentive measurements for treating a substance abusing workers in the self-declaration phase are more than the random test. The implementation of this model requires the provision of legal, physical and ethical considerations. The algorithm is as follow:     Avoiding to take a volunteer test .

 Undoubtedly, substance abuse in workplaces is one of the major problems, defining and implementing EAP is the most important interventions. EAP offers different solutions for problematic employees. The result of this study is a standard behavior guideline to help employers how to treat with drug users in the workplaces. In the first step, self-declaration should be applied. In the positive test result, treatment procedure has to be implemented. In the second step, random test should be given and in positive cases the treatment procedure has to be followed. Furthermore, regulatory, physical and ethical infrastructure should be considered in both steps.In a research which is conducted in 2009 in the United-states, a guideline for appropriate facing with alcohol and substance abusers in workplaces is recommended. Initially, identifying the substance abusers is vital, then set and select a treatment program according to the level of addiction is suggested; treatment and hospitalization, home treatment programs, intensive outpatient care, behavioral therapies, social support programs, recovery care period, a leave of absence and also returning to work plans. A national study in 2014 entitled addiction preventive program in Iranian workplaces shows the main direct results from individual’s view which are increasing awareness and sensitivity in employees and employers to addiction, empowering the responsible persons (Behban) in workplaces and the indirect impacts of addiction reduction in workplaces such as an increase in productivity, reduction of taking off and being absent.The bold specifications of this study are as follow; It is ordered by main policymakers in national level, the stakeholders ideas are considered to finalize the pattern and the other important factor is that incentive behaviors are considered in all procedure rather than punitive treatment.Approving the proposed pattern in a form of standard behavior guideline by the council of Coordinating of providing health services for insured peoples, the High Council for Health and Food Security, and the High Council of Cultural and Preventive Narcotics Counter Headquarters, and also encouraging top employers would be suggested. * Behban is a person who is responsible for healthcare houses in workplaces.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unfortunately, about 1.35 million people are killed in traffic accidents annually, and more than 16,000 are killed on Iranian roads, according to the National Forensics Organization. It is estimated that the third leading cause of death in 2020 will be road traffic crashes around the world. This has led traffic accidents and injuries to be considered a globally serious public management problem. Although the restrictions of urban settings appear to reduce accidents, the frequency of these events remains alarming. There are four elements that affect traffic collisions: road, vehicle, environment, and human factor - which plays a more prominent role than other elements. In this context, it is important to examine the behavior of urban taxi drivers, who constitute a significant portion of urban road users.Driving is a complex practice that is influenced by different variables such as age, gender, mentality, and health status.  Driving behavior can be predicted by psychological factors such as attachment and personality. Personality have long been recognized as one of the major factors that are closely related to dangerous behaviors and traffic collisions. The results of many studies indicate that personality is associated with car accidents. For example, risky driving behavior is inversely related to friendliness, directly related to emotion-seeking, and inversely related to agreeableness and conscientiousness. High extraversion, low compliance, and low conscientiousness are also associated with neural and neural driving styles. Risky driving is also associated with high neuroticism, low compliance, and low conscientiousness. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a relationship between driving style and personality dimensions. It can be said that driving style is a type of behavior that is subordinate to personality traits and the assumption that personality affects driving has prompted many researchers to study the relationship between personality factors and driving style.The group of people who are most present on urban roads is taxi drivers who form a significant part of the urban driver community. However, few studies have so far been devoted to examining the driving behavior of taxi drivers. Investigating the relationship between personality and driving style of taxi drivers can provide a better understanding of their performance in specific traffic situations. Despite the importance of this issue, it has not been addressed in previous research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the driving style of taxi drivers in Tehran city and their personality dimensions.

 The study population consisted of all taxi drivers working in taxi stations in Tehran. A total of 89 taxi drivers were randomly selected and were asked to complete the questionnaire. They were asked to complete a questionnaire that included three sections: demographic information, personality questionnaire and driving style questionnaire. Demographic information included questions such as age, education, marital status, and driving history per year. The method of completing the data was that a written questionnaire was provided to the driver and he was required to answer all questions carefully. Each questionnaire took about 10 minutes to complete. After data collection and structuring, IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software was used for data analysis.The 44-item Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) was used to explore the driving style of the subjects. The styles were classified into four categories: inattentive, anxious, nervous, and cautious.  A six-point Likert scale (‘never’, ‘rarely’, ‘sometimes’, ‘usually’, ‘most often’, and ‘almost always’) was used to answer each item.  The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) was employed to assess the personality dimensions of individuals. This questionnaire consists of 60 questions that assess the personality of the subjects in terms of extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, and agreeableness. A five-point Likert scale (from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’) was adopted to respond to each item. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression were used to analyze the results. Using regression modeling, an attempt was made to discover a relationship that would predict driving styles by considering personality dimensions of taxi drivers.  To this end, four regression models were used, each considering one driving style as the dependent variable. Besides, the five personality dimensions were regarded as predictor (independent) variables. Possible relationships between these variables were probed using stepwise regression.

The average age of drivers who completed the questionnaires was about 44 years, with a standard deviation of around 11 years.  This indicates that the age distribution of participants was acceptable, such that all related age groups cooperated in filling out the two inventories.  It was found that 6% of drivers had less than 4 years, 12% between 5-10 years, 27% between 11-15 years, 28% between 16-25 years, and 27% more than 26 years of driving experience. These figures illustrate the long driving history of the subjects and their professionalism. For the educational status of the questionnaires, five categories of "less than high school", "between high school and postgraduate", "bachelor", master "and" doctorate "were considered. The results showed that 41% had less than high school education, 40% between high school and postgraduate, 16% had a bachelorchr('39')s degree and 3% had a masterchr('39')s degree. The marital status of the participants showed that 15% of the individuals were single and 85% were married.The mean scores of drivers were moderate in terms of inattentiveness, anxiety, and nervousness, but high with respect to cautiousness. Concerning personality, the drivers scored higher in terms of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness than openness and neuroticism. Of course, because it is a negative personality traits, the low score of neuroticism is desirable and positive.The results of correlation analysis demonstrated that inattentive driving style is negatively correlated with conscientiousness and agreeableness. By the same token, anxious driving style is negatively correlated with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion, but positively correlated with neuroticism. Nervous driving style is similar to anxious driving style.  However, the results of the cautious driving style are somehow opposite to the nervous and anxious driving styles; thus, this style is positively correlated with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion. In other words, the personality dimensions of conscientiousness and agreeableness are inversely correlated with unsafe driving styles (inattentive, anxious, and nervous) but directly related to the cautious driving style.This paper also used regression modeling to explore the relationships of variables and attempted to establish a relationship to predict driving style using taxi driverschr('39') personality dimensions. For this purpose, four regression models were considered, in each of which one of the driving styles was considered as dependent variable and five personality dimensions were considered as predictor or independent variables. In all models, conscientiousness entered the regression equations in the first step. The dimensions of agreeableness and openness that came in the second step of the nervous and reckless driving styles, respectively, have a relative impact on driving styles. But since extroversion and neuroticism have not entered into any of the regression equations, it can be concluded that these variables have no effect on the driving style of taxi drivers in the presence of conscientious personality dimension. Therefore, the results of regression equations also indicated that conscientiousness is the main characteristic which predicts one’s driving style. In addition, the negative coefficient of conscientiousness on anxious, nervous, and inattentive driving styles displays its inverse relationship with these styles, while its positive coefficient on cautious driving style suggests its direct relationship with this style. These results also corroborate the findings obtained via correlation analysis of these variables. The same result is also evident in the correlation between agreeableness and driving styles. Since conscientiousness and agreeableness are positive personality traits, their negative association with unsafe driving styles (anxious, nervous, and inattentive) and their positive relationship with the safe driving style (cautious) are reasonable.It can be concluded, therefore, that the scoring of different driving styles among taxi drivers can be predicted only by the personality dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness. Since each personality dimension in the Neo-Short Form Questionnaire has 12 questions, while using the NEO Personality Questionnaire we have an estimate of the taxi driverschr('39') driving style with only 36 questions (conscientious, agreement and openness) Driving style scores can be predicted.

Using the results of this study, urban transportation policymakers of Tehran could make more appropriate decisions to improve the behavior of taxi drivers.  The prevalence of low conscientiousness and agreeableness among taxi drivers, as people who spend a lot of time transporting citizens, is a matter of great concern and needs to be taken seriously.  In this context, it is recommended that a research group be set up to examine more precisely the cause of this problem and to organize appropriate courses or consider incentive programs for resolving this issue. Changing this behavior requires constant cultivation. Long-term strategic plans need to be developed for this purpose. Another suggestion is that taxi drivers be screened periodically (e.g. annually) with regard to their personality traits. Since it is possible to predict the driving style of taxi drivers by means of the obtained regression relations and 36 questions, it is proposed to require drivers with unsafe driving styles to participate in tailored educational programs.

The diversity of health, safety and environmental issues (HSE) and limitations of the resources hinders response to all the research needs in the field of HSE. HSE promotion and policy making require research based on the real needs and problems of the society. Although, the budget allocated to the research is limited, this budget is not optimally utilized in present situation of Iran. Therefore, setting research priority in HSE is important to direct the flow of resources to the real needs of the society. This study aims to define research priorities in the field of HSE with the use of experts’ and other stakeholders’ opinions.

The qualitative research method was used in this study.  The proposed model of Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) was applied in five stages including stakeholder analysis, situation analysis, identifying research topics, scoring research priority using defined criteria and prioritizing researches based on maximum agreement. The first stage was stakeholder analysis, the centers, institutions, organizations and universities related to HSE field were identified through review of literature, investigating Iranian scientific journals and by asking the experts. Also, the contact information of 70 experts, professionals, and stakeholders who were members of health centers, institutions or universities in the field of HSE were collected.In the second stage, an extensive search was done on the literature and published scientific articles from 2014 to 2019 in google scholar. The articles were selected through investigating the title and abstract of the articles and then studying deeper into the texts. Also, the official websites of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare, Ministry of Industry, Mine and Commerce were examined.The third stage was to identify the research topics and occupational areas, which was done by using the classification of International Labor Organization and also through brain storming of the experts.The fourth stage was scoring the priority of researches in each occupational area and research topic based on criteria such as necessity of research, appropriateness of the research to the target population, feasibility of researches based on the available resources and the research outcome. Scoring was done in a panel discussion based on a Likert scale of 1 to 9 by experts; one represented the lowest and represented the highest priorities.The fifth step was to prioritize the researches based on mean score given by the experts.

Situation analysis of studies in the field of HSE from 2014 to 2019 in Iran showed that most studies have been conducted in industries. According to experts, in the field of health and environment, the highest research priority was given to agriculture, fisheries, and livestock, and the highest priority to safety was given to workers in industry and mines, construction and driving. Also, workers in medium and small scale constructions and workers in small and medium industries and mines had the highest priority in the ten research areas in health and safety. Agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry had the highest priority in most of the ten research areas in environment. Among the three HSE domains, in the managerial and sales jobs, the research priority was given to occupational health research. Priority research in health care, industries and mines and construction, service, armed forces and driving related jobs were given to safety related researches. In agriculture, fisheries and husbandry, the priority of research was given to environmental issues and then to occupational health.In the area of occupational health, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to the researches that assess impact of different program. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In large scale industries and mines, the highest priority was given to the researches that are related to developing interventions or solutions, but in medium and small industries and mines, the highest priority was given to the researches that assess the impact of a program or intervention. In the field of medium and small-scale construction workers, the highest priority was given to the research area of  qualitative or quantitative situation analysis and assessing the causes of a problem. In the service occupations, the highest priority was given to the research area of qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. In the military occupations, the highest priority was assigned to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In large scale agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries, the highest priority was given to the research area of determining the trends of a situation or problem. In agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries of medium and small industries, the highest priority was assigned to the field of evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, higher priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions.In the area of occupational safety research, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to the research domain of cost effectiveness or cost benefit analysis. In the health care occupations, the highest priority was given to Evaluation of the interventions. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In the field of large-scale mining and industrial workers, the highest priority was given to research in developing new interventions or solutions. In the field of medium and small-scale industrial and mining workers, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the interventions. In the field of large industrial construction, the highest priority was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and developing new interventions or solutions. In the service occupations, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions. In the military occupations, the highest priority was devoted to the research of developing new interventions or solutions and evaluation of the interventions. In agriculture, fisheries, poultry, and small and medium-sized industries, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, the highest priority was given to the research area of developing new interventions or solutions.In the area of environmental research, the highest priority in managerial occupations was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and developing plans or strategies. In the health care jobs, the highest priority was given to the evaluation of the interventions. In sales jobs, the highest priority was given to the qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. The highest priority was given to developing new interventions or solutions for workers in large-scale industries and mines. For workers in the field of medium and small industries and mines, the highest priority was given to developing plans or strategies. The highest priority was given to developing plans or strategies for workers in the field of medium and small scale construction. In service jobs, the highest priority was given to qualitative or quantitative situation analysis. In military jobs, the highest priority was given to determining the trends of a situation or problems and evaluation of the interventions. In agriculture, fisheries, husbandry and poultry industries, the highest priority was given to qualitative or quantitative situation analysis and determining the trends of a situation of problems. In agriculture, fisheries, poultry, and small and medium-sized industries, the highest priority was given to evaluation of the interventions and evaluation of the impact of programs. In the driving jobs, the highest priority was given to the determining the trends of a situation or problem. 

Most studies in the field of HSE have been conducted in industry. It is required to expand the HSE research based on the priorities set out in this study.

Entrepreneurial University has an approach based on the relationship between industry and academia and is of great importance in Iran, which has a high number of educated and unemployed people. The growing population of the country, the demographic composition of the youth, the inability of the productive sectors to attract labor, the need to create job opportunities and factors such as these are the reasons why major policymakers are looking for solutions to solve this problem. Entrepreneurship is not an issue, because entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economic development of countries. The University of Entrepreneurship is a university where scientific entrepreneurship can create a force for economic growth and compete in global markets. The importance of moving towards the universities of the third millennium, according to the Ministry of Health, is such that it is considered as a contextual package for the development and innovation packages in medical sciences education based on the countrychr('39')s higher education program. Activities that universities can have in this regard can include a variety of disciplines such as counseling, education, research and development, technology transfer, ownership or participation in growth centers and scientific parks, which means that it is an accepted responsibility for development. There are districts in these universities. In fact, entrepreneurial universities are organizationally managed in a way that they have the flexibility to meet socio-economic needs and strategies to pay attention to environmental opportunities. In these universities, entrepreneurship has become part of the universitychr('39')s main strategy and the result is the development of entrepreneurial culture in the university. The aim of this study is to express the importance of the University of Entrepreneurship and to design the model of the third generation university in the Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences in Iran.

This study was performed by mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research method. In terms of purpose, this research is a fundamental research that has been done based on a mixed research method. From a chronological point of view, this research is in the category of cross-sectional research. The study area is the Islamic Azad University of Iran. The statistical population of this study includes university experts in the field of entrepreneurship who work in free universities in Iran. The criterion for selecting experts in the study is the result of two characteristics of education and work experience. In this study, experts must have a PhD in Entrepreneurship. They also have at least ten years of experience in entrepreneurship-related fields. Based on this, 10 qualified people have participated in this study. Targeted sampling method has been used for sampling. This means that experts must have at least ten years of experience in education, counseling, and policy-making in the field of entrepreneurship, and must have scientific writings in the form of books and articles. First, thematic analysis was used to analyze specialized interviews. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the identified factors are validated. MaxQDA software has been used to perform the content analysis. Fuzzy Delphi method calculations have been performed in Matlab software and structural-interpretive modeling has been performed in MicMac software. Data collection tools are interviews related to the qualitative part of research and standard Delphi questionnaire and structural-interpretive modeling. In the qualitative section, after conducting interviews with experts, the interview texts were coded in maxqda software and a number of indicators were extracted. Then, by compiling a fuzzy Delphi questionnaire and providing it to experts, the obtained indicators were validated and screened. In the prohibitions, using the ISM questionnaire, the main categories of research were leveled and effective and influential indicators were identified and the final research model was presented.

Based on the analysis of the interviews, the attraction of financial resources, innovation innovation, technological entrepreneurship management and the entrepreneurial approach of professors were identified as the main categories of the third generation university. Based on the results of fuzzy Delphi method, 33 indicators were selected to measure the categories and these factors were obtained using interpretive-structural modeling technique, analysis and finally communication and sequence of indicators. ‌ According to the leveling done, the final model of the university The third generation was designed at Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences. Based on this model, entrepreneurial organizational culture is at the center of the model. This element is in dynamic interaction with attracting financial resources, innovation innovation, technological entrepreneurship management and entrepreneurial approach of university professors. It should be noted that the quality of peoplechr('39')s knowledge and the text and content of the courses have a direct impact on the entrepreneurial approach of university professors. On the other hand, policies and policies are effective in attracting university funding. Creating a science and technology park is an effective step in the development and flourishing of innovation, and ultimately a flexible organizational structure is essential for managing technological entrepreneurship. To achieve these ultimate goals, this model should emphasize the general level of studentschr('39') entrepreneurial skills and activities, studentschr('39') theoretical skills, professorschr('39') entrepreneurial knowledge, culture of accepting new ideas and plans, realization of knowledge-based development and commercialization of science, and establishment of student companies. Indicators of the general level of skills and entrepreneurial activities of students, professorschr('39') entrepreneurial knowledge, the culture of accepting ideas and new plans, and the realization of knowledge-based development have high influence and low dependence. These variables are identified as independent variables. The two indicators of studentschr('39') theoretical skills and lack of resistance to change and bureaucracy have high penetration power and dependency, and are considered to be the link variables. The characteristics of a flexible organizational culture, the re-engineering of structures, the existence of an entrepreneurial incentive reward system, and the holding of training courses have little influence and dependence. These autonomous variables have little effect on the system. Other variables are highly dependent and have little penetrating power, so they are dependent variables. Also, the variables of structure movement towards incubator and science and technology park, satisfaction and growth of science and technology park businesses, level of interactions of companies located in science and technology park, following new projects and registering them, innovation and creativity and culture in providing services and independence. The financial nature of the university and its self-government are the first level variables and as the most influential research variables. The variables of resistance to change and bureaucracy, the entrepreneurial experience of professors, the culture of supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial approach of university presidents are the second level variables. The variables of absorption of the contributions of independent financial institutions, flexible organizational culture, reengineering of structures, pragmatic culture, and application of theories of the blue ocean are the third level variables. Variables for attracting government grants, adapting peoplechr('39')s abilities to the assigned tasks, facilitating rules and regulations in order to protect entrepreneurship, selecting operational managers, creative and innovative, participatory and team nature of courses, holding training courses and course topics based on current needs and society The title of level four variable has been identified. Variables include support for student innovation, adaptation of studentschr('39') ability to community needs, development of entrepreneurship and job creation by professors, the existence of an entrepreneurial incentive reward system, and entrepreneurial management strategies at the fifth level. Finally, the general level variables of studentschr('39') entrepreneurial skills and skills, studentschr('39') theoretical skills, professorschr('39') entrepreneurial knowledge, culture of accepting ideas and new plans, realization of knowledge-based development and commercialization of science and establishment of knowledge-based companies are the most basic elements of model.

Based on the achievements of this research, a flexible organizational structure is needed to implement the third generation university model. There should also be policy-making and academic policies to attract funding. Finally, while planning to improve the quality of peoplechr('39')s knowledge, the text and content of the courses, the creation of a science and technology park can be on the agenda.

These accidents have brought great losses for the community, organization and workers and Now the worst consequence of occupational accidents is the premature mortality of labor force. In developing and developed countries occupational accidents are one of the major problems, The most important part of these costs are human costs. Deaths caused by occupational accidents reasult in the loss of life, years of work and related costs. Every year, millions of occupational accidents occurs worldwide some of the accidents  are fatal and others leads to temporary and permanent inability.The HSE-MS is a regular, systematic and explicit approach, accomplished with the comprehensive processes with the goal of planning, documentation and changing the methods in order to manage the detrimental factors, safe the threats and risk analysis. Like the other management systems, the HSE-MS system is developed in order to obtain a healthy working environment with the minimum amount of job related incidents and dangers. A notable point is that the implementation of HSE-MS management system requires spending the money and time.Investment is one of the most important topics for converting funds into assets. Knowing whether an investment is ultimately profitable or not is the most important part of an investment. A sharp decline in the cost benefit of a poor work environment can undermine the economic systems of society and subsequently jeopardize the position of the system in a competitive world. Today, with the development of industries and the ever-advancing technology, we are faced with complications such as air pollution, work-related accidents and occupational diseases that have made the need to implement HSE-MS management in various projects a necessity. To ensure the justification of economic valuation methods, we used four classical IRR, MIRR, AIRR, and NPV methods to compare and evaluate the best economic valuation method.

For this study, we have calculated the profitability of the HSE-MS system implementation by defining the values ​​of the financial process flow in terms of fuzzy numbers and by using the IRR method including classical IRR, MIRR, AIRR and NPV methods. Finally, the validity of the results was analyzed using @RISK software and vertex method.Step 1: Study theory1: calculate the accident costs based on fuzzy values, before and after the HSE-MS system implementation. It is worthy to be noted that in this step can be used expert’s opinions, the historical data and existed information of similar projects. Actually, in this stage, first the cash flow stream of Costs arising from accidents is estimated before the HSE-MS system implementation. Then the cash flow stream value of Costs arising from accidents is estimated after the HSE-MS system implementation.2: Calculate the income value of HSE-MS system implementation by differing the cash flow stream values of Costs arising from accidents before and after the HSE-MS system implementation.3: Estimate the amount of investment required to implement the HSE-MS system.4: Form the final cash flow stream obtained from the implementation of HSE-MS system. It can be obtained by summing the income and investment cash flow streams values.5: Calculate the profitability of the final cash flow obtained from HSE-MS system implementation using the strict exceedance possibility method.Step 2: Operational calculation and analysis of accident costsaccidents are classified into 5 groups according to the intensity of the result of an accident i.e.: 1. Short-term absences, 2. Long-term absence, 3. Small disability, 4. Total disability and 5. Death and based on borne costs in six groups including; 1. Production disturbance costs, 2. Human Capital Costs, 3. Medical costs, 4. Administrative costs 5. Transfer costs and 6. Other costs classified according to the direct or indirect costs resulting from the incident and impose costs on workers, employers and society.Step 3: Economic evaluation and analysis of four methods classic IRR, AIRR, MIRR and NPVInternal Rate of Return (IRR)The internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in capital budgeting to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.Formula and Calculation for IRRModified internal rate of return (MIRR)Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) considers cost of capital, and is intended to provide a better indication of a projectchr('39')s probable return. It applies a discount rate for borrowing cash, and the IRR is calculated for the investment cash flows. When a project has multiple IRRs it may be more convenient to compute the IRR of the project with the benefits reinvested. Accordingly, MIRR is used, which has an assumed reinvestment rate, usually equal to the projectchr('39')s cost of capital.   Formula and Calculation for MIRR Average internal rate of return (AIRR)researcher introduced a new approach, named AIRR approach, based on the intuitive notion of mean, that solves the problems of the IRR . However, the above-mentioned difficulties are only some of the many flaws incurred by the IRR.Formula and Calculation for AIRR@RISK Software@RISK is an add-in to Microsoft Excel that lets you analyze risk using Monte Carlo simulation. @RISK shows you virtually all possible outcomes for any situation—and tells you how likely they are to occur. This means you can judge which risks to take on and which ones to avoid—critical insight in today’s uncertain world. @RISK identifies and ranks the most important factors driving your risks, so you can plan strategies—and resources—accordingly.

The average rate of return on the internal financial capital of the financial process resulting from the implementation of the HSE-MS management system in accordance with the classic IRR, AIRR and MIRR methods is 22.23, 18.11 and 11.12%, respectively, which is 5% higher than the average market rate. The results show that in the MIRR method, the lowest and highest value of the classical IRR obtained is 5.69% and 10.02%, respectively. Also, in AIRR method, the lowest and highest value of classical IRR obtained is equal to 12.44 and 17.55%, respectively. According to the information obtained in the NPV method, the minimum and maximum amount of NPV obtained is equal to 144.7 and $ 3,157,997, respectively. All of which exceed the market value and indicate that the HSE management system is economical. Has been and strongly emphasizes the economics of this financial process. There is no significant difference between the traditional method of calculating classic IRR, AIRR and MIRR with the @RISK software methods, but the difference in the degree of economics in classical IRR methods to AIRR and MIRR is due to the new computational process and the impact of financial variables and time value of money. In other words, the profitability percentages are more acceptable in the newer method.

Today, industries high developments and increasing the amount of incident related costs, in different projects, force the companies to implement a HSE-MS system. However, some managers are hesitated to applying this system, completely, because of different reasons. This paper develops a new method in order to show that this system not only is not a costly project, but also increases the project profitability by decreasing the incident related costs. Actually the HSE-MS system implementation is an economical project. The proposed method in this paper first develops a model for calculation of incident related costs, before and after the incident related costs being occurred. The difference of these two financial processes shows the revenue of the HSE-MS system implementation. Then the ultimate financial process is formed by integrating two revenues and required investment, for the HSE-MS implementation system, financial processes. In order to evaluate the economic assessment of the financial process for a HSE-MS system implementation, the IRR method which is one of the attractive methods, is used. Using this method, by defining the financial process values based on different time periods and considering the time value of money, the attractiveness of financial processes is evaluated. Because of existing uncertainty in predicting of financial process values and also in order to decrease the ultimate risk of the solution, all values of financial process flows are defined as fuzzy numbers. It is worthy to be noted that, whenever, the financial process values are defined like this, the IRR value is also obtained as a fuzzy number. In this paper, a method has been proposed based on the existing techniques in fuzzy sets theories, by which the FIRR value can be computed by a higher reliability level. The economic evaluation of the HSE-MS system is performed using the greater possibility index. Based on the obtained results, the HSE-MS system implementation is strictly advisable because of its benefits. The results show that all four methods were highly economical and contribute to the economic growth of the system in addition to maintaining the original budget. The four methods of economic evaluation introduced have the ability to evaluate each other in terms of the accuracy of the results. On the other hand, the classical IRR method with respect to the data asserts the first letter among the proposed methods and confirms the validity of the HSE_MS system.

Ergonomics is the science of refining workplaces, equipment and jobs and adapting them to human capabilities and limitations. Human resources are the largest assets of a country. Since our country has a young population, investing and educating this group is a necessity. In the psychology of development, the best and most appropriate course for the formation of a true human personality is childhood and adolescence. Children and adolescents play a vital role in the rebirth of each generation, and human development is impossible without the childchr('39')s growth and education. The school is regarded as a safe place for human development and plays a vital role in providing a healthy and happy life and training people with healthy behavior. The health and safety of schools is important in that individuals spend an important period of their lives in school at the same time as their mental and physical development. Safety and health of schools is one of the basic principles of school health and is undoubtedly one of the components that have an inevitable impact on childrenchr('39')s education. An average child spends about 1,100 hours per year in the classroom, so students are also in a very critical time of life, in addition to having students spend a relatively long time at school. This sensitivity can be discussed in various aspects of education, health, environment, etc. Educational centers such as schools are considered as a safe place for human development. Attention to physical, health and safety issues and factors is the most important factor in the physical and mental development of students. Educational centers, such as schools, are considered a safe place for human development. Attention to physical, health and safety issues and factors is the most important factor in the physical and mental development of students. Important reductions in environment, safety and ergonomics in schools include: inadequate per capita educational space, schools proximity to unsafe and unsafe places, outdated school buildings, unsanitary and safe classrooms and classrooms, power outages Cramps and fires are inadequate first aid facilities, inadequate boards, desks and benches for students. Using the mathematical model, it is estimated that approximately seventy percent of diseases in the general population in high-prevalence communities can only be prevented by treatment of school students. In most countries of the world, school periods are considered as the best and most effective time for education because of the importance of the golden age of children and adolescents for learning. Iran is one of the youngest countries in the region and the world with more than 18 million students, accounting for nearly a quarter of the countrychr('39')s population. Therefore, the need to pay more attention to this segment of society is one of the requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the school textbooks of Iranian educational system from primary to secondary in different field of study based on the reference to ergonomic issues. 

This is a cross-sectional study. At first a checklist was originally designed based on ergonomic topics and then the initial checklist was sent to ten occupational health and ergonomics experts. After reviewing the experts, the amendments were implemented. Finally, according to the checklist, all school curriculum books were evaluated in all field of study. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16. 

In total, three hundred books were studied in the three elementary, first, and second grades. All data were categorized into five categories as follows: (a) Subject (b) Degree (Elementary, First & Secondary school,), (c) Type of presentation (Including: Presentation as sentence, Presentation to Image form or both) d) Quality (Including: Poor, Medium, Good and Excellent) and e) Degree (This section only covers Secondary School: Experimental, Mathematical, Professional Technical, Art, the literature). 449 ergonomics educational topic were found in the all reviewed literature. 73 titles (16.3%) in elementary school, 38 titles (8.5%) in first grade secondary school and 338 titles (75.3%) in secondary schools were found. Out of ten issues, the awkward posture , with 183 titles (40.8%), manual material  handling with 82 titles (18.3%), and Product ergonomics with 57 titles (12.7%), were the most mentioned in the books. Almost half of the items were classified as poor in quality. There were 144 case reports (31.1%), 163 images (36.3%) and 142 for both (31.6%). Of the ten subjects, 183 (40.8%) had prolonged inappropriate physical condition, 82 (18.3%) had manual displacement, and 57 (12.7%) had ergonomics in the product. Among the five field of study in the second secondary school, 332 topics (73.9%) were related to technical field study and only 6 topics (1.3%) were related to the experimental and mathematical fields study. There were no items in the arts and literature.

The distribution of ergonomic education materials in various disciplines and levels of education in schools is inappropriate. Also the topics mentioned in the textbooks are not designed to meet the real needs of the community.School age is a good time to encourage students to develop good habits and improve harmful habits. School health education is not only an educational unit but also a place where the student grows up. The creation of health-conscious attitudes and behaviors in them guarantees the health of the next generation of the country that pursues the sustainability of development goals. Students are one of the most vulnerable groups in the society who are exposed to many diseases and disorders due to their specific physiological conditions so that special attention and care is needed to maintain and improve their health. One of the problems that is widespread in this influential era and will have lasting irreparable impacts is the growth disorders that are nowadays referred to as national and international epidemics.Whereas previous studies have shown that problem solving and project-based approach to training occupational health and ergonomics are more effective, it is recommended that ergonomics training be incorporated into these textbooks.  Lack of control of the research group in different languages ​​of the world and lack of access to educational textbooks in different countries was one of the limitations of this study which did not allow comparing the position of ergonomic education in Iranian educational system with other countries. There is little reference to ergonomic issues before the secondary school. Also subjects of ergonomics in the second secondary school are more related to technical field study. So revision of the book and more attention to the topic of ergonomics and its impact on the child and adolescents is recommended.

The ceramics industry is one of the key industries in the economic development of any country. This industry has a large share of Iranchr('39')s non-oil exports so that in recent years it has consistently placed Iranchr('39')s position in the production and export of this product among other developing countries. However, there are many harmful factors in these industries, which threaten the physical and mental health of workers, the most important of which are environmental hazards, cooling, heating, vibration, noise pollution, and so on. Noise pollution is very important in the ceramics industry, as in other industries. According to research, about 600 million people worldwide and 30 million people in the United States face more than 85 dB noise in their workplace. According to the report, about 2 million workers are reported in Iran, according to a report by the Health Ministrychr('39')s Workplace Health Center. Also, according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 14 percent of the total workforce is working in environments with noise levels above 90 dB. Consequently, exposure to noise in the world, including Iran, is a problem in the workplace. In addition, according to studies in the ceramics industry, it can be concluded that exposure to noise is high for the employees of the industry so that the study results Kargar et al. Found that about 45% of the ceramic industrychr('39')s employees are exposed to noise above the permitted level. As a result, personal exposure to noise will be of particular importance to employees in the industry, based on the results of past exposure research. Hair can work with noise in the workplace, except for hearing loss Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal, behavioral, mental and sleep disorders. On the other hand, acoustic disturbance is a new topic that has been considered by researchers recently as one of the negative effects on onechr('39')s health and comfort. The most common subjective response is measurable, and its effects may include physiological responses, central nervous system responses, and biochemical changes. These failures include various areas such as memory, distraction, forgetfulness, inadvertent errors. Also, due to interference with daily activities can cause serious harm to the person. As a result, the present study investigated acoustic annoyance as the most common measurable subjective response among people exposed to noise and cognitive impairment as an indicator of onechr('39')s ability to perform tasks that he or she is naturally capable of performing in a ceramic industry. At the same time, it is intended to examine the relationship between sound pressure level values ​​with acoustic annoyance scores and cognitive failure.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the ceramics industry in 1998. To determine individual exposure to noise, we first examined the production sections and the annual results of the sound measurements, and then the loudspeakers were identified. In this study, the sample size was calculated using Cohenchr('39')s sampling formula with 80% confidence interval of 95% confidence level of 96 persons. Under 50 years of age, congenital hearing impairment, lack of sleep medications and CNS overdose, depression, and lack of a second job were considered. Thus, at the end of this study, after eliminating some of the study population, 50 workers were exposed and 50 administrative staff were placed in the control group. Also, volunteers were asked about the importance of the research subject. Then, to complete the questionnaires used in the study, a research session was held with the presence of the research population. Then the questionnaires were distributed to the individuals and their observation was completed. given. DOS 1354 TES was used to measure the sound pressure level. At the same time, the subjects completed a demographic questionnaire, noise annoyance and cognitive impairment (CFQ) questionnaire. Measurement was done in two groups of exposure and control. The TES-1356 calibrator was manufactured in Taiwan to obtain the exact results of the equipment used before each measurement. In accordance with ISO 9612 standard, a dosimeter microphone was installed on their collar at a distance of 10-30 cm from the outer ear canal. At the end, exposure dose calculations were performed, as production workers were exposed to the same noise levels during the shift, and a two-hour dosimetry was performed and generalized to the equivalent of the 8-hour balance calculations. There are four components that have the first component of distraction (2 items), memory problems (7 items), inadvertent errors (7 items), lack of recall of names (2 items). The acoustic annoyance questionnaire consists of three parts. These three sections include: The first part is heavily rated for workplace noise, the second and third are respectively for workplace noise disturbance and for determining the situations people experience throughout the day, such as fatigue, lethargy, loss of concentration, and so on checked. The questionnaire is divided into 0 to 10 levels of annoyance, with zero being non-annoying and 10 being excessive annoyance. The data were confirmed. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze marital status with sound pressure level, acoustic distress and cognitive impairment. In addition, Spearman test was used to correlate the parameters of sound pressure level, acoustic annoyance and cognitive failure. The level of 0.05 was considered as the significant level.

The results of this study showed that 50% of the study population was 27-33 years old, 45% had a 3 to 5 year work experience, 64% were married and only 9% had university education. Qualitative in both exposure and control groups showed that there was no significant difference between work experience, marital status and education but there was a significant difference in age variable (p <0.05). Mean sound pressure levels in the exposure and control groups were 86.44 86 4.49 dB and 59.29 ± 3.02 dB, respectively. Also the score of acoustic annoyance and cognitive impairment in the exposure group were 70.79 /10 10.54 and 63.46 8 8.97 and in the control group were 20.09 20 20.20 and 45.14 8 8.00, respectively. . Also, the highest and the lowest noise pressure levels in the exposure group were 95, 78 dB and 64, 50 dB, respectively. In addition, the highest frequency of acupuncture reported in the case group was 60% in the range of severe distress and 28% in the range of severe distress. However, the highest rate of acoustic annoyance in the control group was 68% in the non-annoyance range and 30% in the mild annoyance range. The results of the analysis of the third part of the acoustic annoyance questionnaire related to the situations that people experience during the day showed that the average experience of fatigue (3.38), fatigue and drowsiness (3.40), dizziness (3.46), Decreased focus strength (3.58), headache (3.67), more discomfort (3.57) than control group. In addition, headaches (3.67) and fatigue (2.49) had the highest mean of exposure and control groups, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the scale of acoustic annoyance and mood states (fatigue, lethargy and drowsiness, dizziness, loss of concentration, dizziness, headache, discomfort) (p <0.05). Also, Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the scale of acoustic annoyance with demographic characteristics.The results of Cognitive Failure Survey in the employees of this industry were analyzed in four sections, mean of four sections of distraction, memory problems, inadvertent errors, failure to recall names in exposure group, respectively, 22/01, 20/60, 15/88, respectively. It was 5.70. However, the mean of the four sections in the control group were reported to be 16.44, 13.92, 13.24, 2.30, respectively. In addition, the mean correlation coefficient was upward (-0.778). 0/613) There is a strong association between acoustic annoyance and memory problems and lack of recall. Also, the mean of cognitive failure was analyzed by age, work experience, marital status and education. The results showed that the highest rate of cognitive failure was in the age of 27-33 years, work experience of 5-5 years and cognitive failure in people with Education was also less affected. Also, the relationship between sound pressure level and cognitive failure criteria showed a positive and significant relationship between them. There was also a significant relationship between Cognitive Failure Scale, acoustic annoyance and sound pressure level in both the exposure and control groups. r = 0.768, p <0.05) showed a significant positive relationship.

The results of the present study confirm that the noise level is higher than the recognized limit for hearing and mental health and consequently high levels of noise and cognitive impairment in ceramic workers. The most important outcome of acoustic disturbance in this population is a decrease in concentration, headache, dizziness, lethargy, and drowsiness that affect the physical and mental health of the individual and ultimately the productivity. Sound-induced annoyance followed by experienceEmotions such as fatigue and loss of concentration increase the likelihood of human error and sometimes irreparable occupational accidents, which makes clear the importance of noise exposure levels in terms of health and workplace safety. Given the significant relationship between these factors and noise pressure levels, it is recommended to take appropriate measures to reduce workers chr('39')exposure to noise in the industry in order to maintain employeeschr('39') mental health and increase their work efficiency. Also, considering the individual differences in the sense of distress, assessing peoplechr('39')s sensitivity to noise for work in areas with high noise pollution can also help improve workplace conditions and prevent serious injuries in susceptible individuals.

Workers are the productive force of the society and their health is essential. Safety and health at workplace are of great importance in terms of economic development as workers spend more than a third of their lives at work. The role of international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization in dealing with workerschr('39') issues, including their health care needs, emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the field. The International Labor Organization has requirements such as ergonomic and occupational risk factors to protect work forces from physical and mental illness and injury from workplace hazards and accidents. These standards have a great impact on the laws and regulations of governments .One of these standards is the Occupational Health Services Contract, which cover musculoskeletal injuries, violence, stress, biological, chemical and physical hazards. This, plays an important role in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of workers as well as the fight against discrimination.In Iran, the primary health care system has established a national model by providing health services, and the Ministry of Healthchr('39')s Environmental and Occupational Health Center is responsible for monitoring and implementing occupational health programs and projects in the country.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the health status of workforce in Iranian labor and production society and to present a model for its improvement. 

This is a descriptive and policy research study. Data collection was conducted through a review of documents and resources and focus group discussions. In the firt phase, a diverse list of scientific documents and resources by searching Iranian and international databases including Iranmedex, Magiran, Medlib, Web of Science, Cochrane and Pubmed were identified and reviewed. The various keyword combinations such as health of workers, workforest health, human resource health, Iran, index, indicator, Intervention, plan, program and Policy both in Persian and English were searched. In addition, unpublished documents were received from relevant experts.The purpose of this phase was to determine the evaluation indicators and the health status of workers, the type and impact of interventions in the workplaces in recent years, as well as the recommended interventions for workerschr('39') health.A summary of the items obtained from the first phase, entitled "Recognition of the current situation in the framework of indicators, past interventions and challenges of the workerschr('39') health promotion system" was analyzed by the project team and then discussed in a focus group of stakeholders to determine the orientations.In order to apply the ideas and opinions of stakeholders related to this issue, Mendeleevchr('39')s Intrest-Power analysis method was used. . First, the main stakeholders were listed, then the list was placed in the matrix of interest and power, and the items with high interest and high power were selected as the steering committee.After analyzing the documentation and combining the findings, the results were summarized in two main parts: recognizing the current situation and the future orientations.

Due to the lack of point data in previous years, it is not possible to judge the ascending or descending trend of workerschr('39') health indicators; but, in general population, the status of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, mental disorders and social injuries has been increased and is probably true for the labor population. Although, numerous interventions have been previously conducted in the workerschr('39') health area, they are not systematic and not included in a national program framework. The periodic monitoring report of the program and evaluation of the existing interventions are formally unavailable. Upstream documents supports every aspect of promoting workerchr('39')s health. There is a need to improve and focus on all four areas of formulating, monitoring and evaluating the National Worker Health Plan, the structure and standards of health service provision, improving behaviors of workers and employers, and providing sustainable resources (financial, information and human resources). The optimal point for the health of workers is that the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare reduce the prevalence of work-related accidents and diseases for 15 years by attracting international sites and the participation of the working community and employers.To achieve this vision, at least three strategic goals must be considered; Including improving the score of health behaviors of workers in the production community by 30%, improving the score of suitable environment to reduce risk and increase protective factors (depending on the type of residence) by 30% and also improving the benefit of screening services, intervention And follow up to 50%

The findings of this study show that despite the numerous national trustees and the packaging of various health, social and safety services, as well as the support of upstream documents, the health of workers has not improved considerably and there are various gaps in the operational levels. There is a need to improve and focus on the development, monitoring and evaluation of the National Workerschr('39') Health Plan, the structure and standards of health service provision, improving the behavior of workers and employers and the provision of sustainable resources (finance, information and workforce).The program should be approved by Insured Health Services Coordination Council after final opinion of the Employers Association, the Labors Association and the subsidiary units of the Ministry of cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Ministry of industry, mine and Trade in the. The plan is to be approved by the Supreme council for Health and Food Security for further sustainability.

Pars Special Energy Economic Zone is the second largest source of gas in the world and Iran’s energy capital. The oil and gas industries in many respects affect the health of the inhabitants of the region. The creation and development of this industry creates major stressors in the communities around these areas; include air pollution, surface water and groundwater pollution, heavy vehicle traffic, noise pollution, accidents, functional disorders, and psychosocial stresses associated with social change. Studies conducted in this area have shown that the physical, mental and social health status of workers and employees and their families is not good. Due to the special importance of this region in financing the countrychr('39')s development programs, providing, maintaining and promoting its sustainable health is of strategic importance.Community participation in health issues has many benefits in terms of health care and development; because it increases problem-solving skills in communities so that they take responsibility for their health and well-being as much as possible and ensure that the needs and issues of the community are properly addressed. There are different patterns for peoplechr('39')s participation. However, in a wide and public participation, the use of peoplechr('39')s representation has been emphasized, which accelerates the participation of the people. These representatives could be the leaders and elders of the target community, official and legal representatives of the people, non-governmental organizations, self-help groups, volunteers, popular people in the community and special groups.  Content analysis method was used to summarize the obtained information.The completed questionnaires and oral comments recorded in the group discussion sessions were manually coded and then were classified as the main themes Includes the benefits, disadvantages, main problems and strategies for improving health and how to operationalize the role of people.This study is aimed to examine the challenges and strategies for health promotion of the people from the viewpoint of the mediators of the region.

This is a qualitative study with intentional sampling which the snowball method was used to complete the list of participants and 20 mediators participated in this study. First, a list of popular networks was prepared using purposive sampling method. After identifying the networks, they were asked in an official letter to introduce an informed and interested representative to identify and address the health challenges of the region. After identifying the networks, they were asked in an official correspondence to introduce an informed and interested representative to identify and address the health challenges of the region. Then, in a two-hour meeting with the presence of the introduced representatives, a poll was conducted on them through a focused group discussion method. In this meeting, while stating the goals and ensuring the confidentiality of the collected information, a written questionnaire was distributed among them and after answering within 15 minutes, peoplechr('39')s opinions about the problems of the region and solutions were taken orally. Finally, the draft prepared by the research team was reviewed and the necessary amendments were made with the opinion of the majority of members.

According to the mediators, the existence of industry in the region has led to the benefits such as job creation, cultural and educational development and extending urban services. Moreover, gas extraction and the creation of the countrychr('39')s economic capital have led to the acquisition of knowledge and skills comparable to other countries. Disadvantages of industry are including air, watersoil and sea contamination. The usable lands have been destroyed and the traditional jobs such as agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing have been destroyed. Following the entry of subcultures into the original culture of the people, cultural tensions have occurred and a deep gap has been created between people and companies;and crimes have increased. The three main problems were lack of facilities and medical infrastructure with equitable distribution; high prevalence of diseases due to environmental contamination and Unemployment. Consideration of health centers and health houses, drinking water health and people engagement in regional decision making have been suggested.

In this study, the maximum effort of researchers has been made to involve peoplechr('39')s representatives and mediators, which is one of the preconditions for the development of the region and one of the most obvious requests of the mediators. The use of a focused group discussion method not only led to researchers gather the views of different groups of people but also made the mediators themselves interacted more effectively and were aware of each otherchr('39')s view points. In conclusion, peoplechr('39')s opinions refer more to the roots and causes and indicate that the trust between the people and the officials in the region has been severely damaged, however, they are grateful and aware that they should be empowered to improve their situation. Interaction between these three groups is essential to improve the regionchr('39')s health: people, the oil industry and sovereignty of the local government. It is recommended that the health council of the region is formed with the participation of peoplechr('39')s representatives after the process of applying peoplechr('39')s opinion and designing a comprehensive health plan

Fatigue and sleepiness (decreased alertness), in addition to a negative impact on performance and quality of work, are considered as one of the leading causes of human error and accidents in work environments. There is much evidence indicating that physical factors in the workplace could affect fatigue, vitality, motivation, and productivity of individuals. A physical environment suitable for activity is formed by various factors, among which light is known as an essential element. Recent photobiological advances and recognition of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have shown that in addition to improving eyesight, light can affect the circadian and homeostatic regulations and melatonin suppression in human. Furthermore, light can have acute effects on the physiological, psychological, neurobehavioral, and neuroendocrine responses, such as improvement in the alertness and neurobehavioral performance, which are known as the non-visual or non-imaging forming effects (NIF) of light. However, the possible roles of these potential effects in the improvement of human safety and efficiency have not been thoroughly investigated. Some studies have shown that monochromatic blue light or blue-enriched white light (high correlated color temperature white light or high CCT) can enhance levels of alertness, and improve mood and cognitive function. Although recent evidence has indicated that monochromatic red light or red saturated white light (low correlated color temperature white light or low CCT) has also been able to induce such positive effects. There is still an open question left unanswered: “which of these lighting conditions (high CCT vs. low CCT) has a stronger effect on the alertness level and neurobehavioral function?” Therefore, the present study tested this hypothesis in a simulated office workplace environment with the recommended illumination level of 500 lx on the desk for daytime office work environments during the morning hours.  

In this study, 20 healthy paid volunteers (male; mean ± SD age, 27.6 ± 3.6 years) were selected and followed the experimental protocol. All participants were interviewed about the quality of sleep, lifestyle habits, and general health. The inclusion criteria were: not having any mental or physical health problem, having a good sleep quality according to the Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI score<5 ), being neither extreme early nor extreme chronotype, having a regular sleep-wake state (bedtimes 22:00 to 24:00 p.m. and wake up between 07:00 and 08:00 a.m.), not smoking, not traveling to a different time zone or experiencing shift-work during three months prior the experiment, no history of eye diseases, and having a normal color blindness as evaluated by the Ishihara test. To control the effect of potential differences in the levels of alertness due to circadian variations and sleep pressure between the light conditions, the participants completed a sleep/wake log, starting one week prior to the beginning of the study. In addition, they were asked to keep a regular sleep/wake state during the study. The participants were also asked not to drink caffeine and/or alcohol about 12 h before the experiment. The aim of the study was described for all participants and they signed an informed consent before the commencement of the study. In addition, the protocol of the study was confirmed by the university ethics committee.The present study had a repeated-measures design, and the participants were exposed to four light conditions for 140 minutes in a counterbalanced order with a one-week interval. The light conditions were dim light (DL, <5 lx, control), and a 500 lx light intensity on the desk level for high CCT white light (HWL, nominal CCT= 12000 K), low CCT white light (LWL, nominal CCT= 2700 K), and standard white light (SWL, nominal CCT= 4000 K).The study was performed in an air-conditioned room with an area of 19 m2. The room’s windows were closed with light-blocking curtains to restrict the penetration of daylight into the experimental setting. Electroencephalogram (EEG) activity (5–7 Hz: theta, 5-9: alpha-theta, 8–12 Hz: alpha, and 13–30 Hz: beta), subjective sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, KSS), subjective mood (Visual Analogue Mood Scale, VAMS), cognitive performance tests (sustained attention, working memory, selective attention task, and inhibitory capacity) and subjective evaluation and beliefs of the participants about the light conditions were measured. The data were analyzed using the MATLAB software package (ver. R2012a, Math-Works, USA) and version 20.0 of the SPSS software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, and where necessary, the Greenhouse–Geisser correction was applied. A 4 (light conditions) × 6 time intervals ANOVA was performed for the EEG activity measures (alpha, theta, beta, and alpha-theta) and CPT data. For the subjective sleepiness and mood, a 4 (light conditions) × 3 time intervals ANOVA was performed. Also, a 4 (light conditions) ANOVA was performed using each cognitive performance (GO/NO-GO, 2-Back, and divided attention) outcome measures. A 3 (light conditions) ANOVA was performed using each subjective evaluation and belief measures about the light conditions. The Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc tests were applied to multiple comparisons (P<0.05). 

The means±standard error (SE) of the normalized alpha power was 1.083±0.018 for HWL, 1.147±0.021 for SWL, 1.069±0.021 for LWL, and 1.225±0.027 for DL condition. The Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc tests indicated a significantly lower power under HWL (P=0.012) and LWL (P=0.006) compared to DL condition. The other comparisons revealed no significant differences. The means±SE of the normalized alpha-theta power was 1.009±0.012 for LWL, 1.053±0.014 for SWL, 1.024±0.016 for HWL, and 1.106±0.017 for DL condition. Post-hoc tests showed a significantly lower alpha-theta power under LWL (P<0.001) and HWL (P=0.033) compared to DL condition. The other comparisons indicated no significant differences. No significant main effect of the light conditions and interaction between them and the time intervals in the normalized beta and theta powers were observed. The means±SE of the normalized subjective sleepiness were 1.129± 0.045 for LWL, 1.25±0.057 for SWL, 1.127±0.052 for HWL, and 1.499±0.074 for DL condition. Post-hoc tests showed that HWL (P=0.002) and LWL (P=0.001) conditions significantly decreased the sleepiness compared to the DL condition. The other comparisons revealed no significant differences. Furthermore, the present study results indicated that the means±SE of the normalized mood scores were 1.048±0.013 for SWL, 1.066±0.011 for HWL, 0.942±0.014 for DL, and 1.158±0.02 for LWL condition. Post-hoc tests indicated that the participants had significantly better mood under the LWL (P<0.001), SWL (P=0.001), and HWL (P<0.001) conditions compared to the DL condition. Furthermore, the LWL enhanced the participantschr('39') mood state as compared to the SWL (P<0.001) and HWL (P=0.009) conditions. The means±SE of the normalized mean reaction time for continuous performance test (CPT) were 0.998±0.011 for SWL, 0.977±0.011 for HWL, 1.066±0.017 for DL, and 0.985±0.011 for LWL condition. The post‐hoc with Bonferroni‐adjusted pairwise comparison revealed a significantly lower mean reaction time under HWL (P<0.001), LWL (P=0.009), and SWL (P=0.026) conditions compared to the DL condition. Furthermore, the means±SE of the normalized mean reaction time for GO/NO-GO task were 305.13±13.959 ms for HWL, 308.91±13.78 ms for SWL, 304.64±14.11 ms for LWL, and 327.49±17.7 ms for DL condition. Post-hoc tests indicated a significantly lower mean reaction time under LWL (P=0.033) and HWL (P=0.034) conditions compared to DL condition. The means±SE of the normalized mean reaction time for 2–Back task were 394.24±32.22 ms for SWL, 387.92±31.64 ms for HWL, 398.62±31.81 ms for DL, and 384.16±30.66 ms for LWL condition. Post-hoc tests revealed a significantly lower reaction time under LWL (P=0.001) and HWL (P=0.027) conditions compared to DL condition. The means±SE of the normalized mean reaction time for selective attention task were 4.16.25±10.262 ms for SWL, 415.95±10.292 ms for HWL, 408.05±10.75 ms for LWL, and 437.75±9.618 ms for DL condition. Post-hoc tests showed a significantly lower reaction time under LWL (P=0.001), HWL (P=0.027), and SWL (P=0.02) conditions compared to DL condition. The Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc tests did not show any significant differences between HWL, LWL, and SWL light conditions in the CPT, GO/NO-GO, selective attention, and 2–Back tasks.The participants believed that there was no significant difference between the light conditions (SWL, LWL, and HWL) according to the subjective appraisals of light, including brightness, distribution, activating, adequacy amount, and color. Also, the participants reported that the light conditions did not significantly improve their performance. In contrast, the volunteers stated that the LWL (P=0.006) condition was more effective in improving their mood status compared to the SWL condition. Also, about the pleasantness of light, the participants preferred the LWL (P=0.037) over the HWL condition. 

Under natural conditions (healthy participants and with regular sleep-wake cycle), both the low and high CCT lights (500 lx at the desk) improved alertness and performance compared to the DL condition during the morning hours. In contrast, compared to the SWL, no significant improvement in alertness and cognitive performance during inhibitory capacity, working memory, selective attention, and sustained attention tasks was observed. Briefly, it can be concluded that in addition to the relative preferences of the LWL (2700 K) light condition by the participants, it has had a significant impact on improving the mood of the participants. Hence, the designing and application of lighting interventions by using low correlated color temperature lighting sources can be beneficial for reducing fatigue and sleepiness and improving performance and mood during the morning hours although more studies are required to determine the optimal parameters for lighting interventions.

Dry eye is one of the most common symptoms among patients who seek for ophthalmologic examination. For this reason, causes, management, methods and the effect of this disease on patients’ quality of life have been broadly studied over the last few years. In this multifactorial disease, ocular surface and tear film are affected which results in instability of tear film and ocular discomfort. There are some risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) including age, gender, systemic medications, autoimmune disorders, low humidity environments and contact lens wear. Information on DED causes may improve diagnosing and managing of this debilitating, chronic condition. In addition to its ocular sign and symptoms, dry eye disease not only has an effect on patients’ visual, social and occupational quality of life, but also patients’ life style can affect the state of this disorder. Among risk factors affecting life style, environmental and occupational factors have been proved to change pre- corneal tear film so that high temperature and low humidity can increase aqua evaporation and lead to ocular discomfort. Indoor and outdoor air pollutants result in visual disturbances due to ocular irritation and DED.Additionally, some personal habits such as sleep quality can also affect tear film stability. In a study which was performed in Japan, a sleep questionnaire was used to subjective measurement of sleep quality and quantity. Their study population were normal office workers. They found that sleep quality consisting: sleep duration, medication, latency or disturbances, is associated with dry eye symptoms. A recent study has shown the effect of sleep position on the ocular surface, so that sleeping in supine position may reduce the symptoms in dry eye patients.Ocular discomfort due to DED may result in ocular fatigue which increases the need of patients for more break times and deterioration of working performance and human faults. Given that not trying to alleviate eye symptoms caused by DED, can have a bad effect on individuals’ performance in workplaces, recognizing the effective factors on eye dryness is very important.

This study aimed to find a relationship between working in petrochemical plants, unusual working hours and dry eye symptoms in petrochemical frontline employees. In this work, we compared a population of petrochemical industry night and day workers with a normal group, in order to assess potential relation of their working environment and sleeping time on their dry eye symptoms. Performing a study on this group of participants allows us to simultaneously assess the effect of outdoor air pollution and working shift on patients’ objective and subjective dry eye signs and symptoms. Identification of key risk factors for DED in symptomatic group can be helpful in better management of this condition.Methods One hundred ninety five males were recruited in this study, and divided into two groups: workers (petrochemical night and day workers) and non- workers (control) group. Day and night workers were working in day and night- time shifts at least for more than 1 year and they had no rotating shifts. Participants with any history of ophthalmic or systemic diseases or ocular surgeries, taking medications which induce dry eye or worsen dry eye symptoms, smoking, contact lens application, lack of sleep (less than 7 hours night sleep for control and day worker groups and less than 7 hours day- time sleep for night workers) and computer users for more than 6 hours a day, were excluded. Socio – economical demographics such as educational level and working experience and salaries were considered. All dry eye examinations were performed in the morning (at least 2 hours after waking up) for day time workers, and in the afternoon (at least 2 hours after a day time sleep) for night workers. Working hours was the same for workers (12 hours working in the field: 8 AM- 8 PM for day time and 8 PM-8 AM for night- time workers). Participants were compared in terms of Schirmer’s test I (without anesthesia), tear break up time (TBUT) and subjective dry eye symptoms (based on DEQ-V questionnaire). The TBUT recorded as the number of seconds that elapse between the last blink and the appearance of the first dry spot in the tear film.  A TBUT under 10 seconds was considered abnormal. For Schirmer’s test the amount of moisture of paper strips were measured and less than 10 mm of moisture in 5 minutes was considered as abnormal.DEQ- V questionnaire consists 5 items for the presence of 3 symptoms of dry eye including: watery eyes (frequency), discomfort (frequency, AM &PM intensity and bother) and dryness (frequency, AM &PM intensity and bother). Other 2 items were: whether the participants have told to have dry eye or they think they have it. The validity of this questionnaire has been evaluated by Chalmers and a total of DEQ score more than 6 can be an indicator of dry eye and needs further clinical tests to confirm DE. Patients with a score of >12 should be referred to be ruled out for Sjӧgren’s Syndrome.After explaining the nature of the study, an informed consent was obtained from each participant The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and the protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Sixty-five non- workers (control group) and 130 workers (65 night and 65 day- workers) were enrolled in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software for Windows version 16 (SPPS, Inc. Chicago, IL). Student t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare means of Schirmer’s test, TBUT and DEQ score among groups. Pearson χ2 test was performed to compare the percentage of abnormal cases in each group.  Bonferroni post hoc corrections were applied for multiple comparisons. For all results p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Mean age of participants was 37.44±3.87 years (range 30-45 years). For a better between groups’ comparison considering working shifts, workers were divided in to night and day shift groups and comparison was performed between 3 groups. According to our results, 3 groups were not significantly different regarding age, educational level and working experience (p= 0.218, p=0.884 and p=0.378, respectively). One way ANOVA test showed a significant difference of TBUT between 3 groups (p=0.007). In pairwise comparison, we found that mean TBUT (in seconds) was significantly different between control group and night workers (p= 0.005), but there was no difference between controls and day workers (P=0.181). Although it was greater in day workers, TBUT was not markedly different between night and day workers (P=0.588).Our results showed a significant difference for Schirmer’s test between 3 groups (p<0.001). Multiple comparison of means between groups showed a statistically significant difference between control group and day workers (p=0.002), and also between control group and night workers (p<0.001). The result of the Schirmer’s test between night and day workers was not significantly different (p=0.509).Mean DEQ score was also significantly different between groups (p<0.001) and it was higher in night shift workers. In between group comparison, mean DEQ score was significantly different between controls and night workers (p<0.001). However, mean DEQ score was not markedly different between controls and day- workers or between night and day workers (p=0.053 and p= 0.180, respectively). But it was significantly different between control group and night- workers (p=0.009).The percentage of abnormal findings in all the tests was higher among night workers. However, 3 groups were significantly different just for abnormal DEQ score (P= 0.0.26).Also, in 2 group comparison between workers and non- workers, there was a significant difference in Schirmer’s, TBUT and DEQ results (p<0.001, p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively).

Both day and night time workers who participated in our study were exposed to pollution from open field petrochemical plants. Day workers’ activities are in higher temperature working hours. On the other hand night shift workers work in lower temperature hours but sleep in unusual hours during the day. This can be the other justification for the lack of significant differences between the results of day and night time workers. Although we recruited participants with at least 7 hours a day sleep but we did not have information about sleep quality of worker and non-workers. Incorporating a sleep quality questionnaire for volunteers can help us to find out if, there is actually any difference in sleep quality of participants in each group besides abnormal sleeping hours. More comprehensive studies on larger population may potentially result in more significant differences among groups. Adding some other dry eye tests including osmolarity test and Ocular Surface Disease Index score to future studies can also be valuable. In addition, recruiting non- residents as control group can better confound intervening factors and results to a more precise comparison between worker and non- worker groups.Working in petrochemical industry plants has an effect on symptoms of dry eye disease in frontline workers. On the other hand, long term working in night shifts seems not to be a key factor for DED. However, these factors should be considered occupationally in order to improve the employees’ performance in workplaces.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders usually engage the lower back, cervical spine and upper extremities (shoulder, elbow, wrists, hands and fingers). According to reports from around the world, work- related musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational disorders and diseases. There is no accurate estimate of the prevalence of these disorders in Iran, but studies have reported a high prevalence. These disorders are the most important cause of absenteeism among workers. They also play a significant role in the premature disablement of workers. Disorders also induce economic losses in human societies due to the loss of working days, the cost of treatment and rehabilitation, reduction of quality of life of affected people and their families.  These disorders affect the individual, organization, and society. Studies have shown that musculoskeletal disorders are very costly, in such a way that they induce the highest suffering for the patient and among them, back pain has the highest rank. Many of these disorders are due to the failure to observe the ergonomic principles and the unfavorable and non-standard conditions governing the work environment and how to perform the job.  It can be clearly stated that the range of ergonomic problems in work environments is not limited to musculoskeletal injuries, but also include loss of productivity and efficiency, increased errors, fatigue, discomfort and environmental stress.  The risk factors for these disorders are multifactorial, and they are still not fully understood in some respects. The most important factors include occupational ones such as unfavorable work environment, manual work, heavy lifting, repetitive and heavy work. Agriculture, like mining and construction, is recognized as one of the three highly hazardous and high-risk industries in terms of health. National and international studies show that the physical needs of farming occupation can be a cause of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Dairy plants is one of the subsectors of the agriculture and food. Dairy plants, and especially milking the cows, affects the musculoskeletal system of the workers in the industry due to physical needs, poor working posture and repetitive movements and tasks. Musculoskeletal disorders in the areas of waist, shoulders, hands, wrists and knees are one of the common problems in this industry. Cow-milking is one of the most hazardous sectors in terms of ergonomic risk factors in the livestock industry. According to studies, about one-third of workers in the milking sector often experience symptoms of pain in the shoulders and necks. Increased work time, milking more cows per hour, high physical activity and repetitive tasks are among the potential risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in this industry. This study aims at investigating the effects of ergonomic engineering interventions and management decisions on reducing the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders and improving work postures among milking workers in dairy plants.

This is an interventional study performed in a dairy plants with 240 personnel working in different parts of Isfahan. In the primary health and safety investigations in this industry, the hazardous milking sector was selected as the research environment because it produces the highest number of physical complaints by personnel, the highest number of occupational accidents and back injuries. All 48 workers of the milking sector were investigated. The purpose of the study and the methodology was fully explained to the participants in the study. They were assured that, firstly, their information would be completely confidential to the researchers. Secondly, participation in this study was entirely voluntary and if they were not willing to participate in the study, there were no consequences for them. After explaining the study, in case they were willing, the consent form was completed by the participants and the presence of the individual was confirmed. The procedure was carried out in 4 steps as follows. 1. Evaluation of the occupation of milking and determining the frequency of disorders among the workers. 2. Implementing intervention programs. 3. Re-evaluation of the occupation of milking and determining the frequency of disorders after completing the intervention program. 4. Comparing the results before and after the interventions. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders, the Persian version of Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was completed by the participants. The questionnaire analyzes the frequency of discomfort, severity of discomfort and its impact on work power in the last week in twelve parts of the body. The CMDQ is a suitable tool for the evaluation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The ergonomic evaluation uses a quick exposure check (QEC) posture analysis method. This methodology allows assessing worker exposure to a wide range of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. In this method, part of the work is completed by the observer and the other part by the operator. The QEC methodology is used to assess a range of occupations including: manual handling, repetitive tasks, dynamic tasks, tasks involving sitting and standing. In the QEC posture analysis, psychosocial risk factors are considered in addition to physical risk factors. This method is also an appropriate method for evaluating interventional operations, because immediately and after intervention programs, the impact of interventions can be assessed by re-evaluating the work environment.After the analysis, the results were discussed with the top management of the organization and officials from other sectors to determine intervention measures. At the end of the meeting, decisions were made to improve the ergonomic situation of the milking personnel, which include the engineering interventions, management interventions and implementation of educational programs. The time required for the implementation of the interventions and the authority responsible for their implementation was determined. After completing the intervention, the frequency of musculoskeletal discomfort among the participants and the ergonomic status of the milking occupation were re-evaluated using the CMDQ and QEC posture analysis. In the end, in order to investigate the effect of these interventions on decreasing musculoskeletal discomfort and improving personnel postures, the scores before and after the evaluation compared by use of paired t-test and their significance was examined.

All participants in this study were men. 56.26% of the research population was under 30 years old and 66.66% had a work experience of under 4 years of age, indicating the low age and low experience of the population studied. The highest score of the CMDQ in terms of the frequency of discomfort was related to the lower back (364.5 before and 187.5 after intervention), shoulder (190.25 before intervention and 114 after intervention) and neck (164.5% before and 85.5 after intervention), respectively. Paired t-test showed that the scores of the CMDQ were significantly decreased after intervention in the three parts of frequency of discomfort, severity of discomfort, and its impact on work (p-value <0.05). There was no significant difference between the scores of the questionnaire in three areas: upper arms, hips/ buttocks and legs before and after the intervention (p-value> 0.05) but in other areas (neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back , forearm, wrist, thigh, knee and leg) (p-value <0.05). The final score of analysis of the work environment using the QEC posture analysis methodology has significantly decreased after completion of the interventions.

The results of this study showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the lower back, neck and shoulders, is high among cow-milking workers, and corrective ergonomic measures are needed to prevent the disorders. Also, a careful examination of the milking occupation showed that the most important risk factors for the milking workers included: awkward postures, static position for long periods of time, high work hours, uniformity of duties due to the nature of the job and failure to observe the principles of occupational ergonomics at the work environment. Therefore, corrective measures to improve the ergonomic status of milking workers should be elimination of the risk factors identified. Findings of this study showed that the implementation of ergonomic training programs included the selection of the best physical condition with the lowest pressure on the body during milking operations, correct and ergonomic principles of manual handling, improving posture and reducing the risk of disorders (decreasing the score of QEC posture analysis). Also, the results of this study showed that the simultaneous implementation of ergonomic engineering interventions, management plans and training programs will result in a reduction in the frequency of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the improvement of work posture. Considering that milking activity in dairy plants has the same procedures and equipment, corrective measures of this research are also useful for other dairy plants. One of the limitations of this study was that there is no control group and it is recommended that in future studies, taking into account the control group, the roles of each intervention should be separately reported and compared. For example, the role of ergonomic engineering interventions should be compared with training and management plans and the effectiveness of each one in the reduction of disorders is analyzed so that the measures are prioritized according to their impact. This prioritization can help managers who cannot implement all interventions simultaneously to select the most effective actions.

Electrocardiography is one of the most useful and common tools for examining heart function. In studies in the 1960s, heart rate variability (HRV) was introduced and used as a non-invasive tool to evaluate the functions of the autonomic nervous system and other functional disorders of the heart under various conditions. In addition to the clinical applications of heart rate variability, this physiological parameter is also widely used in ergonomics and occupational health. In the study of mental workload, exposure to industrial noise, shift work, stress, and other parameters related to the workplace benefit heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and by the sinoatrial (SA) node. The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, the autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, thereby affecting the heart rate and heart rate variability. Sympathetic activity tends to increase heart rate and decrease heart rate variability, while parasympathetic tend to reduce heart rate and increase heart rate variability. The most prominent component of the variable heart rate period is a respiratory arrhythmia (RSA), which is considered to be 0.15 to 0.4 Hz. The high-frequency component is only affected by parasympathetic neural activity. Another component of heart rate variability is the low-frequency (LF) component in the frequency range, 0.04 to 0.15 Hz. This component is affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity. Many computational methods have been developed for HRV analysis, each of which is associated with strengths and weaknesses. Although there may still be difficulties in interpreting this index, it provides researchers and health experts with reliable non-invasive physiological information. HRV parameters can be classified in terms of time, frequency, and nonlinear methods. The commercially available ECG equipment does not usually include HRV features due to the lack of standard diagnostic protocols. As an alternative to this commercial software, many simple, online and free, device-independent, and portable software has been developed for HRV analysis and cardiovascular research.Heart Rate Variability Quantification: Heart rate variability can be measured in long-term (24 hours), short-term (5 minutes), and very short-term periods (less than 5 minutes) and can be analyzed as time- -domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear.1. Time-domain measuresThe simplest method to analyze heart rate variability is time-domain. Analysis of heart rate variability in the time-domain is performed through both statistical and geometric analysis, both of which are based on heart rate or RR intervals between successive QRS series. Using these methods, the heart rate can be assessed at any point in time or between normal consecutive sets. Statistical parameters recommended by the European Society of Cardiology and the American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology include: 1) SDNN 2) NN50 3) SDSD 4) SDANN 5) RMSSD 6) SDSD 7) NN50 count (Table 1).Table 1: time-domain measures of HRV Variable Units Description [1]SDNN ms Standard deviation of all NN intervals SDRR[2] ms standard deviation of RR interval series SDANN ms Standard deviation of the averages of NN intervals in all 5 min segments of the entire recording SDNN index ms Mean of the standard deviations of all NN intervals for all 5 min segments of the entire recording pNN50 % NN50 count divided by the total number of all NN intervals HR Max –HR Min bmp The average difference between the highest and lowest HRs during each respiratory cycle rMSSD ms Root mean square of successive RR interval difference HRV triangular index   Integral of the density of the RR interval histogram divided by its height TINN ms Baseline width of the RR interval histogram  2. Frequency-domain measures:Time-domain measurements information about the overall change in time series or maximum variable amplitude, but no information about periodic heart rate fluctuations. Data frequency domain analysis provides information on how power distribution is a function of frequency. According to the European Society of Cardiology, the power range of a healthy person is usually divided into four main frequency bands. The range of components used is usually: high-frequency (0.4 - 0.15 Hz), low-frequency (0.15-0.04 Hz), very low frequency (0.04 - 0.003 Hz) and infinitely low frequency (<0.003 Hz).Table 2: frequency-domain measures of HRV Variable Units Description ULF power ms2 Absolute power of the ultra-low-frequency band (≤0.003 Hz) VLF power ms2 Absolute power of the very-low-frequency band(0.0033–0.04 Hz) LF peak Hz Peak frequency of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz) LF power ms2 Absolute power of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz) LF power nu Relative power of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz) in normal units LF power % Relative power of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz) HF peak Hz Peak frequency of the high-frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) HF power ms2 Absolute power of the high-frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) HF power nu Relative power of the high-frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) in normal units HF power % Relative power of the high-frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) LF/HF % Ratio of LF-to-HF power  3. Nonlinear measures:The parameters commonly used in the analysis of time and frequency domain HRV are not always suitable for analysis due to the existence of various nonlinear phenomena in physiological signal parameters. Therefore, the use of nonlinear techniques is recommended. Pincus developed Approximate Entropy (ApEn) as a nonlinear complexity index to determine the random quantity of a physiological time series. Richman and Moorman developed a sample entropy (SampEn), a new family of statistics, to measure the complexity and data of clinical and experimental time series, and compared it to ApEn.Common heart rate analysis tools: HRV analysis has led to the development of several commercial and non-commercial software. Most commercial equipment for heart monitoring and HR analysis includes software that depends on devices for HRV analysis, but there are also software-independent. In addition to commercial tools, several free non-commercial software have been developed.Kobius:This powerful software is based on MATLAB. Kobius (version 2.1) is a free and non-commercial software for researchers and physicians (http://kubios.uef.fi 7). This software can analyze HRV in time-, frequency-domine, and non-linear indicators. Kobius is compatible with Windows and Linux operating systems, and supports both ECG and RR data formats, and performs the pre-processing operations required to detect QRS and correct corrections.gHRV:gHRV is based on the Python programming language and performs heart rate variability analysis for a specified period of time. The software can be easily run on Windows, Apple OS X Linux, or GNU operating systems. Data and formats supported by gHRV include heart rate in WFDB and ASCII formats, (IBI (InterBeat Intervals ASCII files), heart rate monitoring in polar (common heart rate recording form), and Santo wristbands. The pre-processing step involves deleting and interpolate. Updated versions of gHRV are available for free at http://ghrv.milegroup.net. This website provides information on how to download, install, and use. GHRV analyzes HRV in terms of time, frequency, and nonlinear domain.KARDIA:KARDIA is based on MATLAB programming language. All functions of this software are written in a single program (kardia.m) which is available for free (at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mykardia/). Execution of m-file requires MATLAB 7 or updated version with MATLAB signal processing toolbox. KARDIA can calculate the heart rate in any method sampled by the user by interpolating using fixed, linear, or splint methods. Linear parameters of heart rate variability in time and frequency range and nonlinear parameters can be quantified by analyzing fluctuations.VARVI:VARVI is free software designed in Python programming language for HRV analysis in response to various visual stimuli. This HRV software measures the person who is watching a video. This software has wide applications in psychiatry and psychological studies. VARVI software is available at varvi.milegroup.net.RHRV:This software is based on R programming language for HRV statistical calculations. This programming language (R) is originally implemented in the S language and is compatible with Windows and MacOSX. Several advantages of this software are available. The data file containing the heart rate in WFDB and ASCII format is entered into the software. Software package is available for download and installation.ARTiiFACT :ARTiiFACT is a MATLAB-based tool with compiler 4.13 for artifact processing and HRV analysis. ARTiiFACT has options for processing a set of data, analyzing HRV by the autoregressive and nonlinear domain model, as well as correcting respiration-related distortions, which allows raw data from the ECG to be applied bypassing the filter over, and over. Set their bypass at the appropriate critical frequency. Software, tutorials and user manuals are available for free upon request (email tobias.kaufmann@uni-wuerzburg.de).LabVIEW:LabVIEW software is a design-specific operating system that provides a development environment. It can also be used to analyze heart rate variability. LabVIEW is supported by Windows, Linux GNU or Apple OSX.POLYAN:POLYAN is based on MATLAB programming language and has a computing environment with the aim of excellent performance in numerical and visual calculations. The software can be easily run on Windows operating systems, Linux GNU or Apple OS X. POLYAN is a free software specifically designed for the simultaneous analysis of multiple signals (multi-parameter approach) to evaluate the performance of an Autonomic nervous system.aHRV:aHRV is a commercial software developed by Nevrokard for heart rate variability analysis. The software supports data in the form of ASCII, binary files in European data format and many dedicated formats.

HRV plays an important role in assessing ANS fluctuations in healthy individuals and heart patients and promoting understanding of disease mechanisms and physiological phenomena. Currently, there are commercial or semi-commercial tools that possible simultaneous ECG recording, respiration, blood pressure. Commercially available recording systems are not usually separated by HRV analysis features. Software developers have not prioritized this because HRV is not yet included in standard diagnostic protocols. However, various developers and research groups are developing software tools tailored to their specific needs. [1] - Standard deviation of NN intervals[2] - Standard deviation of RR intervals

Today, all organizations in the world seek to improve performance and increase customer satisfaction. In other words, any organization that wants to be sustainable and improve its position, must be able to fulfill its obligations to customers and clients and satisfy them. To achieve this goal, organizations must use all their strength, power and both human and economic capital.In addition to human and economic capital, another capital called social capital has also been considered. Various definitions of social capital have been proposed so far, but recently, social capital is defined as: "a network of relationships between people living or working in a particular community that enables that community to function effectively." In addition to solving the problems, social capital is able to facilitate economic, political, and cultural conditions toward sustainable growth and development in any community by encouraging individuals to "cooperate" and "participate" in social interactions.Since no comprehensive study has been conducted to determine the status of social capital in the labor and production community in Iran, the purpose of this survey is to obtain an estimate of social capital in the labor and production community in the country.

This study is a cross-sectional survey that targets all workers in industrial workshops in Iran. A two-part questionnaire including background information and a standard social capital questionnaire (Nahapit and Gushal) consisting of 22 items were used to collect information. Internal consistency method was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was calculated 85.0. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used for sampling and 13842 questionnaires were completed in 380 workplaces in 31 provinces of the country. Data were collected and analyzed in STATA software version 12 and multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the factors affecting social capital.

The mean age of study participants was 35.4 years. The majority of participants were male (85.5%) and 81.8% of the participants were married. Based on the results of this study, the national average of social capital in the labor and production community was 2.74 (according to the range 1 to 5). The average social capital in Hormozgan province was the highest amount (3.16) and in Ilam province was the lowest amount (2.30). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference in terms of social capital score between men and women (p = 0.7). The mean score of social capital in people with university education and people with secondary education was significantly higher than people with primary and lower education (p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the social capital status of single and married people (p = 0.4, but in divorced people the average score of social capital was higher (p = 0.01). In terms of working class, the score of social capital in skilled workers was higher than ordinary workers (p = 0.02).

The previous studies have shown that the existence of social capital in societies has an important role in quality of life and maintaining and promoting health and prevention of social harm. This research was the first study about the social capital status of workers at the national level in the labor and production community of Iran and could be a basis for further studies in this subject. Comparing the results of this study in Iran with other countries, shows that social capital in the labor and production community in Iran is low. Therefore, it is suggested that researchers study the important factors affecting social capital in the labor and production community in Iran and provide the results to officials and employers to take the necessary measures in order to improve the social capital of employees. Based on the results it seems necessary to take more action on workplace conditions including relationships between levels ofhierarchy (from senior managers to simple workers). Some of the proposed interventions based on global experience are as follows: Increasing the participation of all members of the organization in decision making and planning (in the form of opinion polls, participation as an observer, etc.), Holding group meetings to critique performance in the organization and Establish the possibility of immediate communication and facilitated meetings with managers.

Observance of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) guidelines is becoming more pervasive in all organizations, and governments and regulators are becoming more strict on it. The onset and prevalence of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an example of a lack of attention or disregard for such standards and guidelines. Adherence to such standards is much more important in all organizations, especially in health-oriented organizations such as hospitals, and they increases safety and improves the efficiency of hospitals and the community (environment). Because health and safety factors are closely related to ergonomic factors (E), attention to this factor has led to the evolution of HSE and the emergence of HSEE. Much research has been done on HSE management, related evaluations, and other related issues, but due to the novelty of HSEE, such models have rarely been researched in HSEE. Also, in previous models, the weight of all factors was considered the same, and the evaluations were practically turned into checklists. While in any organization or in any situation, the importance of observing some factors may be more or less than others, and at the same time the ergonomic factor should be considered in this model. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative model for measuring the performance of organizational units based on the observance of the usual HSE criteria and consider the ergonomic factor (HSEE). Numerous studies have shown that ergonomics play a major role in increasing human performance in all areas. Developing such a model can lead to more accurate information to managers and their better decision-making in order to reduce harm in the organization and in the organization environment. It will also provide more accurate feedback to the organizationchr('39')s units for self-assessment and calculation of any points for them, and ultimately ranking the units. 

Since the result of this research is a model that can be used in practice by organizations (especially hospitals), this research is an applied research. It is also a descriptive study because it explores the current situation and tries to describe and clarify it and present the result in the form of a quantitative model. Finally, because the data in this study is collected through a questionnaire, it is a survey study. In the first phase, studies related to the HSE and HSEE models were reviewed. In each model, the main variables (health, safety, environment and ergonomics) were collected along with the following variables for each. Then, by combining them into one large model, all variables entered the model and overlaps were eliminated. Because this model is made for a hospital, the variables were redefined based on the characteristics of the hospital and the model was modified. Finally, a model including the main variables of safety, health, environment and ergonomics and 12 sub-variables were designed and based on it, a research questionnaire was developed. To calculate the reliability of this questionnaire, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha method with 11 samples were used. This sample was selected by emphasizing on peoplechr('39')s familiarity with HSE and HSEE models. The alpha value was calculated to be greater than 0.8 and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. In order to discover the relationship between the 4 main factors and 12 sub-factors, the DEMATEL method with 8 samples was used. DEMATELchr('39')s method is a well-known method used to models whose variables are not independent of each other. Using the initial classification of factors as well as HSE(E), the decision tree was designed based on ANP method and also the weight of the indicators was obtained. The ANP method is a method based on pairwise comparisons and a subset of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques used to discover the weight of criteria simultaneously with ranking alternatives. Because each of the ANP and DEMATEL questionnaires requires a lot of patience and concentration, the YungLan method was used to combine DEMATEL and ANP. In this method, the data collection is required only once by the questionnaire and this data is reused in both models. At this stage, the weight of 12 factors was calculated and the research model was completely architectural. The designed model was implemented in ArabNia Hospital in Qom. The goal is to determine how well each of the eight units in the hospital complies with HSEE. Qom ArabNia Hospital is the first hospital in Iran in which patients with COVID-19 were quarantined in February 2020. Because there was no information on how well each of the HSEE components were observed in the hospital, a simple questionnaire using the Likertchr('39')s spectrum was designed to collect this information. This questionnaire was published in a total of 8 units and 11 questionnaires were completed. This data was entered into the model as input, and after analysis, hospital units were ranked based on compliance with safety, health, environmental and ergonomic criteria.

The most important achievement of this research is a quantitative model including 4 areas of safety, health, environment and ergonomics with 12 sub-variables. The results showed a correlation between the main domains as well as the research variables. Identifying these connections revealed that the decision hierarchy is network type and the model governing the problem is ANP type. However, in some research the AHP model was used for this purpose. The premise of this model is that the variables are sufficiently independent of each other, which was rejected in this study. The results of using this model in ArabNia Hospital in Qom also showed that ergonomic factor has the greatest impact on other macro factors, and employee factor has the greatest impact on other 11 sub-variables of research. This model was used to evaluate all 8 units of the hospital. The goal is to determine how well each of these units complies with HSEE. If there is data related to the observance of each sub-variable by each unit in the hospital documents, the relevant data can be entered into the model and after analysis, the amount of HSEE observance by each unit can be determined. Because many cases are not recorded in organizations, access to the necessary data is not possible through the hospitalchr('39')s databases. Since the organizationchr('39')s staff are the only ones who have a lot of data and metadata in their mental history (albeit to some extent, vague and erroneous), a questionnaire was used to solve this problem. For ease of response, the Likert range was used in qualitative measurements. This questionnaire was distributed in 8 units and 11 questionnaires were completed and received. The required data were analyzed by the research model and 8 hospital units were ranked based on HSEE compliance. The results showed that, firstly, the weight of each of the 12 factors of the HSEE model is not the same, and secondly, there is a relationship between them, and finally, the ranking of the units is not the same.

The findings of using the research model in ArabNia Hospital in Qom proved the power of model differentiation. Using the results obtained in this study, the extent to which each of the components of the HSEE model is affected and different from each other. The use of the model in ArabNia Hospital in Qom showed that the medical, financial and administrative equipment units are ranked first to third in the field of HSEE, respectively. With the development of the HSEE measurement model, including the determination of indicators, sub-indicators, their relationship and the weight of each of them, it was found that the weight of the employee invoice is higher than other sub-factors. This study provides a framework for measuring hospital performance in terms of HSEE compliance. This model can be used in other hospitals as well. The point to keep in mind is that it is necessary to recalculate the weight of the variables and sub-variables, which is very simple. This model can also be used in other organizations. Provided that all sub-variables are redefined in accordance with the same organization and replaced in the model. It should be noted here that the main foundation and architecture of the model is fixed, but due to the difference in the nature of organizations, such a change in the details of the model is necessary. Also, the relationship between the factors and their weight must be recalculated. The results of this study are consistent with many studies conducted in the field of HSE. Including the fact that the human factor is very important in establishing HSE in organizations and complying with the relevant rules and regulations. The difference between the model presented in this study and other research is that the relationship between the factors in this model is considered. Although this is not explicitly stated, the use of AHP in some studies is due to the fact that independent HSE variables have been considered and the relationship between them have not been considered. Some recent research has shown that the combination of  DEMATEL and ANP has been used in the HSE model, which indicates an increase in accuracy in such research. However, ergonomic factors are absent in these studies. In the present study, an attempt has been made to pay attention to all these aspects.

Workers are considered the productive force (power) of the society who besides their families account for about one-third of the population. One of the most important factors in increasing productivity and sustainability depends on improving the quality of workforce. This can be achieved by raising the level of workforces’ health and hygiene. Proper health servics would promote public health and increase the potential and actual capabilities of the workforce, and a healthier workforce will contribute more to increased production and economic growth. Workerschr('39') health house for workplaces of 50 to 500 people provide an opportunity to promote health in the workplaces. The designed model includes three packages of healthy lifestyle training, evaluation of working lifestyle, management of results and employerchr('39')s health-centered initiatives, provided by a person called Behban (means health- keeper) at workplace. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pattern of health promotion in the workplace in order to improve the lifestyle and health of workers and increase productivity.

The study is carried out in Qazvin province through a case-control method. The effectiveness of workerschr('39') health promotion model was evaluated for three intervention packages before and after their implementation in selected workplaces from Abyek (as case) and selected workplaces from Alborz city (as control). At first, 15 work environments were randomly selected from each city for the study. However, workplaces with a small number of workers (less than 50 people), and those which their employers or workers were not satisfied to participate in the study, as well as the workplaces with economic problems were excluded from the study. Having said that, 11 industrial workplaces from Abyek and 10 workplaces from Alborz were included in the study.In order to carry out the intervention, a responsible person named Behban was selected from each of the industrial units of the case city. A training and orientation workshop was held for the Behbans on how to implement the three service packages of healthy lifestyle training, evaluation of workerschr('39') lifestyle and management of results and health-oriented actions of the employer. Also, educational resources including booklets, brochures and educational slides were provided to them after the workshop. In fact, Behban was tasked with educating each staff member about a healthy lifestyle for 20 hours, evaluating and recording each personchr('39')s health status, and helping the employer create a healthier environment. For the control city, only health interventions continued as usual through the Occupational Health House.Information about the health literacy of workers in industrial environments, access to and use of existing services, satisfaction with services as well as social support (employer performance related to employees’ health), was collected before and after the intervention, using a questionnaire designed by researchers.   

Access to health home after the intervention increased significantly compared to before the intervention (63.6 vs. 50.7, P = 0.001), while this index did not show a significant difference in the control group before and after the intervention (55.1 vs. 62, p = 0.7). Satisfaction with occupational health home health education services in the intervention group increased significantly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (86.8 vs. 63.3, P = 0.001), but there was no significant change in the size of this index in the control group (65.6 vs. 70, P = 0.5).Satisfaction with the service of referral to a physician and its follow-up by the health house in the intervention group after the intervention increased significantly (78.2 vs. 66.4, p = 0.01). This index in the control group, had no significant change (84.6 vs. 79, p = 0.2). The mean score of social support in the intervention group increased significantly after the intervention compared to before (13.4 vs. 12.2, p = 0.03), while there was no significant change in this index in the control group. (11.9 vs. 12.6, p = 0.08). So, the results show that this model has been able to significantly improve health literacy, satisfaction with basic services including health screening, and feeling of social support in workers (resulting from employer-centered health measures).

The results of this study can be applied to a national model by the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Implementation challenges of this model need to address the low motivation of employers in adverse economic conditions, Behbanschr('39') part-time employment, as well as the number of counseling and health units in workplaces with stewardship of different systems (parallel working). Given the undeniable impact of the six macro factors include; political, economic, social, technological, environmental and international on the situation of economic enterprises and consequently the health of workers, it is necessary to simultaneously seek support for priority issues such as improving economic conditions and social capital in the countrychr('39')s highest institutions.

Due to the prevalence and adverse consequences of stress at work, implementing practical programs are necessary for a systemic approach to identifying various stress risk factors and preventing them. This study was conducted to survey and analysis the stress prevention at work, by using the participatory ergonomics process to improve the competence (both technical and social skills) of employees in one of the Iranian gas refineries in 2017. 

This research is a descriptive-analytic study of cross-sectional type. Firstly, after expert evaluation using the stress prevention at work checklist and ELMERI index, 59 people (from different levels of the organization) was selected by randomized sampling and census method, and were assigned to 10 different workgroups. During the two phases, individuals completed and presented checklists and checkpoints in technical meetings. During these technical meetings, the workgroups were involved in the participatory ergonomics process based on the action learning approach, and provided practical and cost-effective solutions to work problems. Then, to receive feedback from participants and evaluate the study, a questionnaire was used in two different the phases and an evaluation workshop were held. The results were analyzed using SPSS25 software.

The results of expert-based assessment showed a score of 4.16, which indicates the need to investigate and intervention. The statistical results of the checklists used by the workgroups also showed a significant difference in before and after the using of the stress prevention checkpoints at work. Also, the results of the questionnaires and evaluation workshop indicated the effectiveness of the participatory ergonomics process, action learning, improved communication, and good teamwork interaction were identified in order to better identify problems and cost-effective solutions.

According to the theoretical and empirical evidence of this study, it can be concluded that participants, getting into the joint learning process by the participatory ergonomics process, action learning approach and awakened need to change, that its output was a systemic pre-intervention work to promoting of the competency (both Technical and social skills), and also organizational skills of the participants and internal facilitator.

Todays, Stress phenomenon is considered as an important that has many effects on employee productivity and staffing abilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on increasing psychological empowerment and reducing the dimensions of burnout in Industrial Company.

This research was a field experiment with pre-test and post-test type with control group. Participants of this research were employees of an industrial company in 2014, which was the basis for the next sampling of job stress, psychological empowerment and burnout of the individuals in the initial sample (351 people). Among the people whose score in these variables was out of normal, according to the experimental method, 36 subjects were randomly selected in both experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated of cognitive-behavioral stress management training in 11 sessions of 120 minutes. Both of the groups were evaluated before and after the test. Dekoetz and Parker job Stress Questionnaire, Maslach & Jackson Job burnout Questionnaire and Spreitzer psychological empowerment Questionnaire were used to evaluate research variables. The data were analyzed with SPSS software and covariance analysis.

The mean score of pre-test in emotional exhaustion in experimental group was 31.11±6.04 and in control group was 30.66±4.52, and the mean score of post-test in experimental group was 23.16±4.74 and in control group was 23.33±4.25. The mean score of pre-test in enhancing personal performance in experimental group was 16.38±3.85, and in control group was 19.88±2.11 and the mean score of post-test enhancing personal performance in experimental group was 22.83±3.39 and in control group was 19.27±1.99. The mean score of pre-test in psychological empowerment in experimental group was 28.22±3.07, and in control group was 27.16±3.31 and the mean score of post-test in psychological empowerment in experimental group was 42.38±3.25 and in control group was 30.61±4.51. Results showed that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups in emotional exhaustion (F=151/68) and enhancing personal performance (F=107/30) and there are significant differences between experimental and control groups in psychological empowerment (F=38/88). (p<0.05).

Learning stress management practices can significantly decrease the job burnout and increase the psychological empowerment of employees and ultimately increase the physical and mental health of individuals.

The growing number of food borne diseases lead to needing for implication of “Food Safety Management System” to supply the safe and qualified foods. To achieve “Food Safety Management System”, “Iran Food and Drug Organization” in Ministry of Health follows the implementation of “Pre-Requisite Programs” through checklist. The trust and loyalty of food consumers can be earned by providing high-quality food. Governmental evaluations of “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” principles should be undertaken as part of national strategies and health policy to prevent and control food borne diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to fulfill the checklist of Pre Requisite Programs by the food technical assistants of food processing plant as well as the food inspectors of vice chancellery of food and drug to evaluate the condition of food safety management systems. “Pre-Requisite Programs” checklist is included “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point”, “Good Manufacturing Practices”, “Good Hygiene Practices” and “Good Laboratory Practices”. “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” is one of the main principles to achieve the criteria of “Pre-Requisite Programs”. “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” emphasizes on preventive tools by identification of critical control point to access the safe food. Attention to critical control points such as cold chain, equipment, processing and cleaning is important in producing safe dairy products. Food technical assistants working in food processing plants as representative of Ministry of Health have important roles to implement “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point”. Milk and dairy products as perishable foods are one of the most important food sources involved in the outbreaks of food borne diseases. Hence, proper management is necessary to ensure the safety, quality and nutritional values of dairy products. Failing to follow the principles of “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” during production can lead to contamination by microorganisms and may result in food borne diseases. The knowledge and information of food technical assistants are important to implement “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” in dairy and beverage processing plants. Attitude is a measure of the extent to which an individual is satisfied or dissatisfied with a particular practices. Adequate practices and experiences of food technical assistants play a major role in the prevention of food borne diseases. Knowledge is an important tool to increase the food safety levels and to overcome on the unexpected problems in production line. Provided with food safety knowledge, food technical assistants should alter their attitudes and improve their practices toward food safety issues. For this purpose, the influence of education evaluated on the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices to “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” of food technical assistants working in dairy and beverage processing plant located in Isfahan.

This project was an interventional study with participation of all food technical assistants (56 personnel) working in dairy and beverage processing plants located in Isfahan through census method. The processing plants were classified with grades of A, B, C and D based on the scores in “Pre-Requisite Programs” checklist with the range of 180-200, 160-179, 140-159 and less than 140, respectively. The self-administered questionnaire used in this study was based on the definitions of “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” principles in “Pre-Requisite Programs” checklist. The eleven principles of “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” are “assemble the “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” team”, “describe the product”, “identify the intended use and consumers”, “construct flow diagram to describe the process”, “on-site confirmation of flow diagram”, “conduct a hazard analysis”, “determine critical control points”, “establish critical limits for each critical control points”, “establish a monitoring system for each critical control points”, “establish corrective actions”, “establish verification procedures “and “establish documentation and record-keeping”. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated by professors of School of Nutrition and Food Science as well as food supervisors of Food and Drug Administration of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The beginning part of the questionnaire focused on the respondents’ demographic information such as sex, age, educational background, health status, and job satisfaction level. The knowledge section was to evaluate the knowledge of food technical assistants through 12 multiple-choice questions. A score of “1” was given to each correct answer, and the incorrect answers did not receive any point. The next part of the questionnaire was designed to assess the food technical assistants’ attitudes toward “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” concepts and included 11 questions. The level of agreement of food technical assistants was defined using 5 rating scales of “strongly agree”, “agree”, “no idea”, “disagree” and “strongly disagree”. A score of “1” was assigned to positive attitudes, and no score was given to negative attitudes or “No idea” responses. The final part of the questionnaire evaluated the practices of food technical assistants about implementation of “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” principles by using 11 questions. The answers categorized within 5 responses including “always”, “often”, “sometimes”, “seldom” and “never”. The scores assigned to respondents were based on a total of 100. Scores in the ranges of 0-33, 33-66 and 66-100 specified food technical assistants with “poor”, “moderate” and “food” food safety practices, respectively. In the primary stage, respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire. Afterwards, every respondents received an education about the principles of “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” and delivered a pamphlet through an email. For evaluation of influence of education, it was used the same questionnaire to complete by food technical assistants within two months. Descriptive statistics obtained from 56 questionnaires were calculated using SPSS with version 22. The obtained results were reported as Mean ± Standard deviation and percentage. The performed tests were in the form of independent t-test (comparing the knowledge, attitudes and practices scores between sexes), spearmanchr('39')s correlation coefficient (relationship between knowledge, attitudes and practices scores and age,  “Pre-Requisite Programs” checklist scores, education and job satisfaction levels), variance analysis (relationship between knowledge, attitudes and practices scores and health status), and Pearson correlation coefficient (relationship between three knowledge, attitudes and practices scores). P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

The majority of the participants in this study were females and in the age range of 31-40 years old. Before education, the average scores for knowledge, attitudes and practices were 72.9 ± 16.6, 68.23 ± 11.6 and 79.65 ± 14, respectively. The scores increased to 81.16 ± 15.1, 76.33 ± 10.5 and 87.02 ± 12.2 after education. Significant difference was observed in the scores of the knowledge, attitudes and practices after educational intervention (p <0.05). There were significant correlations between knowledge, attitudes and practices scores and age (knowledge: r ₌ 0.182, P ₌ 0.06; attitude:  r ₌ 0.256, P ₌ 0.014; practice: r ₌ 0.225, P ₌ 0.029) and knowledge, attitudes and practices scores and job satisfaction level (knowledge: r ₌ 0.272, P ₌ 0. 01; attitude: r ₌ 0. 229, P ₌ 0.025; practice: r ₌ 0.277, P ₌ 0.009). There was no significant correlation between educational background and knowledge, attitudes and practices scores. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found in terms of gender. There were significant correlations between food safety knowledge and practices of food technical assistants and the Pre-Requisite Programs scores of food technical assistants, while no significant correlation was found for the attitudes.

This study provides the information about the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of food technical assistants toward “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” as the basis of food safety management systems. The results of this survey can be utilized for the designing of educational courses with emphasis on observed weakness points of food technical assistants. Considering the importance of determining and monitoring critical control points in the implementation of “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” principles and the weakness of food technical assistants in such matters, specific training courses should be provided on this subject. Totally, it was observed the positive influence of education on increasing the knowledge, attitudes and practices to “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point” of food technical assistants working in dairy and beverage processing plants. The proposed intervention strategy was useful in increasing the knowledge, making a positive attitude and improving the food safety practices of food technical assistants. In fact, the model of knowledge, attitudes and practices can be beneficial to the process of certifying food safety and quality. Effective and ongoing education about food safety concept and subject must be given to all employees of food processing plants to assure the safety of food. Additionally, educational training on food safety issues should concentrate on theoretical aspect as well as practical subjects.

computer vision syndrome refers to a set of visual and non- visual symptoms due to long- term use of video terminals and causes complaints such as; blur vision, difficulty in vision of near and far, burning, headache, back and neck discomfort. Considering the increasing use of computers in the official environments and various jobs and the consequent increasing in clinical referrals of computer users due to eye complaints caused by working with computer, computer vision syndrome has become one of the most important health issues in society. In Iran, the most common eye problems were related to extra ocular problems with a prevalence of 46.2% and eye strain with a prevalence of 45.4% and the prevalence of eye fatigue due to working with video terminals was reported to be 91.4%. In Saudi Arabia, headaches and vision problems were reported with 68% and 65% prevalence, respectively. In Ghana, the prevalence of computer vision syndrome was 51.5%. This study was aimed to evaluate visual problems and functions in professional computer users.

This cross- sectional study was carried out on 40 professional computer users, aged between 20 and 30 years old, who used the computer at least 4 hours per day in 1397. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Age range 20 to 30 years, no amblyopia, no strabismus, no history of refractive surgery, no pathological eye diseases and systemic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and MS and do not take any ophthalmic and systemic drugs that affect the eyes such as the antidepressants and antibiotics. A questionnaire was used to assess visual complications in four sections: eye strain, visual difficulty, ocular disorders and extra ocular disorders. Then visual examinations including: visual acuity in far and near distances, heterophoria measurement in far and near distances, stereoacuity, accommodation amplitude, accommodation facility and response, near point of convergence, fusional vergence, contrast sensitivity in the four spatial frequencies of  3, 6, 12 and 18 cycle per degree and tear break up time were performed. Refractive errors were measured using a Japanese-made Topcon Autokerato Refractometer (ARK-KR.8800, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). The monocular and binocular vision was recorded with the best optical correction at a distance of 6 meters and 40 centimeters by logarithmic chart based on the Log MAR system. The deviation of cases was measured by the cover test method at a distance of 6 m and at 40 cm. To examine the accommodation amplitude, the near point of accommodation was measured using the push-up method. The accommodation response of cases was measured by Monocular Estimation Method (MEM). The near point of convergence was also measured by push-up method. The TNO random dot test was used to assess stereopsis. Fusional vergences were measured by prism bar both at a distance of 6 m and at 40 cm. To measure contrast sensitivity, the CSV-1000 Chart (VectorVision, Inc., OH, USA) was used. By measuring the tear break up time, the stability of the tear film were examined and the cases of dry eye were identified by using the slide lamp and fluorescent. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics including concentration and dispersion criteria of SPSS 20 were used.

In this study, the mean and standard deviation of age was 26.48±2.72 and the mean and standard deviation of using computer was 5.82±0.84 hours per day (range 4 to 8 hours). According to the results, the mean visual acuity of all cases with the best optical correction was 0.0 logarithm. At a distance of 40 cm, 70% of the cases had no heterophoria and 30% of the cases had exophoria with less than 10 prism diopters. The means and standard deviations of blur, break and recovery by base out prism at 6 meter were: 11.40±3.30, 17.85±4.11 and 12.78±3.83 prism diopter respectively and at 40 centimeter were 17.59±2.76, 25.40±5.16 and 17.25±3.49 prism diopter respectively and by base in prism at 6 meters were: 0.55±1.28, 8.80±1.80 and 6.30±1.78 prism diopter respectively and at 40 centimeter were: 12.90±2.67, 19.05±3.02 and 14.05±2.77 prism diopter respectively. The means and standard deviations of stereoacuity, accommodation amplitude, accommodation facility and response, near point of convergence and tear break up time were respectively; 52.0±11.36 seconds of arc, 9.65±2.48 diopter, 10.5±3.0 cycle per minutes, 0.35±0.23 diopter, 2.85±3.37 centimeters and 7.45±3.17 seconds and the means and standard deviations of contrast sensitivity in the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycle per degree were respectively: 1.75±0.11, 2.11±0.14, 1.86±0.13 and 1.44±0.13 log units. According to the questionnaire the most common complaints were in the ocular surface problems section with 32% and eye strain with 27%.

In this study, two important issues were discussed, one of which includes questions related to computer vision problems from the point of view of professional users and the other is the results of eye examinations of them. In the first part, based on the questionnaire the most complaints were in the section of ocular surface disorders with 32% and eye strain with 27%. In fact, long-term computer usage causes symptoms such as; Feeling dryness, burning, tearing when working with a computer and eye strain.In the second part, it was found that the contrast sensitivity at all frequencies and the accommodation amplitude were nearly decreased, and in a low percentage of people, a decrease in the accommodation facility were observed. The tear break up time was significantly decreased. Stereopsis of the cases was in the normal range and according to this study was not affected by computer work. In this study, at a distance of 6 m, heterophoria in the cases were in the normal range of exophoria, and at a distance of 40 cm, 30% of cases had small degrees of exophoria. One of the reasons for the increase in near exophoria in these people can be a decrease in the accommodation amplitude and also recede of the near point of convergence, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, headache, blurred vision and diplopia. According to Morganchr('39')s table of normal values of fusional vergences, the fusional versions of the studied cases were in the normal range at 6 meters and 40 centimeters. In the present study, the near point of convergence of more than 5 cm was considered as a problem and statistical studies showed that 75% of users had a near point of convergence of less than 5 cm, so this study showed that the near point of convergence was not affected by working with a computer.An examination of the accommodation facility of the cases showed that the binocular accommodation facility in 35% of people was less than 10 cycles per minute. Accommodation facility helps to maintain a clear and single image while working in near distance. If accommodation facility is reduced, the flexibility to focus at a variety of viewing distances immediately after long-term use of the computer will be difficult, which can cause blurred vision and eye strain in some users.The accommodation response of cases were within the normal range of 0.5±0.25 diopter. If the accommodation response is greater than the accommodation diopter stimulation, symptoms such as blurred vision and eye fatigue were reported. This study found that, this eye function was not affected by computer use. Considering the average age of the cases, the accommodation amplitude of less than 8 diopters was considered as a decrease in the accommodation amplitude, which about 35% of people had 8 diopters or less than 8 diopters, but the mean accommodation amplitude was within normal range. Prolonged use of the computer can reduce the accommodation amplitude and cause symptoms such as fatigue and blurred vision. The exact cause of this decrease is not clear, but it seems to be more due to accommodation fatigue.In the present study, the mean contrast sensitivity decreased in all spatial frequencies. However, according to the normal values provided by Vectorvision for ages 20 to 55 years, the contrast sensitivity in the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree were: 1.84±0.14, 2.09±0.16, 1.76±0.17 and 1.33±0.19 in the logarithmic unit respectively, the contrast sensitivity of users was within the normal range. In this study, tear break up time of more than 10 seconds was considered to be normal and less than this amount was considered as a problem in the stability of the tear film. Using a computer affects the pattern of blinking, eye level hemostasis and tear film function. In fact, reducing the rate of blinking disturbs the balance of replenishment and evaporation of the tear film. On the other hand, if the screen angle is higher than the primary gaze of viewing, this evaporation will occur more frequently, which will cause symptoms such as burning, redness and tearing in computer users. To reduce eye problems and symptoms, users can be advised to rest their eyes at regular intervals. It is also recommended that future studies use qualitative tests in addition to quantitative tests to assess the tear layer. The impact of computers and other devices such as mobile phones and tablets on the visual functions of different age groups can also be examined.

Mental health is one of the main pillars of personal, social and professional life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is known as one of the main areas of health. Mental health of people could be consider as their mental ability to move harmoniously, ability to cope in difficult situations and having skills to recover themselves. Paying attention to the mental health status of the working community, as an effective group on the promotion of organizations and economic productivity, in any countries, is of great importance. On the other hand, mental disorders can lead to the negative and unpleasant effects on the workers’ feeling of secure and safe in their jobs and increase their dissatisfaction. This study, as a part of a large-scale national survey, was conducted to determine the prevalence of psychological disorders in employees of industrial and production centers and the factors affecting them in Iran.

The present national survey was performed cross-sectionally on 13661 employees of 680 industrial and production environments of Iran. The census data of the labor and production community of Iran in 2011 was used and weight sampling was performed based on the weight of the existing workplace. In workplaces with 10 to 50 people, all their employees were examined. In workplaces with more than 50 employees which were divided into 4 categories( 50 to 99 people, 100 to 500 people, 501 to 1000, and More than 1000 people) samples were selected based on weight ratio using a random number table.  Subjects were selected using cluster sampling method from 31 provinces. The data collection tool was the SCL-25 questionnaire which was the summary form of the SCL-90-R questionnaire that indicates the existence of mental disorders in 9 dimensions. After collecting information, the data were entered into SPSS statistical software version 21 and the prevalence of mental disorders in the working community of the country was estimated by both pessimistic and optimistic methods and the distribution of mental health status of employees by province was reported. Then, the role of possible factors affecting mental disorders (with an optimistic approach) was investigated using Chi-square test and regression model.

The prevalence of mental disorder in the working population of the country was estimated between35.4% to 61.5% and the highest prevalence was observed in the age group of 36 to 45 years and in the provinces of North Khorasan (54.4%), Sistan and Baluchestan (48.2%) and Zanjan (47.3%). The lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan province (23.1%). The prevalence of mental disorders among divorced employees (40.4%) or with the death of a spouse (39%) was significantly higher than married employees (P-value = 0.049). With increasing education level, the frequency of psychological disorders among the subjects decreased (p-value <0.001). Daily-paid employees experienced the highest prevalence of psychological disorders (44%) and formal employees experienced the best mental health status (p-value <0.001). Night shift, work experience less than one year,  labor tasks and working at the transportation departments were other factors affecting the prevalence of psychological disorders (p-value <0.001). 

based on the results, the prevalence of psychological disorders among the population of workers in the industrial and production centers of the country, even with a minimalist approach, is higher than the world level. This finding indicates the need to implement psychological intervention programs at the country level, especially in the provinces of North Khorasan, Zanjan and Sistan and Baluchestan. The most psychologically vulnerable groups were divorced workers or deceased spouses, people with low levels of education and with occupations such as labor, transportation and daily- paid. This shows that it is necessary to prioritize these groups in policy-making and implementation of intervention programs. What is certain is that improving the mental health of employees can be cost-effective by increasing the efficiency and performance of employees.

Career success is one of the important and influential factors for taking long steps towards productivity of an organization. Career success is the relationship between onechr('39')s current progress and onechr('39')s future ideals. Job success is defined as the positive psychological impact or outcome of work or the success of a work experience that has a significant impact on increasing employee motivation and productivity. Effective management can lead to the promotion of career success in the organization. Career success relates to individualschr('39') emotions and behavior to their career path and is identified through psychological variables. Job success is also a type of positive job performance. Various studies have shown that various individual factors influence the success of a personchr('39')s career. In general, two factors of personality type and intra-organizational environment (organizational structure) can influence job success. It is necessary to identify the factors affecting career success and to evaluate their importance in this regard. The purpose of this study was to relation the relationship between personality type and organizational structure with job success among staff of Yazd University of Medical Sciences in 2017.

This is a cross-sectional study. In this study, staff of Yazd University of Medical Sciences were considered as the statistical population. Sampling was simple random and 240 individuals were considered as sample. Inclusion criteria were all staff members of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and related units and staff who did not wish to participate in this study were excluded. Authorities were required to conduct the study by university officials. It was also fully explained to the unit officials that the information collected would be used solely for the purpose of improving their performance and would be strictly confidential. The response rate was 80%. Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory (MBTI), Organization Cognition (QDQ) and Radsip Job Success Questionnaires were used for data collection. The Myers-Briggs personality type questionnaire consisted of 87 questions; respondents had to choose only one or two options per question. The questionnaire consists of 4 bipolar scales, each pole called a personality preference. The first is related to introversion or extroversion, the second is intuitive or intuitive, the third is sentimental or logical personality, and the fourth is perceptual or judgmental. This questionnaire contains 16 4-letter types. The Organizational Cognition Questionnaire (QDQ) was developed by Marvin Weisbord in 1976. This questionnaire has 35 questions and 7 goal dimensions (questions 1 to 5), structure (questions 6 to 10), leadership (questions 11 to 15), communication (questions 16 to 20), rewards dimension (questions 21 to 25), The useful mechanism dimension (questions 26 to 30), and the attitude attitude change (questions 31 to 35). The Radissippi Job Success Questionnaire consisted of 30 questions and a 3-point Likert-type questionnaire containing both agree, disagree and disagree, and each of these options scored 3 to 1, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and artificial neural networks (for extraction of significance coefficients). In order to protect the information of the deputies and their confidentiality, each of them is coded instead of the name of the deputy and the results are announced according to the codes. In this study, demographic characteristics, types of celebrity types, and intra-organizational environment dimensions were considered as inputs, and job success dimensions and total job success scores were considered as network outputs.

The mean age of participants was 34 years. Among the staffs studied, the two age groups 30-40 and 50 years had the highest and lowest frequency, respectively (45% vs. 6%). 55% of the respondents were men and 45% women. Weight of demographic characteristics, status of intra organizational environment, and types of personality type in relation to win-win score showed that the variables of rewards, personality type (extraverted, cognitive, rational, judgmental), communication, personality type (introverted, emotional, emotional, considerate). Orientation, personality type (introverted, introverted, rational, considerate) and type of employment have the most importance factor. Weight of demographic characteristics, intra-organizational environment status and personality types with passive score indicated that the variables of rewards, personality type (extraverted, cognitive, rational, judgmental), gender, personality type (extraverted, emotional, emotional, judgmental). Age, communication, and useful mechanisms are the most important factors. The weight of demographic characteristics, intra-organizational environment status, and personality types in relation to the total score of job success also showed that the variables of communication, job experience, attitudes, type of employment and useful mechanisms were the most important factors. Comparison of the factors affecting the win-win status score showed that the two variables of targeting and personality type (introverted, sensory, emotional, considerate) had the highest and least effect on this situation, respectively. Comparison of the factors affecting passive status scores showed that the two variables of communication and job experience had the highest and least effect on this situation, respectively. Comparison of the factors affecting the total score of job success shows that the two variables, the useful mechanisms and the type of employment have the most and the least effect on this situation, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to relation the relationship between personality type and organizational structure with job success among staff of Yazd University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The results of this study showed that among the demographic variables studied, education and gender were the most and least important variables in the staff success of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, respectively. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that, among the three variables of internal organizational environment, personality type and demographic characteristics of staff, the internal organizational environment variable is more important in the employeeschr('39') job success. To enhance job success that are critical to organizational effectiveness and desirability, personal support and co-workers, then organizational measures and policies, are required to evaluate, reward, and promote successful business, organizational measures and policies. And reinforcement. It is also recommended to use job-related personality type tests in addition to other tests to improve performance, job satisfaction and job success, and job seekerschr('39') success. One of the innovations of this study is the use of artificial neural network method in determining the relationship between personality type and the environment within the organization with job success, which is less commonly used for projects with similar title. One of the major limitations of this study is the unavailability of similar surveys to compare their results with the present study and the lack of cooperation of some staff in completing all items of the demographic questionnaire. It seems that some of the contradictory results observed may be due to the influence of the demographic characteristics of the subjects and the different characteristics of the jobs and work environments in the various studies that influenced the relationship between job success and personality traits.

Continuous improvement in safety is one of the important goals of successful organizations. The traditional method for assessing safety performance is the statistical analysis of incident data, which is known as lagging indicators. The use of lagging indicators cannot be useful since the goal of establishing a safety management system is continuous improvement. The purpose of this study is to provide a leading indicator for assessing the safety performance of the organization.

The present research is a mixed method study with the approach of the human factors theory that includes the organization, environment and individual factors. In this study, a scale developed and validated for assessing the factors affecting the safety of the organization. The fuzzy hierarchical process (FAHP) method was used to the weighting of the constructions In order to demonstrate the effect of different structures of the proposed scales on the safety performance index.

a scale was developed with 83 items after the interview process to examine the factors affecting safety performance. Based on the results of face validity 6 items were eliminated. The mean value of the instrumentchr('39')s validity index was 0.77. According to the results of the fuzzy hierarchical analysis, the organizational factor with the highest weight load of 0.503 was the highest and the environmental factor with a weight of 0.173 had the least effect on the score of the organizationchr('39')s safety performance index.

Analysis of the study data showed that the designed scale is an objective and simple tool for evaluating the factors affecting safety performance and can be useful as a future performance indicator for assessing the organizationchr('39')s safety performance.Keywords: Safety performance, Leading indicator, Fuzzy hierarchy method.

Back pain among construction workers has a high prevalence compared to other jobs. Based on qualitative studies, numerous risk factors are involved in the development of back pain. The present study was conducted to evaluate prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the compressions loads on back based on surface electromyography in construction workers.

This study was conducted on 30 workers of various professions of building construction (rod busters, mason, stonemason, and manual material handling workers) in ahvaz city, Iran. In order to estimate the compression loads on the back, the surface electromyography technique was used, processing signals were determined using MATLAB software and analysis and interpretation of data were determined based on amplitude probability distribution function. The covariance analysis test was used to compare the compressive loads on the low back (L4/L5) as well as the exposure time between different occupational groups.

The highest and lowest mean of compression pressure (50th percentile) was estimated among the manual material handling workers and masons, respectively.There was a significant difference between the compressive loads on the back among different occupational groups(p <0.05).Stonemasonry workers and manual material handling workers bear more than 3400 N compression load in their low back between 25% and 30% of the exposure time. Stonemasonry workers and manual material handling workers had significantly more exposure time to compression loads over 3400 N, compared to the armature assemblers (p <0.05).

The biomechanical evaluation results of this study showed that the compression load on the back of the workers in various construction jobs was high, especially among manual material handling workers and in comparison with the threshold limit, some jobs are in exposure to many risk factors due to their nature. In general, according to the findings, it seems that with the implementation of administrative (reducing the work time and rotate the tasks of lifting and carrying) and engineering controls (use of proper mechanical devices and maintenance of transport equipment), the risk factors contributing to the development of back disorders can be controlled.

Storage tanks are used in oil, refining and petrochemical companies to store large volumes of hazardous materials. Tank fires are one of the most common accidents in these industries that cause major losses. The Boilover is one of the most dangerous phenomenon of crude oil storage tanks fires (atmospheric tanks). Many fires in liquid hydrocarbon tanks can lead to Boilover due to various factors such as type of stored fuel. When heavy liquid hydrocarbons such as crude oil, or in other words liquid containing a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling temperature ranges, there is potential of Boilover phenomena occurrence. In Boilover phenomenon a distillation process occurs at the fuel surface. The lighter compounds evaporate on the fuel surface and feed the flames, the dense layer of the fuel called hot layer go below the burning liquid surface. If the velocity of the hot layer is greater than the fuel surface regression rate, the heat wave (hot layer) is propagated downstream of the tank. If the tank contains a layer of water or a suspended layer of water and oil emulsion inside the fuel, at a certain point, the heat wave will reach this layer. When the heat wave reaches the water, it will evaporate the water. Suddenly evaporation of water resulting in the ejection of hot fuel from the tank. This phenomenon called Boilover. The occurrence of Boilover results in an increase in flame size and areas exposed to heat radiation. The main and most dangerous consequence of Boilover is the formation of a fireball and ejection of burning materials out of the tank. The heat energy released as a result of the formation of the fireball eliminates the possibility of escape for people that responded to the fire in the area of the accident. It also exacerbated the accident by flaming the contents of adjacent tanks. For example, at the Taco Power plant accident in Venezuela, a fireball after a Boilover killed 150 people and injured 500 others. It also exacerbated the accident by flaming the contents of adjacent tanks. In the Boilover of the crude oil tank at the Czechowice-Dziedzice refinery in Poland, the burning oil was ejected out of the tank up to 250 meters away from the tank. As a result of this Boilover, 30 people were killed and 100 were injured. A massive Boilover occurred at the Amoco refinery tank in Milford Haven, ejected burning oil out of the tank and formed a huge fireball with a height of 900 meters. The Boilover caused firefighters to burn. The availability of detailed information about the time to Boilover plays an important role in the decisions of the accident commander during suppression of storage tank fire. Prediction of time to Boilover is important to alert firefighters to escape the tank fire scene and to obtain information on the amount of fuel remaining in the tank prior to the Boilover. As well as predicting the time to Boilover is an important factor in modeling Boiloverchr('39')s consequences. Empirical models are proposed for the prediction of time to Boilover. These methods are based on experimental study and each of them uses different variables to predict time to Boilover such as radiation received from the flame, the fuel thickness, the average fuel boiling point, the fuel storage temperature, the tank diameter, and the presence of water emulsion inside the tank. The purpose of this study is to predict the time to Boilover in the fire of the crude oil storage tanks using empirical models.

In the first step, time to Boilover prediction empirical models were identified from previous studies. For this purpose, appropriate keywords were searched in search engines such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and science direct. Experimental studies on the time to Boilover were reviewed to select a study for comparing of the predictions of models. For this purpose the experimental study that has been conducted by Koseki et al. on 1.9 m diameter storage tank containing Sarukawa crude oil was selected. All model equations were transferred to Microsoft excel, version 2016 to reduce the error and speed up the calculations. Time to Boilover was calculated using six different models for the three experiments of Koseki et al. study. The percentage of prediction error of models was calculated. Due to the significant impact of tank dimensions on the time to Boilover, the predictions of the empirical models were compared with the data of the three large-scale Boilover accidents. Boilover accidents were identified by searching the databases such as FACTS, CSB, eMARS, ARIA and previous studies. Three accidents, including Czechowice-Dziedzice refinery accident, Poland, Tacoa Power Plant accident, Venezuela and Amoco refinery accident, Milford Haven, United Kingdom that have comparable data were selected for comparing predictions of time to Boilover of empirical models. The prediction results of the empirical models were compared with accidents data. And finally, given that the time to Boilover is highly dependent on the value of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface and there is no way to calculate this parameter value, the time to Boilover for actual accidents for a range of thermal energy reflected from the flame was calculated using Buang, Casal and Michaelis models.

The prediction error of the models presented by Michaelis and Buang for the first experiment was 39.91 and 47.15, for the second experiment was 4.02 and 15.51, and for the third experiment was 8.7 and 17.8, respectively. The equations presented by Tan and Casal estimate time to Boilover more than real data. The Tan model prediction error was more than 100 % and Casal model prediction error was 81%. The Kong and Cia models estimate the time to Boilover much less than the real data. The Cia model has a prediction error of 75% and the Kong model of 77%. The error percentages of the models presented by Michaelis, Buang, Cia, Tan, Kong and Casal for the Czechowice-Dziedzice refinery accident were 3.94, 15.77, 8.57, 6.11, 30.05 and 14.4, for Tacoa accident were 3. 04, 9.76, 44.33, 16.64, 4.48, and 50.72, and for Amoco refinery accident were 11.39, 5.8, 28.52, 54.3, 26.26 and 45.68, respectively. The models presented by Buang and Michaelis models with average error of 6 and 10 % for real accidents and 26 and 17 % for experimental study, more precisely predicted the time to Boilover compared to other models. The results of the Buang and Michaelis empirical models with a reflection fraction between 3.5 and 5% were the exact time of the Boilover accident at the Amoco refinery, while this value was close to 7% for the Casal model. For the Czechowice-Dziedzice refinery accident, the same values of Amoco accident were obtained. In the Tacoa power plant accident, the value of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface between 14 and 15 % for Buang and Michaelis models and close to 18% for Casal model, results was same as the real accident data. Given the dependence of the Buang, Michaelis and Casal models on the value of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface, applying a range values of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface resulted in more accurate results.

When dealing with tank fires, the major challenge for commanders present at the scene of the accident is the prediction of time to Boilover as one of the most hazardous phenomena in tank fire scenarios. Accurate prediction of time to Boilover is critical for developing a tank management strategy for those liquid with Boilover potential. In this study, first the models presented for predicting the time to Boilover were identified by searching in the different sources. The models predictions were compared using the results of an experimental study and the data of three real accidents. The studied models had different percentages of error in predicting the time to the Boilover. Comparison of different time to Boilover prediction models using experimental and real accident data revealed that the models presented by Buang and Michaelis have a lower prediction error than the other time to Boilover prediction models. Given the dependence of the three relationships of Buang, Michaelis and Casal on the thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface value, they applied by different value of this parameter. The results show that Boilover can be more accurately predicted by applying the Buang and Michaelis method simultaneously and by applying a range of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface values. The results of this study can be used to predict time to Boilover and use a safe tactic and strategy to control of tank fire that have Boilover potential. Applying the models to a range of thermal energy reflected from the flame to the fuel surface values ​​also provided more accurate results from time to Boilover, which could be used to develop a relation to predict more accurate time to Boilover in future studies. The results of this study can be used to predict time to Boilover and to adopt more efficiently and safely cooling and suppression strategies and tactics when handling crude oil storage tanks fire. Limitations of the present study include the lack of experimental data on large diameter tanks.

Noise pollution was the most common environmental factor and widespread physical harmful agent in the workplaces which large numbers of workers were exposed in various sectors of industry, agriculture, mineral and so on. In the 21st century, exposure to noise is recognized as one of the threats to the health of the community. Hearing loss (temporary or permanent), increased blood pressure, sleep disturbances, lack of concentration, and increased human error can be attributed to exposure to noise.World Health Organization has identified noise as the second environmental stressor in the world. In Iran (As a developing country in the Middle East), more than 2 million workers are exposed to a noise level higher than 85 dB. Stress caused by noise can affect the level of sex hormones. A study by Nadri et al., It was found that exposure to 100 dBA continuous noise significantly reduced the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones). Addiction is one of the greatest problems of human societies which not only causes social and behavioral disorders, but also affects various aspects of physical health, imposes huge financial losses on individuals, families and society. Opium comes from opium poppy and consists of more than twenty alkaloids (combination of seventy compounds). Among the diverse varieties of narcotics, opium and heroin, they have the highest global consumption. The most commonly used drug opium is oral (swallowing) (49.5%) and inhalation (drainage) ((59%). For various reasons, such as having a common border with Afghanistan (as a producer of 90 percent of the worldchr('39')s opium), opium drug abuse among Iranian industrial workers has a relatively high prevalence. Some people believe that long-term use of low-dose opioids may prevent chronic illness (Such as cardiovascular disease) and prolong life. Addiction is a problem that has spread increasingly amongst different populations around the world, and the labor community is no exception to this rule. A study in the Asalouyeh industrial region (Located in the southwest of Iran) showed that drug use among camp workers is between 15% and 25%, and the most commonly used opium. Reports indicate that opioids reduce the secretion of LH and FSH gonadotropins by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted from the hypothalamus, while gonadotropins are crucial for the survival of testicular cells, and their reduction to planned cell death. The results of previous studies confirmed that exposure to noise and opium consumption alone had a downward effect on the level of sex hormones on human and animal samples. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormones in male animal models (rat).

In this Experimental and cross-sectional study which was completed in 2018, 36 healthy adult male Wistar rats (purchased from the Tehran Pasteur Institute) were randomly divided into six groups (after initial screening from the point of view weight, age, etc.); control, exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case), consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case), exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case) and exposure to noise(100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day) and consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case). The frequency range of 700 to 5700 Hz was chosen from a combination of 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz central frequencies in octave band spectrum (based on rat and human hearing sensivity in this range). Noise level (100 dB) was produced by signal software and implemented by Cool -Edit software. After boosting with an amplifier, with installation of four speakers on top of the chamber, the noise was broadcast in the reverberant chamber. The dimensions of the reverberant chamber (Plexiglas) were selected based on the Bolts chart, the required space per rat and the animal welfare (49×59×30 cm with 5 mm thickness). The noise level was monitored during exposure by calibrated sound level meter (model cel-450) hourly. The air inside the chamber was changed 12 times every hour. Opium was prepared by getting the necessary Legal licenses from the police and the Food and Drug Administration and then opium solution (dissolved in hot distilled water) was fed to animals at different doses (50 and 100 mg per case) through gavage tube between 6:30 to 7:00. In order to ensure that the rats were addicted (groups 3, 4, 5, and 6), at the end of the first week, with naloxone injection (2 mg per kg), the hangover symptoms of the animal were evaluated and the addiction was confirmed. The ambient temperature of the animal house was adjusted throughout the test period in the range of 20-24 ċ. After 50 days (cycle of spermatogenesis in rats), following anesthesia (Xylazine - ketamine), blood samples were collected (5 ml of the left ventricle). Using centrifuge, the serum should be discarded at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) was determined by specific rat kits (producted by Zelbio Company) and ELISA technique. The ethics of working with animals, according to the Helsinki Statement and the Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University, were observed at all stages of the study. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 22 by using ANOVA test (Tukey Post hoc test).

This study is a first study in the world that examine the effect of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormone levels in an animal model. In this study, noise could significantly suppress the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, but did not affect the level of follicular stimulatory hormones. The results of this study (about the noise agent) are consistent with studies by Swami et al., Paramanik et al. And Rafuli et al. Both doses of opium solution (50 and 100 mg per case) can significantly reduce the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) However, no significant difference was found in the two doses in any of the examined hormones. In 2012, the study of Yasin Kahimin showed that levels of testosterone decreased significantly in opioid recipient groups, which were consistent with the results of the present study in relation to lowering the secretion of testosterone and LH. A study by Salman et al in 2010 showed that levels of testosterone, LH and FSH in opiate addicted men decreased significantly compared to control group. Sepehri et al. Study showed that levels of LH, FSH and testosterone levels in addicted people were significantly lower than those in the control group. Combining the two factors of noise and opium (with opium solution doses of 50 and 100 mg per rat) could have significant boosting effects in suppressing levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones while this enhancing effect was assessed for an increase in follicular stimulatory hormones(Comparison of groups 5 and 6 compared to control group). Increasing the opium solution dose from 50 to 100 mg per rat did not make a significant difference in the level of sex hormones (comparison of groups 3 and 4 as well as groups 5 and 6). In this study, the noise and opium solution did not significantly change the rat weight in variouse groups compared to control group. In the first week of the study, gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhea) were observed in the exposed group, but over time, this disorder was eliminated.

The use of opium for medicinal or recreational purposes has a high historical background in many parts of the world. Due to the effect of reducing the effect of two factors of noise and opium addiction on the level of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, It is suggested that the reduction of the hormones mentioned in the periodic examinations of workers should be considered and emphasized by professional and medical professionals and considered as a prognosis for infertility. More studies are needed to determine the effect mechanism of noise and opium consumption on pituitary-gonad axis. In this study, only opium was used as one of the most commonly used drugs in the community Therefore, it is suggested that future studies on narcotics such as heroin, cannabis, etc. should be put on the agenda of researchers. In order to cope with the destructive effects of exposure to noise and other harmful physical hazards in the working environments, various methods of engineering, management, or use of inexpensive and available antioxidants, such as cinnamon, can be used. Based on the results, it can be concluded that chronic consumption of opium can significantly decrease the function of gonad-pituitary secretion, and this can lead to suppression of libido and infertility. It is suggested that the effects of opium in different doses should be considered in future generations.

Today, the major problem in the field of industrial safety is that most traditional risk assessment and safety management methods alone do not meet the needs of modern technologies and complex industries. In other words, traditional methods, such as risk analysis and probability safety assessment, are in practice capable of do not provide many of the solutions needed for todaychr('39')s industries. There are various reasons for this claim, the most important of these reasons are their roots in the very simple models of the incident as a cause-effect chain. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new approaches in risk assessment and safety management, and resilience engineering (RE) has been proposed as a remedy to satisfy that need. Resilience Engineering is the new window which uses the insights from research on failures in complex systems, organizational contributors to risk, and human performance to develop engineering practices including measures of sources of resilience, decision support for balancing production/safety tradeoffs, and feedback loops that enhances the organization’s ability to monitor/revise risk models and to target safety investments. Therefore, RE was defined as: "The intrinsic ability of a system to adjust its functioning prior to, during, or following changes and disturbances, so that it can sustain required operations under both expected and unexpected conditions."However, the purpose of this study is to provide a framework for assessing the resilience of socio-technical systems based on the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM).

In this research, after identifying the indicators of resilience through reviewing the literature and interviewing experienced industry experts, information on these indicators in the operating units of the industry was obtained through a semi-structured interview with 16 experienced operators whose average working experience was more than 10 years. Semi-structured interview is a meeting in which the interviewer does not strictly follow a formalized list of questions. They will ask more open-ended questions, allowing for a discussion with the interviewee rather than a straightforward question and answer format. Interview topics included buffering capacity with 29, safety margins with 24, system tolerance with 10, cross-scale interactions with 5, learning from accidents, incidents and normal works with 16, system flexibility with 24, anticipation of expected and unexpected events with 6, attention to problems in the system with 10 and proper and timely response to them with 11 topics. Then, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the weight of the indicators and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used to determine the ranking of different units. The Minitab version 16 and MATLAB software was used to process the collected data.  

The results showed that the three indicators of buffering capacity (0.43), Attention (0.39) and learning culture (0.36) have highest weight and rank and the indicators of tolerance (0.26) and cross-scale interactions (0.21) have the lowest weight and rank. In addition to strengthening the weak indicators, the management of the organization should also make a lot of efforts to promote and develop the desired indicators in accordance with the principles of resilience engineering. For example, identifying safety margins, reducing stress, reducing uncertainties in work processes, identifying worn-out systems and equipment and types of threats can improve the systemchr('39')s tolerance index. In this context, the cross-scale interactions can also be improved through effective interactions between individuals, groups, and different sections, attention to competency-based education, training and experience and positive and effective communication. Accordingly, operational units 2, 3 and 11 also ranked the best in terms of resilience indicators. Also by examining the rankings based on the similarity to ideal solution, it was found that the lowest distance from the positive ideal solution and the highest distance from the negative ideal solution was related to unit 11 and unit 6, respectively. Therefore, unit 11 get less priority to improve than other units, and unit 6, which has the lowest similarity to ideal solution, has a higher priority for improvement.  

The study showed that considering the nature of risk and its complexity in socio- technical systems, it is no longer possible to identify those using traditional methods. Hence, there is an enormous need for further development in risk assessment tools and safety management systems. This requires to an insight that pushes management beyond traditional counts of negative occurrences and finds new types of leading indicators that reflect critical aspects of an organizationchr('39')s resilience. Furthermore, the results of indicators analysis and unit ranking showed that PCA and TOPSIS may be a reasonable and practical alternative for evaluating resilience of complex systems. Because they can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system in terms of resilience and based on input information. Therefore, the managers and decision makers of the industry will be able to use the results of this research as an important step in improving and enhancing the industrychr('39')s resilience and safety.

In today’s world, there are different building performance assessment standards, which mostly adopt an environmental approach to buildings. Standards are the common language of countries and the world. By providing a common language, a standard can guarantee health and safety for the entire consumers, products, and services. The global village determines a wide range of rights and responsibilities for citizens, including the areas of safety, health, environment, and saving energy. In the building industry, different performance assessment methods are practiced in the world to promote the culture of a healthy life, including the ranking systems BEAM, LEED, and BREEAM. Assessment of building performance is a complex issue because it has to meet several criteria and it is necessary to establish consistency and consistency between these criteria. These include energy consumption, acoustic performance, thermal comfort, indoor air quality and many other issues. Building performance is a critical aspect of organizational activity that is influenced by building maintenance policies and practices.Today, the measurement of building HSE performance assessment criteria is becoming an essential exercise due to legal processes and rules and individuals’ increased knowledge of the safety, health, environment, energy consumption, welfare, and elegance of buildings. Building performance assessment criteria may be employed to assess the effects of different management activities in this area, consequently providing a good mechanism to supervise the building’s performance to move toward HSE. One of the most important issues in the performance appraisal process is the impact of evaluatorschr('39') personal judgment on performance appraisal results. Research by some researchers has addressed the impact of appraisal judgments on the appraisal process and has identified this as one of the most important challenges of performance appraisal processes.The use of multi-criteria decision making models can be very effective in this regard. One of the best practices that can be addressed in this regard is DEMATEL, in which it considers the intrinsic relationships between factors affecting performance indicators. Structural models can be used to determine relationships between evaluation criteria. Interpretive structural modeling approach has been used to increase data analytics capability and reduce system complexity. ISM is an interactive learning process introduced by Warfield in 1973. Interpretive structural models are able to determine the relationship between indices that are interdependent individually or in groups, and to analyze the relationship between indices by analyzing criteria at several different levels.This study aims to identify and rank factors impacting buildings’ HSE performance via the Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISL).

This study is applicable in terms of objectives and descriptive-casual in terms of methodology. Using available resources and eight experts’ views, 24 factors were identified in four areas: 1) structure, 2) architecture, 3) mechanical, and 4) electrical. Then, they were scored by the experts on the 9-point Likert scale. Those with a mean score above 5 were selected. The experts’ selection criteria were classified into four groups. Then, their relationships and ranks were determined by using DEMATEL and ISM methods. Moreover, the relationships’ strengths and the criteria’s effectiveness and susceptibility were explored via the Fuzzy DEMATEL technique. The ISM and FDEMATEL results were used for two

first, to confirm and verify the results of both methods and second, to improve the obtained results. In this study, the prioritization derived from the FDEMATEL method confirmed and improved the ISM prioritization. By combining the two methods, a conceptual model of building HSE performance assessment can be defined. The reason for using both interpretive structural modeling and DEMATEL is that the interpretive structural modeling method only determines the level of impact of the overlapping factors. And it helps to identify the internal relationships between the factors. In other words, interpretive structural modeling is a good technique for analyzing the influence of one factor on other factors and can help to prioritize and determine the level of factors in a system. Whereas, the DEMATEL method has the ability to quantify the intensity of the interactions among the factors and to show how effective the factors are with each other. Penetration-Dependency Analysis (MICMAC) Impact-dependency power analysis is used to analyze the driving forces and the dependent forces of the variables. The sum of the values ​​in the final access matrix for each element indicates the extent of penetration and the column sum will indicate the degree of dependence. Due to their dependence on conductor factors, they are considered followers. Based on the power of influence and dependency, four groups of identifiable elements will be:1- Autonomous Attributes: Factors that have weak influence and dependence.2- Dependent Attributes: Factors that have low penetration power but are highly dependent.3- Linkage Attributes: Factors that have high influence and dependence.4- Driver Attributes: Factors that have strong influence but weak dependence.

The FDEMATEL findings suggested that the structure’s safety, electrical safety, and saving energy in the mechanical area were the most effective factors, respectively, while architectural environment protection, saving architectural energy, and architectural elegance were the least important impacting factors. At the same time, ISM findings indicated that mechanical elegance and electrical welfare in the dependent group were factors with low influence but high dependence, while mechanical environment protection, saving electrical energy, and mechanical health in the independent group were factors with a strong influence but weak dependence. Based on the power of influence and dependency, four groups of identifiable elements will be:1-Structural health factors, environmental protection of structures, energy conservation of structures, architectural health, electrical health, electrical environment and electrical beauty in the autonomous group: factors that have weak influence and dependence.2- Mechanical aesthetic factors and electrical welfare in the dependent group: factors that have low penetration power but are highly dependent.3- Structural safety factors, structural well-being, structural beauty, architectural safety, architectural environmental protection, architectural energy saving, architectural well-being, architectural beauty, mechanical safety, mechanical energy saving, mechanical well-being and electrical safety in Interconnected Group: Factors that have high influence and dependence.4- Environmental protection, electrical energy saving, and mechanical health factors in the independent group: Factors that have strong penetration power but poor dependency.

There are different performance assessment standards in the building industries of countries in the world to improve health, including the BEAM, LEED, and BREEAM ranking systems. These standards are mostly concerned with environmental problems and energy consumption and none of them consider building performance assessment with safety, health, environment protection, saving energy, and elegance. Performance criteria ranking with the consideration of conditions governing the studied area enables material producers and suppliers in the building industry construct buildings according to the views on the area to enhance comfort feeling in them. Furthermore, the consideration of safety and health criteria in the material provision, construction, and use processes of buildings may increase the health and safety levels of the construction industry, which is referred to as one of the most dangerous industries. The combination of the HSE criteria with energy, comfort, and elegance is one of the most important practices in the performance assessment of the building industry, which was considered in this study. The determination of their relationships, as well as the effectiveness and susceptibility of each criterion and its sub criteria, can be very essential in building performance control and management, which was considered by this study.

Although ionizing radiation is very effective in medical science to diagnose and treat diseases, it can also be the cause of cancer. Ionizing radiation produces free radicals that leading to oxidative DNA damage. 8-Hydroxy-2chr('39')-deoxyguanosine level (8-OHdG), oxidative modification of Guanine that is excreted in the urine, is one of the most sensitive biomarkers of oxidative DNA cell damage. Formation of 8-OHdG in serum, leukocytes, and urine is often measured to investigate the level of oxidative stress in humans. This compound is a known carcinogenic substance that is conjugated to thymidine, and G: C → T: A conversion occurs. Increasing the base level of DNA oxidation is accompanied by various diseases including diabetes mellitus, cancer, degenerative diseases of the nervous system, and the renal terminal diseases. The level of oxidative DNA lesions depends on several factors, including environmental risks and genotoxic factors, smoking, alcohol consumption, intracellular and extracellular metabolism, and exposure to the ionizing radiation.Oxidative stress is thought to be associated with the tumor formation.  Therefore, determining the level of 8-OHdG can determine the individualchr('39')s susceptibility to developing a tumor and the resulting in emergence of cancer.Various methods have been developed for quantitative measurement of 8-OHdG in human DNA specimens, which include HPLC, GC/MS, the chemistry of immunity texture, and the ELISA test. The most sensitive method is to measure the FPG (the enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycolase DNA) and CG/MS. For some difficulties for determination of 8-hydroxy2-deoxyguanosine by chromatographic methods (such as expensive required instruments and difficult derivatization procedure), most researchers tend to determine 8-hydroxy2-deoxyguanosine with the available commercial ELISA kits. But it is notable that rate of detection of GC/MS method for determination of 8-hydroxy2-deoxyguanosine is at least 10 times better than ELISA method and there is no possibility for false positive or negative results in GC/MS determination.one of the environmental factors that affect human physiology and DNA oxidative damage is ionizing radiation, which has been investigated and documented sufficiently during the past century and after nuclear incidents and inhalation of, or exposure to ionizing radiation. Regardless of environmental exposure, artificial resources of ionizing radiation are used increasingly. Several studies have reported that the concentration of 8-OHdG increases with exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. The findings of a study showed that levels of 8-OHdG in urine of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation were significantly higher than those who did not have exposure.The increasing use of radiological equipment, the development of radiological treatment strategies, and the increasing availability of ionizing radiation for therapeutic purposes have increased concerns over the dose of radiation received by personnel. Despite the unique benefits of ionizing radiation, radiation protection is a potential source of potential risks such as cancer and genetic abnormalities. The risk of cancer caused by diagnostic radiology is estimated to be about 0.6% to 6%. It is estimated that the dose resulting from the annual diagnostic radiology tests is responsible for 1 and 4 cases of cancer in the population of Japan and the United States, respectively. Although the dose of most diagnostic radiological tests is very low, the rapid increase in the use of radiographic tests in the last two decades has caused a wave of concern about the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation. There are more than 3 million radiographic tests and more than 100,000 nuclear medicine tests in the world every day. Staff in the radiology and radiotherapy departments are exposed to the cumulative effects of ionizing radiation. The limit dose varies for radiology staff and the general public. In radiology staff, the effective annual dose is 20 millisieverts. Therefore, it is necessary to study the degree of cancer susceptibility through biological monitoring in radiologists. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of 8-Hydroxy-2chr('39')-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine of Radiography staff as a biomarker of oxidative damage and to compare it with the non-radiation workers group.

In this case-control study, 70 samples were selected in two groups. 35 staffs were various radiologists’ groups working in Isfahanchr('39')s public hospitals (including nuclear medicine, radiology, radiotherapy and CT scans) and 35 employees who had no exposure to radiation. Due to the limited number of radiography staff in the state hospitals of Isfahan, especially the radiotherapy and nuclear medicine groups, and the lack of cooperation between hospitals and private centers, the minimum considered number was 35 radiographers and 35 non-radiation workers. After coordinating with the management of the hospitals, informed consent was obtained from each of the participants. Initially, a checklist of participantschr('39') demographic information (gender, age, work experience, and type of occupational group) was prepared. The inclusion criteria to the study were investigated via a checklist for the radiographers and the non-radiation workers.When refusing urine, smoking, drinking tea and coffee during work shifts, drinking alcohol, take medication even a few days before sampling, suffer from acute and chronic diseases (such as cancer, diabetes, renal terminal diseases, degenerative diseases of the nervous system, hypertension, or any other known disease), as well as in the radiologist’s group, if employed in a second job facing ionizing radiation, samples were removed from the study and selected personnel at the end of the shift, an urine sample was taken to determine the 8-OHdG concentration. The samples were extracted by SPE (solid-phase extraction) method and then the concentration of the substance was read by GC/MS device. The concentration of creatinine in the urine was measured in an approved medical laboratory using its commercial kit purchased from Sigma Diagnostics. Preparation and clean-up of urine samples were performed according to a previously described method with some modifications. Waters Oasis® HLB Vac cartridges (60 mg of packing material) were used for cleaning-up of urine samples. After each step of the clean-up process, the cartridges were entirely dried under vacuum to avoid cross-contamination and to maximize the required recovery. Each cartridge was only used to clean-up one urine sample. The analysis was performed on a quadruple Agilent GC-MS D: model 7890A (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) coupled to a mass selective detector model 5975C inert, equipped with a split/splitless injector. Quantification was performed at the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode based on the selection of mass peaks with the highest intensity for 8OHdG to gain the highest possible sensitivity, (m/z 207). Finally, the data from the determination of 8-OHdG concentration were analyzed through SPss software version 26. For this purpose, chi-square test was used to compare the qualitative data, and the independent t-test was used to determine the concentration of 8-OHdG in the two groups. Then one-way Anova and tukey post hoc tests were applied to compare the concentration of 8-OHdG in different groups of radiographers.

The results showed that the average concentration of 8-OHdG in radiologists’ urine (259/4±31.07 ng/mg creatinine) has a significant difference with the average concentrations of this material in non-radilogists’ urine (141/1±21/8 ng/mg creatinine) (P=0.003). Further analysis of the data showed that the mean concentration of 8- hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine in urine was also found in different groups of radiographers, as follows: One-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the mean concentration of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine in urine between different occupations (P = 0.013). The tukey post hoc tes  showed that the mean concentration of urine in people with nuclear medicine occupation was significantly higher than the ones with occupations such as radiotherapy (P = 0.02), radiology (P =0.014).However, there were no significant differences between the nuclear medicine and CT scan(P =0.09).

Several studies have reported that the concentration of 8-OHdG increases with exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. The findings of a study showed that levels of 8-OHdG in urine of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation were significantly higher than those who did not have exposure.The results of this study, which was done for the first time in the country by using solid-phase extraction method for data extraction and then analyzing by GC/MS to determining 8-OHdG level in urine, indicated that Ionizing radiation has been affected in the increase of 8-OHdG level as a potential biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Increasing the concentration of 8-hydroxy2-deoxyguanosine in the urine of the nuclear medicine group indicates that with the higher the amount of radiation, the oxidative damage will be more. The dose received by staff working in the nuclear medicine group is higher than other workers due to work in the banned area (little distance of the technician from the source of radiation) than the rest of the staff. The higher the distance with the source, the lower the exposure. Any object between the technician and the source of radiation will reduce the amount of exposure, and as a general rule, if the object or matter between the technician and the source of the beam is denser, the better protection will be provide.Inevitably, compliance with the radiation safety principles by radiologists will reduce their radiation, which includes: reducing the exposure time to radiation, increasing the distance from the source, placing a protective shield between the person and the radiation source and protecting itself against radioactive contamination using appropriate clothing. Given the relation between oxidative stress and cancer, it seems that the consumption of antioxidants, such as vitamin E and C, and Beta-carotene is beneficial in preventing cancer. Also, the effect of exercise on oxidative stress has been investigated in some studies. oxidative DNA damage in athletes is less than that of non-athletes. This may be due to the history of regular resistance exercises in bodybuilding athletes, and it is possible that antioxidant capacity in athletes may be developed due to regular exercises.

Manpower is considered as one of the most important factors in advancing the goals and improving the productivity of organizations. Therefore, improving the performance and improving the human resources is an undeniable need for organizations and performance management is a tool to achieve this goal. Today, the consequences of life and financial injuries caused by natural and unnatural accidents have a tremendous and undeniable impact on the way of life and human health. One of the most important factors affecting the performance of the organization in the event of natural and man-made disasters is the readiness of comprehensive health service centers as the first organization providing health services. The more successful the performance management in achieving these goals, the more productivity will be ensured as a result of the success and continuity of the organization. For this reason, it can be said that the performance of an organization indicates its survival status in the environment. Various factors affect organizational performance one of the factors is the level of preparedness of comprehensive health service centers in the face of disasters. Health centers, especially hospitals, are among the places where dangerous accidents and disasters occur; injured people face high referral rates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of comprehensive health service preparedness centers in the face of disasters on organizational performance in Assadabad University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among 100 employees of Asadabad Comprehensive Health Service Centers. A questionnaire was used to collect research information. This questionnaire consists of two parts: service center preparation, which used a researcher-made questionnaire to examine this variable, and organizational performance, which used the standard organizational performance questionnaire.  The final tool had 108 questions. Demographic information questions (7 questions); And organizational performance section includes; Preparedness program (6 questions), response scene management system (6 questions), communication and early warning (9 questions), internal and external coordination (12 questions), providing infectious disease services (10 questions), providing environmental health services (8 questions) Question), providing non-communicable disease services (9 questions), providing psychosocial health services (9 questions), water and food storage (3 questions), firefighting (3 questions), storage of supplies and equipment (3 questions), agents Structural (5 questions), non-structural factors (6 questions), organizational performance (6 questions), readiness of service centers (6 questions). The questionnaire is a closed answer type and the scale for measuring questions; Likert. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined using the corrective opinions of relevant experts. Qualitative face validity 20 subjects in the target group were asked to comment on the name of the questionnaire, the clarity and comprehensibility of the items. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the content validity. To evaluate content validity quantitatively, two content validity ratios (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were measured. To examine the content validity ratio, each item was evaluated based on the following three-part spectrum: 1) necessary 2) useful but not necessary 3) not necessary. Expert opinions were then quantified through CVR. The numerical value of the content validity ratio was determined with the help of Lavache table. The CVR calculated in the present study was 0.87. The CVI content validity index is the degree to which experts agree on the relevance of each item. In this study, CVI 0.8 and above is an acceptable value, which was calculated to be 0.91 in the present study. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using a retest test method among 15% of the samples with an interval of two weeks. Cronbachchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s alpha test score for organizational performance was 0.83 and for service center readiness was 0.98. The internal reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbachchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s alpha test 98 0.98 and ᾳ = 0.83, respectively. The method of analysis is descriptive and structural equations. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indicators and statistical tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software.

According to the results of the present study, 32% of the employees were male and 68% were female. Most employees were in the age group of 40-50 years with 42%, and the lowest frequency percentage (12%) was in the age group above 50 years. Of the main variables studied, only the average response scene management system is less than the average value and is equal to 2.79. Examination of the highest averages showed that the organization and structure have the highest average with a value of 3.95. The results showed that out of 19 main and sub-hypotheses, 17 hypotheses were confirmed (p <.05) and two hypotheses were rejected (p <.05). The results showed that all three main hypotheses were confirmed (p> 0.05). Based on this, the relationship between readiness and organizational performance, the relationship between readiness with structural factors and the relationship between readiness and non-structural factors are confirmed (p> .05). The direction of all three relationships is positive and the strongest relationship between organizational readiness and performance with a coefficient of 0/62. It can be seen. The results showed that out of 16 sub-hypotheses, 14 hypotheses are confirmed (p> .05). The two hypotheses that have been rejected include the relationship between infectious disease services and organizational performance, and the relationship between water and food storage and organizational performance. The direction of the relationship of all sub-hypotheses is positive and the strongest relationship between the sub-hypotheses is related to the relationship between internal and external coordination with organizational performance with a coefficient of 0/53, and then related to the relationship between stage management system and organizational performance with a coefficient 0/51. Also, all research variables have a normal distribution (p <0.05). According to the calculated indices, the data fit well with the factor structure of the research and the overall validity of the model is confirmed. For example, the square root of the estimated variance of the approximation error (RMSEA) is less than 0.08. The three indices CFI, NFI and GFI are greater than 0.90. The PGFI value is more than 0.60 and the ratio of chi-square to degree of freedom is between 1 and 5, which all fitting indices indicate the approval of the research model.

Health centers, as the first disaster prevention centers, must be prepared to deal with accidents and disasters. Lack of preparedness of health centers in the face of disasters is one of the important factors that have a direct impact on the vulnerability of the country.  Based on the results of the study; the preparedness of comprehensive urban and rural health service centers in the face of disasters improves organizational performance. In the dimension, structural and effective factors in health centers in dealing with disasters were achieved. Weaknesses in structural problems, lack of facilities and inadequate organization in the allocation of available resources are the most important problems of health centers in the face of accidents and disasters. In the dimension of non-structural factors such as safety, control and communication, lack of facilities, increase in capacity, etc. The results indicate the consideration of alternative locations and the existence of programs to prioritize the provision of services in emergency situations will increase the capacity of health centers. In terms of management in health centers, the present study is at a good level, which indicates that in the health centers studied on the command area is well planned and officials, command teams, structure and job description are specified. In terms of functional factors, scene management system, early warning of preparedness, providing infectious disease services, providing non-communicable disease services, providing environmental health services, providing psycho-social health services, water and food storage, storage of technical equipment and equipment for centers Comprehensive health services, firefighting, balance of readiness of structural factors, stability of readiness and structural factors, general and technical factors and non-structural factors were positively correlated with the readiness of urban and rural health centers. According to the results of this study; In order to increase the efficiency of providing medical services in emergency situations and to promote the two-way relationship between the organization and readiness structure of comprehensive health service centers and also to improve organizational performance, it is necessary to provide strategies in the organization by the organization management. Also, due to the unpredictability of some disasters such as earthquakes, preparing staff by providing theoretical and practical training programs, while holding operational maneuvers in an emergency with an emphasis on repetition at appropriate intervals can be useful. Based on these results, it is recommended that while developing short-term training programs in the field of crisis management and their continuous implementation, even non-structural rehabilitation of medical centers should be considered as a priority. Also, in order to increase the effectiveness of training programs, in addition to the managers of the centers, other staff should also participate in training programs to increase the readiness of the centers in a centralized and comprehensive manner.

In recent decades, air quality in different work environments has been a major concern. It is clear that the chemical materials used in industries have a profound effect on the quality of workplace air. In 1942, the number of identified chemicals was about 600,000, in 1947 it was about 4 million, and in 2011 it was about 18 million, while the number of new chemical compounds increased from 1,000 to 2,000 annually. Many people around the world are exposed to a variety of chemicals in the various working environments. Exposure to these substances can lead to numerous health and carcinogenic effects on individuals. Among these substances, volatile organic compounds are one of the main contributors to air pollution and due to high vapor pressure, high evaporation rate and rapid release into the environment, many people are exposed and consequently have irreversible effects on their health in various occupations.Petrochemical industry is one of the industries where workers are exposed to high levels of chemical pollutants in their respiratory air. One of the hazardous volatile organic compounds used in workplaces, including petrochemicals, is 1,3-butadiene (molecular formula: C4H6). 1,3-Butadiene is a colorless gas with smells like gasoline. Many international agencies and government organizations, including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), have identified this chemical as a human carcinogen by inhalation and placed it in Group 1 of carcinogens. Health effects of this compound include stimulation of the nervous system, eyes, nose, airways, asthma, fatigue, low blood pressure, and heart rate as well as atrophy in the ovaries. Today, many international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), consider the use of quantitative risk assessment methods as the legal basis for chemical compounds. Generally, the health risk assessment process involves several steps, first identifying the existing hazards, then measuring the individualchr('39')s exposure, finally determining the relevant factors and measuring and evaluating the individualchr('39')s exposure to a particular substance, using different risk assessment methods, graphs, and dose-response values, the probability of adverse effects in the population is calculated. Therefore, due to the deleterious effects of the 1,3- butadiene on the health of those working in the petrochemical industry, and the lack of similar studies in Iran to assess the health risk of the respiratory exposure to 1,3-butadiene in the petrochemical industry, the present study aimed to assess the health risk of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene vapors in a petrochemical industry in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the petrochemical industry that producing copolymer ABS (acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene) in Iran in 2018. To determine the respiratory exposure of participants to 1,3-butadiene, NIOSH 1024 method was used. Samples were collected by surface adsorption using adsorbent tubes containing activated charcoal of coconut (600 mg) and manufactured by SKC UK. It should be noted that similar exposure groups were used to assess individual exposure. Sample Size for research according to the proposed model of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (SEG) and based on the number of workers in each occupational exposure group, were estimated 150 samples of 50 workerschr('39') respiratory air. At the sampling site, both sides of the sampling tube were broken and connected to an individual sampling pump made by SKC and calibrated using a soap bubble flowmeter at a flow rate of 200 ml/min according to the sampling method. After sampling, the content of activated charcoal in both front (400 mg) and rear (200 mg) sections of the sample tube was transferred to separate 5-ml vials. Then, by using the optimal NIOSH 1024 method, the extraction of the analyte was carried out by using 4-ml methylene chloride as an extraction solvent. Finally, 1μl of the sample with a 10μl gas-tight syringe manufactured by Hamilton Company was injected into the Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) (model CP-3800 gas chromatograph and FID detector, Varian Technologies, Japan).Assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene: In the present study, the occupational exposure limit for 1,3-butadiene (TLV - TWA) was 2 ppm (4.42 mg/m3) based on values reported by the American Conference of governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). In the present study, occupational exposure index was calculated for each individual. Because the TLV-TWA values are provided with the assumption of working 8-hours a day and 5-days per week, if the working hours per week were more than 40 hours, the TLV-TWA value was corrected by using the Brief and Scala model.health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene: The quantitative risk assessment methodology proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been used to assess the health risk of exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Hazard Quotient (HQ) index was used to calculate the health risk of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene.Health risk is defined as the ratio of chronic daily intake for non-carcinogenic effects to the reference dose. Chronic daily intake (CDI) indicates exposure to a mass of matter per unit of body weight and time in a relatively long period. Inhalation reference dose was derived from the inhalation reference concentration (RfC). Inhalation reference concentration was 2 × 10-3 mg.m-3 for 1,3-butadiene according to Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) databank.  In the present study, information such as exposure duration, body weight, exposure time, and exposure frequency was collected using a questionnaire. The average inhalation rate ranged from 15.7 to 16 cubic meters per day depending on the age of the participants, according to the values presented in the EPA exposure factors handbook. The average lifetime was 70 years. Finally, data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and frequency) were presented. Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearmanchr('39')s correlation coefficient were used at the significant level of 0.05.

The mean respiratory exposure to 1,3-butadiene during work shift among all participants was 560.82 ± 811.36 µg.m-3 and in all cases, it was below the corrected occupational exposure limit based on job characteristics. Also, the mean exposure index among all subjects was calculated to be 0.198 ± 0.25 and in all cases, it was lower than the permitted level. The results showed that the highest average respiratory exposure was in the safety and fire-fighting station worker. the average concentration of 1,3-butadiene in the workerschr('39') respiratory air in the safety and fire-fighting station was 1791.42 μg.m-3. After the safety and fire-fighting station workers, the highest average concentration of 1,3-butadiene was in the respiratory air of workers in the dryer, compound 1, laboratory, poly-butadiene latex and compound 2 units with exposure index values of 0.38, 0.277, 0.256, 0.223 and 0.189 respectively.Mean and standard deviation of hazard quotient among all participants was 10.82 ± 14.76. It was found that 60% of all exposed workers were in the unacceptable health risk level and 40% were in the acceptable risk level. The highest average of HQ was related to the safety and fire-fighting station workers with a value of 36.57. After the mentioned unit, the highest value of calculated HQ was observed in the dryer, laboratory, compound 2, installation and compound 1 with the values of 18.51, 16.01, 12.23, 11.57 and 10.82 respectively. The lowest HQ in the present study was obtained in the workers of packing, mechanical repair and coagulation units with the values of 0.18, 0.58 and 1.39 respectively. Among all examined units, the average non-carcinogenic risk values in the packing and mechanical repair units were lower than the permissible limit (HQ < 1.0).

The results of the present study demonstrated that the health risks associated with exposure to 1,3-butadiene in most of the workers (60%) were in the unacceptable health risk level. Therefore, application of suitable control strategies such as design and implementation of appropriate dilution and local ventilation systems due to the non-standardization of all existing ventilation systems in the industry to reduce the level of respiratory exposure of workers to 1,3-butadiene vapors and consequently, the reduction in the amount of health risk caused by exposure to this compound and the use of quantitative health risk assessment methods as a basis for judging the levels of respiratory exposure to hazardous compounds (especially carcinogens due to their high potential risk rates) and prioritizing the various units for the control measures is essential.

Organizations are defined as a group with a specific structure and play an important role in the social, economic, and ecological systems. Disasters, accidents, and crises are complex and controversial issues for industries and organizations. Accidents and occupational injuries cause severe and significant economic losses in developing countries and result in the loss of millions of working days per year. With increasing disaster statistics in world, the ability to survive and thrive in turbulent times, such as recessions, disasters, crises, and wars, is a major concern for organizations and industries over the recent decade. Organizations must manage crises such as recessions, large-scale defective production, supply chain failures, major industrial accidents, and employee problems. The system should be designed in such a way which based on the results of past organizational disasters use a method to prevent and minimize accidents and their losses. Resilience in these types of events and crises is often less pronounced and manifested through an organizational culture. Organizational resilience is an effective objective that constantly contributes to the organizationchr('39')s performance during business, disasters and critical situations. In other words, resilience enables organizations to manage complex challenges in the organization. To create resilience, organizations need to be consistent and highly reliable. Resilience is defined as the ability of a system to recover after an emergency. According to the resilience model presented, thirteen dimensions of organizational resilience include leadership, employee engagement, situational awareness, decision making, innovation and creativity, effective participation, knowledge utilization, organizational island failure, internal resources, goal unity, inactivity status, planning strategies and stress testing programs. Considering the importance of organizational factors and the criticality of large industries, appropriate and important dimensions and areas for measuring corporate resilience should be identified. Then, by weighing and prioritizing the identified dimensions, useful information should be provided to managers and decision makers of organizations. Managers will use this information in planning to reduce risk and increase safety and resilience of organizations. In previous studies, 13 dimensions of organizational resilience were not combined and their weighting was not performed. Therefore, this study aimed to weight and prioritizes the 13 dimensions of organizational resilience in the face of major crises and major events in large industries.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical-applied study conducted in large industries (in three major industries including: a heavy machinery manufacturing company, a car parts manufacturing and assembly company, and a petroleum industry) is done. In the first step, the concept of organizational resilience and its dimensions were examined through a review of previous studies and opinion of the relevant experts in the subject. An extensive study was conducted to examine the literature. Therefore, the literature on organizational resilience including theses, conferences, and papers published between 2000 and 2019 was reviewed. After the initial screening, which included reviewing titles and eliminating duplicate and unrelated cases, a determined number of articles, abstracts and dissertations were reviewed. Accordingly, many article full texts were prepared to evaluate the dimensions, the methods and tools of the studies, the gaps and weaknesses of the studies, as well as the identified indicators and factors affecting resilience. After reviewing the literature and indicators extracted by the research team, 13 important and relevant resilience indicators were selected to design the tool, namely: management commitment, just culture, learning culture, knowledge of status, preparedness, use of knowledge and experience, communication and teamwork, creativity and innovation, leadership and decision making, planning and targeting strategy, effective participation, resources and responsibility.In the second step of the present study, the panel of experts was selected. Members of the panel of experts were selected based on cognitive criteria and scientific qualifications from experts in crisis management, occupational health and ergonomics. The final list consisted of 11 specialists (persons with relevant Ph.D. degree and one year of relevant work experience) in this field.In the third step of the study, the identified dimensions and domains for measuring the level of organizational resilience were provided to experts in the form of a paired comparative questionnaire (AHP questionnaire). They then presented their comments on pairwise comparisons between dimensions and between items of each organizational resilience questionnaire. It should be noted that for the representation of the pairwise comparisons matrix, a 9-Saati scale was used to determine the relative importance of each dimension in relation to others. After collecting the questionnaires, weighting of dimensions and organizational resilience scales were performed using AHP method and Super Decisions software.

The highest value of normal weight among dimensions of organizational resilience was related to leadership and decision making (0. 20583) and the least was related to resources (0.01246). In other words, the first and thirteenth priority among the 13 organizational resilience dimensions in this study are related to leadership and decision making dimensions and resources, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the areas of  knowledge and experience utilization and management commitment along with the leadership and decision making dimension have the relatively high weight (weight difference over the other ten areas of the questionnaire) and the dimensions of preparedness and responsibility and resources have relatively less weight. It is also worth noting that the inconsistency rate (0.0138) was less than or equal to 0.1 which is indicating the validity of the pairwise comparisons and thus the results of the weights can be trusted. Also, considering the results related to weighting the items related to each of the dimensions of the organizational resilience questionnaire (to show the importance of the items specific to each domain of the organizational resilience questionnaire, it can be stated that all the obtained incompatibility rates were less than or equal to 0.1. As a result, it can be said that the pairwise comparisons are correct and that the weights assigned to all the items can be trusted. 

Given the importance of organizational resilience and the criticality of the industries under study, appropriate dimensions and indicators should be identified to measure organizational resilience. Then by providing weighting and prioritizing indicators and areas of organizational resilience, useful information is provided to managers and decision makers and it can be used in planning to reduce risk and increase the level of safety and resilience of the organization. In other words, critical industries and organizations (characterized by high complexity and vulnerability and susceptible to major disasters) can focus on priority-influenced indicators to improve safety and resilience management. Modifying and improving effective performance indicators will improve the safety and resilience of the organization. According to the findings of the research, leadership and decision-making dimensions, the use of knowledge and experience and the management commitment are more effective than other components in organizational resilience. Therefore, it is necessary to make arrangements for organizations to become more familiar with the issues and benefits of safety and resilience and to rely on the support and commitment of managers as well as the knowledge and experience of employees to make the right decisions. These dimensions must be taken into consideration when developing measures to improve organizational resilience.The behaviors of managers in any organization, which should take the lead and make decisions, influence the thoughts, feelings, and desires of their supervised employees, which motivate and guide their behavior. Therefore, leadership and decision-making style as a facilitator and motivator have a direct and indirect impact on the efficiency of organizations as well as on the creation of organizational culture and safety culture. The results also showed that the dimensions of knowledge utilization, experience and management commitment were more relative to leadership and decision making. This important finding highlights the importance of these two dimensions in helping to promote organizational culture and thereby enhancing the level of organizational resilience.The results also indicated that among the 13 dimensions of organizational resilience, resource dimension is the top priority in terms of importance and weight gained. Whereas from the expert panelchr('39')s perspective, the concept of resources refers more to the financial resources and equipment in the organization and the impact of human resources (managers and employees) is more represented in other areas of organizational resilience. Therefore, with this perspective, the levels of personal, safety and organization culture due to the lack of staff involvement in resources is reduced.

Road traffic noise is one of the most common sources of environmental noise which has various effects on mental and physical health, impaired daily life function and cognitive performance. Vibration is another achievement of industrial development that is accompanied by noise in most work environments. Vibration transmitted from road surface to vehicles and drivers may interfere with activities, affect their comfort level and reduce attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of independent and simultaneous exposure to traffic noise and whole body vibration on visual and auditory attention and control response of males using Integrated Visual Auditory Performance Test (IVA + PLUS).

The study population included 24 male students aged 18 to 30 years old in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences who had inclusion criteria for the study. The experiments were performed in 4 steps randomly in one day for each person in the acoustic room and in total, 96 experimental runs (24 runs per step) were performed. Inclusion criteria included: Students in the age group of 18-30 years, no history of underlying diseases including respiratory problems, skin disorders, sleep and cardiovascular disorders and other health problems affecting onechr('39')s muscular and brain health, no short term illnesses during the trial (colds, diarrhea and vomiting), no history of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, hearing loss less than dBA27, visual acuity above (7/10), no smoking addiction and drugs and alcohol, no use of hypnotic drugs and CNS attenuating drugs during the test period, not  being over sensitive to sound according to Weinstein noise sensitivity questionnaire and getting a score of 22 or below in General Health Questionnaire, which reflects the health of the individuals. Exclusion criteria also included: a personchr('39')s unwillingness to continue participating because of the long studychr('39')s time and people who did not meet the above criteria. Subjects did the IVA test (data recorded including scores of total attention and response control scores) in background conditions (sound level dBA 27 and vibration acceleration zero), then they were exposed to individual and combined noise level of 55 dBA (as the permissible sound pressure level at outdoors) and the vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2 (as the average acceleration vibration in the Iranian vehicles). In this study, a vibration simulator was used to generate a vibration in the x, y, and z axes at different frequencies and intensities, either sinusoidal or randomly using a vibrating engine. The Italian OLI VIBRATOR MVE.440 / 2M vibrating engine was attached to the seat using a metal stand. The Ic5 inverter was used to adjust the vibration frequency and acceleration and the whole body vibration meter according to ISO 2631 was used to ensure the calibration of the vibration produced by the vibration simulator. The noise used in this study was generated by the signal software with combining the desired frequency and these computer-generated audio files were performed in the Cool edit tool software during the test. One of the features of this software is the ability to edit the sound in intensity at different frequencies, and by continuously monitoring noise in the acoustic room, the volume of the noise can be controlled at the desired frequencies. During the exposure, the intensity of noise within the individualchr('39')s hearing range, inside the acoustic room was controlled by a calibrated B&K 2238 Sound Level Meter. The IVA is an 8-minute visual and auditory continuous performance test that assesses total attention and response control scores. The task of the participant is to react when the number 1 is seen or heard and to click on the mouse once, and don’t react when the number 2 is seen or heard. The task type assigned to the participants was "simple", its physical workload was "light". Participants signed written consent form and filled demographic information form, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Weinstein noise sensitivity scale. Audiometric and the E eye chart tests were done for hearing and visual acuity testing. To determine the individual and combined effect of noise and whole body vibration on attention and response control, regression analysis of repeated measures using generalized estimating equations with first order autoregressive process was used.

The mean (±SD) age of the participants were 23.41 ± 2.99 years. In the visual test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention has been increased with increasing traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA and the response control score has been decreased (P = 0.79 and P = 0.1, respectively). At the background noise level, mean scores of attention and response control have been increased with increasing vibration acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P = 0.49 and P = 0.59, respectively),). In combined exposure condition with noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2, the mean score of attention decreased compared to background ones (P= 0.95), and the response control score increased compared to background ones (P= 0.72). In the auditory test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention and response control have been increased by increasing the traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA (P = 0.02 and P = 0.13, respectively), At the background noise level, mean scores of attention were significantly reduced by increasing the vibration acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P =0.01). Mean scores of response control has been increased with increasing vibrational acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P=0.74). In combined exposure condition, the mean scores of attention were significantly lower than background ones (P =0.01), and the response control score has been increased compared to the background ones (P= 0.09).

Similar results were found regarding the combined effect of noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2 on the total level of attention and response control in visual and auditory tests. So that the simultaneous increase in noise level and vibration acceleration relative to the background condition leaded to decrease in the total score of attention in both visual and auditory dimensions. However, in the mentioned conditions, the response control score has been increased in both visual and auditory tests.  It seems that the score of response control, which in some way expresses the ability to sustain attention and the reaction speed during the test, has been increased as a result of noise motivation theory and the positive short-term effects of vibration acceleration. In general, whole body vibration in low to moderate acceleration level and low level of noise may improve cognitive performance in a short time, however, definitive conclusions are subject to doing the systematic and comprehensive studies.

Today, a safety and conscious work environment in various organizations and industries can be mentioned as a long-term competitive advantage, the improvement of which leads to the prevention of accidents for different types of organizations in different countries. A safety-conscious work environment enables organizations to identify signs of reduced security before accidental incidents occur. This active performance in the gas company is very important.Organizations are active in ensuring compliance with safety and conscious work environment requirements, and employees can report any concerns without fear. On the other hand, one of the important and decisive requirements in safety and even environmental management systems is the identification of factors affecting the establishment of the immune system. The reason for including this requirement in these standards is the importance of reducing the consequences of the accident. In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify the causes of accidents in various industries, especially the oil and gas industry. It has been believed that most accidents are caused by human error, and it is easy to conclude that such error is due to carelessness or inefficiency in doing things, but this argument is not true. People who study accidents have found that humans are the only link in the chain that causes an accident. It is not possible to prevent accidents by changing people, it is only possible to prevent them by identifying the causes of an accident. A safety and conscious work environment allows highly reputable organizations to be active in the safety of the organization and enables employees to report any concerns easily and without fear of retaliation. On the other hand, the companychr('39')s failure to implement projects may incur human, economic, and environmental costs, and enable a safety and conscious work environment for organizations to identify signs of declining security before accidental events occur. A safe and informed work environment means that employees can freely express their security concerns without fear of retaliation, harassment or discrimination. SCWE policies should allow employees to manage both safety and security concerns without fear of punishment. In large, high-risk companies, including the gas company, a safe work environment may help prevent accidents. These events can hurt people, the economy and the environmental consequences. However, these incidents are rare. However, failure in system components (such as people, devices, trends) can hurt the company in unpredictable ways. In this regard, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Gas Company intends to take appropriate measures to improve the safety of employees and the companychr('39')s environment. One of the measures proposed to the officials of this company is to take measures to create a culture of safety and awareness. In this case, the officials of this company should implement programs in various aspects to create a proper culture in employees, safety quality and improve the health of the company. Recently, little research has been done on the conscious work environment. The concept of SCWE has attracted a lot of attention among experts because SCWE allows organizations to anticipate potential problems and prevent accidents. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide a safety-conscious work environment model in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Gas Company. 

In previous studies, many safety models have been proposed. In this study, the aim is to develop previous models and provide a new model safely and consciously, and because the purpose of this study is to develop science and help managers to use SCWE. This research is a developmental-applied study that has been performed as a sequential mix 10.  experts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Gas Company using snowball sampling method (in this method, the researcher first goes to the expert he knows. He introduces another expert after giving information, and this method continues until theoretical saturation is achieved. In the qualitative section, with the help of qualitative thematic analysis method, first reviewing the research background, semi-structured interview questions on safety and conscious work environment were developed and in several sessions with researchers and experts in this field, the accuracy of content and their adequacy to identify effective and constituent factors were examined. In the next step, with the identification of experts, interview sessions were held with ten experts. At this stage, coding and description were done. And was held with two reports in the interpretive coding stage in order to explain the concepts of the interview. The reliability study was performed using the method of percentage agreement between the two coders (researchers), and the figure of 80% of the agreement expressed the reliability of the qualitative section. In the last step, after organizing and organizing the data, they analyzed it and the process of extracting the meaning of the data by coding method began. To encode the interviews, the researchers first returned the audio files to the text, then used the content analysis method (induction) to identify the codes in an open and unrestricted manner. Interpretive structural modeling was used in the communication component. Structural interpretive modeling is a suitable technical technique for analyzing the effect of one element on other elements.

Based on interviews with experts, 24 interpretive themes were obtained and using coding and considering the nature of these 24 sub-categories and a detailed study of the relationships between them, the components were classified into 7 comprehensive themes. The results of the thematic analysis of the seven components for a safe and informed environment of work included the commitment of corporate executives, training, freedom and employee self-confidence, comprehensive strategy and cooperation, HSE planning, compliance and risk management . Based on the results of ISM, the first level employees feel the feeling of freedom and self-confidence. After identifying the first level variables, these variables are removed and the set of inputs and outputs is calculated without considering the first level variables. According to the output of the second level determination calculations, the training variable is the second level variable. According to the output of the third level determination calculations in the ISM hierarchy, comprehensive strategy variables and cooperation and risk management of the third level variables and based on the new inputs and outputs of HSE programming variable were selected as the fourth level elements. Finally, the commitment variable of managers is considered as the sixth level variable. With the aid of interpretive structural modeling method, the variable of management commitment, such as the model rock, acts as the factor of freedom and self-confidence of the top managers of the model. Employeeschr('39') feelings of freedom and self-confidence and the component of training are also less influential, but they are more dependent on other components. Components of risk management and comprehensive strategy and collaboration are located in the link area, which has high penetration power and high dependence. The components of commitment of managers, compliance with the rules and planning of a safe and conscious work environment are in the area of influence. These components have high penetration power with minimal dependence.

The commitment of senior management is more important than other variables, and to evaluate it, we must start from this factor and reach other factors. Making strategic decisions about safety culture depends on the commitment of senior management. If senior management is committed to itself and its organization, it can help the organization to implement and develop SCWE and provide the company with many strategic and tactical benefit. As it turns out, after the commitment of management, compliance with the rules is more effective. By following the rules and health requirements, you can expect HSE planning in the organization. This management system takes steps to sustainably develop, reduce costs, and increase productivity by preventing injuries and health events, safety, and the environment, and by taking into account the health and safety of employees and others affected by the organizationchr('39')s ongoing activities. The success of this system requires the existence of a comprehensive strategy and the participation of all employees in the implementation of health, safety and environmental requirements. On the other hand, risk management is one of the basic components in preventing accidents and unsafe accidents. And with the right training, identifying risks and controlling risks to employees and managers can create a sense of confidence and freedom in employees. The commitment of the gas company managers to promote SCWE culture is essential, and to achieve this goal, it is possible to educate and promote the concept of a safe and informed wor6king environment for managers and employees. Given the importance of the gas industry in the countrychr('39')s economy and peoplechr('39')s lives, as well as the impact of safety culture on the safety of employees, designing a safe and informed model in the organization purposefully and emphasizing safety awareness can be a factor to intensify and Accelerate the promotion of a conscious safety culture in the organization. Organizational cultures should be encouraged in organizations. In addition, managers need to strengthen policies and communication practices that consciously support a safe work environment. The results obtained in this study only belong to a small representative of the countrychr('39')s industries, so in generalizing the results to all industries in the country, precautions must be taken. In future research, researchers will use dynamic modeling that can analyze causal relationships and safety dynamics over time.

Today, the use of the Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS) in the workplace to protect the health of employees, reduce occupational incidents, create a safe environment, modify or eliminating harmful impacts on the environment, increase productivity and sustainable development. In perspective of resilience, attention is paid to the intra-system and its reproducibility, learning mechanisms, component integration, and other features that enhance the systemchr('39')s adaptability to any environmental changes and shocks. Resilience Engineering(RE), as a new approach to management systems, seeks to maintain system performance under different conditions, relying on strength instead of weaknesses.  The resilience engineering perspective is a new and attractive approach because it emphasizes the preview models of human error analysis and considers the system as a whole. This focus is on present and future safety, that is, preventive safety rather than reactive safety, and so it is not just focused on past mistakes. This approach views humans as an integral part of resilience and does not focus solely on technical components or redundancy as key elements in enhancing immunity in systems. In the resilience perspective, unlike the vulnerability perspective that emphasizes outward looking within the system, attention is paid to the system and its reproducibility, learning mechanisms, component integration, and other features that enhance system adaptability to any environmental changes and shocks. . Therefore, resilience absorbs perturbations and effects by improving the systemchr('39')s capabilities and capabilities, and facilitates return to pre-perturbation state for the system. As all control systems fail over time or become obsolete due to changes, continuous performance measurement of HSE management under the resilience engineering parameter is necessary. Such measurement can occur at different levels, such as individual workstations, individual management processes, or at the level of the HSE management system in general. Investigating integrated health, safety and environmental management systems from a resilience engineering perspective can emphasize the benefits of reducing vulnerability to hazards, increasing safety levels and reducing harmful environmental impacts or mitigating environmental impacts. The purpose of this study was to Assessment the health, safety and environmental management system from a resilient engineering perspective in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. The community study is 12 active zinc casting companies with a Health,Safety and Environment Management System or Integrated Management System Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants. Zinc processing companies, with the above mentioned second category, were selected from 12 companies and 1460 personnel as the study population. Interviews were conducted from 300 people, including 12 top management or top management representatives, 12 HSE experts and 276 unit staff. The tool used to do this research is a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed for three groups: staff (55 questions), HSE experts (161 questions), top management or management representative (55 questions).Interviews were conducted with staff in groups and in many cases as work units. Interviews with staff from all units were attempted, but in some cases interviews with staff from all units were not possible and units with the highest risk of HSE were replaced for the interview. The interview was also conducted without the presence of HSE managers and staff. The HSE-MS standard questionnaire was designed based on ISO 9001, 45001ISO, ISO 14001, ILO-OSH2001 and based on literature review in the field of HSE and RE management system. Health, safety and environmental checklists were collected from the Health Center, Labor Inspection Office, EPA respectively. To determine validation, we used content validity and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha represents the proportion of a group of items that measures a construct. Conventionally, a minimum Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.6 is desirable for descriptive studies. But a good internal validity index is usually considered to be between 0.7 and 0.8. In this study Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.802, Which was considered 0.7 and above. To complete the questionnaire, a structural approach was first analyzed, which was limited to analyzing the documents and records described in the evidence sources for each HSE-MS case. Then the performance approach, where the indices extracted by the companychr('39')s HSE unit, were examined. After the structural and functional evaluation, the HSE-MS operational approach was evaluated, which included direct supervision, field visits, and staff interviews. given that the companies were in three shifts and rotations that were presented to each company for three consecutive weeks. Interviews, documentation reviews, field visits and direct observation were used to complete the questionnaire. Characteristics of the researcher-made questionnaire (Structured Interview) used in this study were: 7 main criteria, 20 sub-criteria, 5 sub-sub-criteria of evaluation. For each case, three types of audits, sources of evidence, RE assessments and requirements were identified. HSE-MS Criteria from the RE Perspective:1. HSE-MS Planning 2. Operational processes and Risk assessmen management 3. People management 4. Generic safety factors 5. Planning of the performance monitoring 6. Feedback, learning and continuous improvement 7. Results .Questionnaire scoring was based on the Brazilian National Quality Award, and finally the HSE-MS status was determined from the standpoint of resiliency engineering.

The status of the Health,Safety and Environment management system from the resilience engineering perspective, in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants was evaluated with a score of 57.8% on average. In the main criteria of Health,Safety and Environment management system, the criteria for assessment and risk management with 65.97%, and the criteria for the results with 42.95%, sub- criteria, the leadership and top management commitment with 71.4%, and the sub-measure of preventive performance with 42.46 %. and sub- sub- criteria of the sources with 77.91%. and contractors with 38.13%, respectively, had the highest and lowest score. Structural and operational approach were rated as 62.57% and 60.55% at moderate level and functional approach as poor as 42.95%. In the structural, operational and functional approaches, the system structure, the actual activities in the operational units and the results of the performance indicators were evaluated, respectively. The four principles of resilience: top management commitment 63.92%, learning 61.13%, flexibility 65.08% and awareness with 61.41% were determined by evaluating the criteria of health, safety and environment management system, and integration with resilience engineering.

Evaluate the health, safety and environmental management system from a resilience engineering perspective, which is a combination of HSE-MS and RE elements, and is a comprehensive assessment of other HSE management system audits. Because at the same time, three structural, functional and operational approaches coupled with resilience engineering were evaluated in one model. Considering the criterion of competence and its ability to influence the principle of learning from the principles of resilience engineering, it is important to note that the failure to employ a full-time HSE expert and, in the short term, the termination of collaboration with experts, had a negative impact on this principle. It was the success of companies that focused on selecting, retaining and valuing this group of experts. There was no training need assessment in many companies. If accidents and pseudo-incidents did occur, if properly documented and analyzed, they could serve as lessons learned for later periods. Another reason is that in examining accident reporting forms, similar incidents happened with similar causes, if they were preventable by corrective measures. Integrate management systems and integrate them with change management to optimize performance. Personal safety and process safety should be considered, because good performance in personal safety does not necessarily mean good process safety performance, while poor performance in process safety results from poor personal safety. Employee awareness of the results of HSE audits and the performance of the HSE management system can be effective in contributing to and improving indicators.

Abstract

Lighting directly and indirectly affects employees' mental health and their performance. Good lighting is required for good visibility of the environment and should provide a luminous environment that is human-friendly and appropriate for the visual task performed. Optimal lighting is one of the most important issues in providing the physical conditions of different places, especially the workplace. Lighting can provide comfortable working conditions, especially visual comfort. Life on Earth cannot be imagined without light. Defects in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of lighting in the workplace can cause visual discomfort and reduce the productivity and efficiency of an individual. Therefore, monitoring the intensity of brightness and color temperature of light is essential to maintain and enhance the health of employees. The quantity and quality of lighting can also affect one's mental health. For example, one of the factors associated with depression is the defect in the quantity and quality of ambient lighting. Correlated color temperatures (CCT) of light play an important role in human psychological and physiological needs. In regards of human perception, two of the most important characteristics of lights are illumination and correlated color temperature (CCT). Studies have proven that different CCT provided by different lighting are important in affecting human beings psychologically and physiologically, through their visual and non-visual processes.. According to European standard EN 12665, visual comfort is defined as a person's mental well-being in the workplace. Studies on lighting in industrial environments have been conducted more frequently and public and office environments have received less attention. CCT is found to have effects on visual and mental fatigue. The right selection of CCT in an office environment will benefit its occupants in terms of visual comfort and reduction of daytime sleepiness. Studies have shown that insufficient and uncomfortable lightning conditions in office environments increase the risk of visual and ergonomic disorders in long term. The aim of this study was to evaluate the illumination and color temperature and its relationship with visual comfort in administrative staff in Hamadan city (west of Iran).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 rooms and among 70 staff of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and random sampling. In this study, the intensity of illumination at the work surface and at the height of the individual eye The intensity of the local illumination at the work surface and at the level of the individual eye level was measured at the user's point of view and the angles and distances were accurately observed and measured with the presence of the user in the presence of semiconductors or other factors. Also intensity of the Keywords Lighting Color Temperature Visual Fatigue Received: 27/02/2018 Published: 04/04/2020 ID Keywords Kinesio Tape Sport exercise Key pinch Assembly worker DASH Received: 2019-26-06 Accepted: 2020-08-02

Musculoskeletal risk factors are multi factorial with physical and psychosocial factors. Physical and Psychosocial risk factors include repetitive tasks, awkward postures, the use of force and job satisfaction, workplace stress, respectively. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) refer to those in which muscles, blood vessels and nerves around such joints as the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrists, fingers, lower back and leg are involved. WMSDs can reduce working time, lower productivity and increase the health costs of industrial labor in both industrially developed and developing countries. The risk of MSDs increases when a body part is repeatedly used without any time for rest. These disorders are the main cause of disabilities and loss of productivity in the developed countries and are common among workers. Proper workstation design is essential especially in the industries that require manual operation by the operator. Neglecting ergonomic factors in the designation of the workstation causes damage to the musculoskeletal system of the individual workers. In the assembly lines, most of the tasks involve repetitive and precise activities, so assembly workers in these occupations suffer from the resulting physical as well as psychological stresses, which ultimately lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among the assembly workers of an electronic component manufacturing industry, showed that more than half of the participants reported pain in their shoulder, wrists and lower back Although, hand pinch strength threshold is the best way to identify people at risk of limitation of motion, it is not yet fully known. Pinch strength assesses the function of hand. Measurement of pinch strength provides valuable information about the function and status of the upper limb and the neuromuscular system. Pinch strength can also be used as a measure of the amount of muscular damage or neurological impaired caused by trauma or surgery. In addition, pinch strength is a good indication of a person's overall physical condition. Assessment of pinch strength, compared to other tests, is simple, easy and of high reproducibility Pinch strength occurs when gripping with any of the fingers or a combination thereof, in concordance with the movement of the thumb whit no palm contact. Kinesio tape is a thin porous cloth with acrylic gluey. This adhesive tape can be stretched up to 140% of its normal length, allowing the joint and muscle to move in their full range without limiting the movement of the joint and the muscle. The mechanism of Kinesio tape therapeutic effect on pain relief is still unclear. In 1998, Kase and his colleagues found that the localized blood flow increases below the area that was taped. Kinesio tape are used in muscle treatment in two ways: 1. For muscles that are elongated, or the muscles in acute phase or those that are involved in overwork activities, the brigade is pushed from the muscular end to the muscle's origin, with the aim of inhibiting muscle function.2 - For muscles that are in the chronic phase or weak muscles, the type is pulled from the muscle origin to the muscle end, which facilitates muscle function. On other hand, in assembly workers, the risk of these disorders increases because the part of the body is used successively and without rest. The current study investigates the simultaneous effect of Kinesio Taping and exercise on maximal key pinch force in Electronically Company.

This research is a clinical trial study of women workers in the assembly unit of an electrical equipment manufacturing industry. In one session, the purpose and a complete overview of the study was fully explained to the 100 female workers employed in the assembly line of the manufacturing company. Selection criteria in this study were the lack of any 1) hand surgery in recent years, 2) osteoporosis, 3) hand fracture or disorder in a hand part and 4) malignant diseases or any known diseases that may affect the variables under study that were determined by the questionnaire and the interviews. Exclusion criteria also were 1) unwillingness to cooperate, 2) irregular participating in doing exercises 3) not completing the research tests and 4) having allergy to kinesio tape adhesives. Out of the one hundred workers invited, 66 accepted to participate in the study. Six workers were also excluded from these 66 participants due to lacking eligibility criteria for entering the program. In addition, during the study, seven workers in the control group showed unwillingness to cooperate, four workers from the exercise group were absent in more than 50% of the exercise sessions and nine workers in the taping and exercise group had adhesive allergy or showed non-willingness to cooperate. Therefore, 40 workers (11 in the taping & exercise intervention group, 16 in the exercise intervention group and 13 in the control group) were the research participants. The DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire was used to measure the functional impairment of the upper extremity of the workers. The DASH self-assessment questionnaire contains 30 questions measuring performance and physical symptoms. This questionnaire was designed to describe the upper limb disabilities and disorders experienced by individuals as well as to monitor changes in the symptoms and functions over time. Each question has five alternatives to select: from "no difficulty" to "unable to perform activity" that are ranked in a scale of one to five points. Finally, the questionnaire score is calculated using the existing formulas. In 2008, Moussavi et al. translated the questionnaire into Persian and confirmed its validity and reliability. To measure pinch strength of hand, the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT) protocol was used. According to its instruction, the participants sit on a chair in such a way that their arms are held tightly to their body without any rotation, and the wrists are in the position of 0-30 degrees of extension and 0-15 degrees of deflection to the ulnar. In this study, the pinch strength was measured three times for both hands, and the average of the three times of maximum effort of the individual to the dynamometer handle was recorded as the hand pinch strength per kg force. Reliability and validity of the Jamar dynamometer for measuring grip strength have been documented and it is described as a standard for measuring the hand strength. The intervention was performed for eight consecutive weeks, twice a week. All sessions were supervised by the physiotherapist and were during work hours at the workplace. At the beginning of each session and after preparing for exercises, the participants performed four trained stretching and strengthening exercises with a 30-second rest between repetitions. The first exercise was the bending of the wrist. In the second exercise, while the palm was placed on the table, the other hand was put on it and the participant tried to raise his fingers from the table. In the third exercise, while the elbow was straight, the participant held the first hand fingers with the other hand and held the wrist once up and once down. In the last exercise, while the wrist was straight, the fingers were bent from the second clause and kept in the same mode. At the end of the exercises, and after putting the kinesio tape on the hands of the first intervention group, the participants returned to their workplace to continue working. It should be noted that when exercising, the participants should not use kinesio tape. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20, paired T test and Pearson correlation coefficient and the P value was considered smaller than 0.05.

The present study was conducted on 40 female assemblers working in the electrical industry. The mean and standard deviation of the quantitative data are observable in Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the qualitative variables of the subjects are also presented in Table 2. Paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference between mean left and right hand stability time and upper extremity disability after and before kineso typing and exercise and exercise alone; had a positive. On the other hand, kinesio therapy and exercise have reduced upper extremity disability. It should be noted that these are not observed in the control group.In this study, as can be seen in Table 4, Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that among demographic variables, only age had a positive significant relationship with upper extremity disability score, and no significant relationship was found between other variables.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated metabolic risk factors. The most widely-recognized set of these risk factors are: increase in waist circumference (abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, growth in serum glucose and reduction in high density lipoproteins. There have been various definitions for the diagnosis of MetS, but those which introduced by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) are more widely implemented because they do not require measurement of insulin resistant. Based on the definition offered by ATP III, if a person has three of the aforementioned factors, he/she has MetS. MetS directly increased cardiovascular disease and diabetes.  The cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity are the major health challenges in the 21st century. Therefore, attention to this disease must be much greater than in the past due to its prevalence in the current century.  Studies show that various factors affect MetS, the most important ones are age and body weight. Studies have also shown that lack of physical activities, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food habits and smoking increase occurrence of MetS. Gender, race, Body Mass Index (BMI) and prolonged sitting at work are among other factors affecting MetS. Various studies have reported different prevalence rates of this syndrome. The global prevalence of MetS varies from 10 to 50 percent. According to IDF, one-fourth of adults in the world are suffering from MetS and among them, the risk of death and chances of a stroke and heart attack are two and three times higher, respectively. The estimated rate for Iran is 34.4 percent, whereas (according to the ACEP criteria) 20 percent of the general population in the United States suffer from MetS. MetS is considered as an important health challenge because of its costs on healthcare systems and furthermore due to its high socioeconomic costs. Studies show that the average annual costs per person in the US is estimated at $ 4,000 for treating this syndrome. Workers are an important component of any organization, and workplace directly affects worker’s physical, mental and social condition; there for workplace is a very critical environmental and social factor affecting worker’s health. Up to now few studies with small sample size have been carried out on the prevalence of MetS in industrial workplace in Iran. Since identification of the risk factors related to MetS can play an important Role in the worker’s health and consequently increase industrial productivity, it is necessary to carry out a thorough and comprehensive study on a large sample population of the Iranian workers in order identify and control this syndrome and its related risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its effective demographic factors among workers in one of the petrochemical industries. 

The following cross sectional study was conducted among 692 male workers of a petrochemical company in south-west Iran. All participants had at least one-year work experience without any history of congenital disease, heart failure, kidney problem or hypertension. Stratified random sampling method was used to select participants. The procedure and aims of the study were explained to the participants and they were assured that their personal information will be kept confidential. Also all participants signed an informed written consent form prior to their participation. A data was collected by a two-part questionnaire in this study. The first part was focused on demographic information (age, marital status, education, and smoking status) and included questions on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the second part collected anthropometric information (height, weight, and waist circumference), blood pressure, and the parameters obtained through performing blood tests and BMI values (BMI obtained through dividing body weight in kilograms by height in meters squared). Based on criteria defined by World Health Organization, the BMI values were classified into four groups: less than 18.5 (underweight), 18.5-24.9 (normal range), 25-29.9 (overweight), and higher than 30 (obese). Since few participants had BMI values lower than 18.5, the BMI values of underweight participants and the BMI values in the normal range were categorized into one group. The participantchr('39')s blood pressure was measured by a standard mercury manometer. Each participant’s blood pressure was measured twice in a sitting position on the right arm, with a 5-minute rest between the twomeasurements, also each participant was asked to sit down for at least five minutes and then theirblood pressure was measured. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the participants, then their anthropomorphic information and their blood pressure were measured by a researcher. After that they were asked to visit the laboratory to have their blood samples taken (after fasting for 12-14 hours). Three markers from the blood sample tests were recorded: fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and HDL-C. After blood samples were taken, tests to measure fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides levels were carried out using the enzymatic colorimetric method, employing Pars Azmoon standard kits. HDL cholesterol tests were performed employing the antibody-enzyme method and using Pars Azmoon standard kits. Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) method was used to diagnose MetS in the study population. MetS was diagnosed based on abdominal obesity, increased blood pressure, increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol level, and increased fasting blood sugar. Based on the ATP III method the copresence of at least three of the following indicators is considered diagnostic for MetS: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women, triglycerides level ≥ 150 mg/dl, HDL level ≤40mg/dl in men and ≤50 mg/dl in women, systolic blood pressure ≥130.85 mm Hg, diastolic pressure ≥85 mm Hg and fasting blood sugar ≥ 100mg/dl. Using SPSS version 24, descriptive statistics were analyzed. Mean, percentage, range and standard deviation were calculated. In order to determine correlation between MetS and its factors with shift work odds ratio (ORs) for the MetS, 95% confidence level (95% CL), chi-square test, Spearman correlation test and logistic regression analysis were performed. To assess the effect of shift work on NCEP ATP III factors and demographic factors, independent samples t test and Cramerchr('39')s V were implemented. The level of statistical significance for p-value was set at <0.05..

The findings show that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 15.1%, elevated waist circumference 27.3%, high-density lipoprotein deficiency 71.6%, elevated triglycerides 49.5%, hypertension 34.1%, elevated cholesterol 37.8 % and elevated fasting plasma glucose 13.4%.The correlation tests for demographic factors and metabolic syndrome indicate relationships between metabolic syndrome and each of the factors: age, hypertension, body mass index, shift work and high-density lipoprotein deficiency. So that metabolic syndrome had a moderate relationship with hypertension, body mass index and shift work (s=0.316, s= 0.371, and s=0.452 respectively) and while, the extent of this relation for age and high-density lipoprotein deficiency were small (s= 0.18 and, s= 0.15), other demographic factors, namely, marriage status, being a smoker, and education level found to be unrelated with metabolic syndrome (P>0.05).A significant difference between mean values of body mass index, high-density lipoprotein, shift work, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure and plasma glucose was identified among people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and healthy individuals (p<0.001).The probability of metabolic syndrome occurrence found to be affected by blood pressure with OR=3.12 (C.I. 95% = 4.1 – 2.37), body mass index with OR=1.301 (C.I. 95% =1.38 – 1.22), age with OR=1.09 (C.I. 95% =1.088 – 1.031), high-density lipoprotein deficiency with OR=1.015 (C.I. 95% =1.01 – 1.019), fasting plasma glucose with OR=2.78 (C.I. 95% =1.786 – 4.343), waist circumference with OR=9.830 (C.I. 95% =6.105 – 15.829), shift work with OR=7.309 (C.I. 95% =4.249 – 12.290), and triglyceride with OR=1.009 (C.I. 95% = 1.006-1.011), which results in increases in Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval).

Due to high metabolic syndrome prevalence and abnormal levels of waist circumference, triglyceride, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, and fasting plasma glucose, as well as, the significant relationship between syndrome prevalence and age, body mass index, and shift work, raising awareness to change work conditions in order to live a healthy lifestyle and controlling demographic factors related with metabolic syndrome might reduce the consequences of metabolic syndrome and promote the overall health of people.

Employee exposure assessment through long-term monitoring is not feasible due to the complexity of sampling and analysis methods in all operating conditions. The use of chemical exposure risk assessment methods is an appropriate way to evaluate the exposure status of chemical workers in some situations. Of course, there is a need for special considerations to provide a comprehensive technique and to address the shortcomings of current methods such as disregard for existing control measures.

In this study, three factors influencing the risk of exposure to chemicals were considered based on the Control Banding (CB) approach, including the Health Hazard Index (HHI) indicating the inherent toxic properties of chemicals, Chemical Occupational Exposure Index (OEI) aims to show the characteristics associated with process conditions and material properties and exposure modes, as well as the Control of Effectiveness Index (CEI), taking into account the engineering and management measures that affect chemical exposure. Then, according to the above method, the risk of exposure to chemicals was investigated in Marun petrochemical Complex. 

Chemical exposure risk index (CRI) was calculated from the factors affecting exposure.Based on the findings of the study, exposure to benzene and 1,3 butadiene with a risk score of 20/01 and 14/35, respectively, obtained highest risk score in the HD unit and in the whole complex Due to the inherent hazards associated with these substances and other factors including exposure duration and poor effectiveness. Also, in all units, due to the low exposure time to chemicals, the lowest risk numbers were reported for similar exposure groups as the Boardman and the head of the unit. 

The present method can be used as a non-sophisticated and valid tool for risk assessment of occupational exposure to chemicals. Also, considering the role of control measures and their impact on risk score, this method will be able to provide a more accurate calculation of the working conditions of the personnel when exposed to chemicals.

heat stress is the most common occupational risk factors and can adversely affect the health and efficiency of the individuals. Exposure to extreme heat in the workplace can cause heat-related illnesses as well as increased risk of accidents and related injuries. The previous Studies have shown that heat stress can lead to some physiological responses and affect cognitive function. But these studies have not reached a clear and definitive conclusion. There have been several studies on the effect of heat stress on heart rate and blood pressure. According to the results of the most studies, heat exposure can increases heart rate, but the results of the researches on the effect of heat exposure on blood pressure are not the same. According to the results of the most studies, heat stress can leads to decrease in cognitive performance; however, some studies have shown that cognitive performance does not change or in some cases increase under heat stress conditions. Due to the differences in the results of the previous studies in this area, further studies are needed to clarify these results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on cognitive performance, heart rate and blood pressure of the students. 

In this experimental study, 18 volunteer students (9 girls and 9 boys) from the school of health and safety at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the mean age of 21.11 year and standard deviation of 1.71 year and body mass index of 23.23 kilogram per square meter and standard deviation of 1.44 kilogram per square meter participated. This study was conducted in the laboratory of heat and humidity control. Each participant was randomly exposed to one of the test conditions with 3 different Wet Bulb Globe Temperature. According to the factorial method, there were six different Wet Bulb Globe Temperature conditions in which the subjects were tested in one of these six states. A total of 54 experiments were performed on the subjects. Before the test, all the participants received written consent and they all became familiar with the stages of the experiment. Prior to the test, the participants completed a questionnaire of the inclusion. The criteria for entering the study included age 20-24, undergraduate education, body mass index (BMI) of 23±2 kg/m2, no cardiovascular and mental illnesses, normal heart rate and blood pressure and no drug consumption. In order to examine the mental health of the individuals, they were asked to complete the General Health Questionnaire, developed by Goldberg (1972), before the test. Those who obtained the total score of 0 to 22 were classified in the group without any symptoms or least limit and included in the study. The participants were asked to have sufficient sleep and rest and a normal diet, without coffee or caffeine, before the test. The subjects were also asked to wear simple linen or cotton clothes with light colors to take into account the effect of Clo on heat stress for all the participants. Unwillingness to continue to cooperate during the test was also considered as an exclusion criterion of the study. After selecting the samples based on inclusion criteria, other interfering factors, including noise and lighting were evaluated and controlled. The lighting equal to 450 lux and noise pressure level equal to 35dB were recorded and controlled.Participants were exposed to three different thermal conditions (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 29°C as lower than the exposure limit, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 32°C as the exposure limit for the non-acclimatized people to warm environments, and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C as more than the exposure limit for the non-acclimatized people) for 30 minutes, and their cognitive performance was evaluated in these three thermal conditions. The relative humidity in all stages of the study was 50%. To provide different temperature conditions, two EFHA2200 model electrical fan heaters, manufactured by ARASTEH, as well as two Beurer humidifiers were used. To measure the relative humidity, the GM8910 humidifier (BENETECH Company, China) was used with a precision of ± %5, and to measure the WBGT index, the digital QUESTEMP10 WBGT meter was used with a sensitivity of about one tenth degree Celsius. All the devices were calibrated before the test. To measure the WBGT index, the device was placed at a distance of about 10 cm from the body of the participants in the waist area (0.7 m), and after about a minute, the numbers shown by the device as a WBGT indicator were read.To assess the effect of heat stress on cognitive performance of the participants, a 2018 Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance test was used and the scores of attention scales including selective attention, focused attention, divided attention, alternating attention and sustained attention were measured in both visual and auditory domains. The IVA test is a computerized test for sustained attention and response control. The participants were exposed to pseudo-randomly ordered series visual and auditory stimuli of numbers 1 and 2, and they were asked to click the mouse when they saw or heard the number 1. With an initial explanation of how to do the test, the entire test lasted 11 minutes. The IVA results were presented in six primary scales (three response control scales and three scales of attention) in the visual and auditory areas. The response control scales are as follows: (Prudence, Consistency and Stamina). The attention scales are as follows: (Vigilance, Focus and Speed). In order to investigate the effect of heat stress on physiological parameters, blood pressure and heart rate of the individuals was also measured before and after exposure to heat. To Measure the blood pressure and heart rate of the subjects, digital Blood Pressure Monitor was used. Its accuracy for measuring blood pressure was ±3 mmHg and for measuring heart rate was ±%5. SPSS software version 22 was used to analyze the results. To analyze the relationship between heat stress and heart rate, blood pressure and attention scales resulting from the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance test, the Generalized Estimating Equations test (GEE) was used.

According to the results of this study, with increase in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, the heart rate of the participants significantly increased in relative to pre-exposure conditions (79.72 beat per minutes with SD of 6.83 in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 22°C and 90.05 beat per minutes with SD of 8.71 in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C, p<0.05). Also, with increase in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, the systolic blood pressure of the participants significantly increased in relative to pre-exposure conditions (103.77 mmHg with SD of 11.62 in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 22°C and 109.00 mmHg with SD of 11.05 in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C, p<0.05). With increase in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, their diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased in relative to basic conditions (72.16 mmHg with SD of 4.84 in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 22°C and  64.94 mmHg with SD of 5.94in Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C, p<0.05). With increasing heat stress, the mean of six attention scales in visual domain including visual attention, visual selective attention, visual focused attention, visual divided attention, visual alternating attention, and visual sustained attention steadily decreased. However, this decrease was significant only for two scales including visual attention scale and visual alternating attention at 35°C (p<0.05). The relationship between heat stress and other attention scales in the visual domain was not significant (p>0.05). With increasing heat stress, the mean of two scales of in auditory domain including auditory selective attention and auditory alternating attention steadily decreased, and this decrease was significant at the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C (p<0.05). The auditory attention scale was also significantly decreased at the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of 35°C (p<0.05). No significant relationship was found between heat stress and other auditory attention scales (p> 0.05).

The results of this study showed that heat stress has a strong and significant relationship with physiological parameters such as heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. According to the results of this study, heat stress can increase the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and decrease diastolic blood pressure; so Changes in heart rate and blood pressure can act as a good indicator for the heat strain. Exposure to excessive high temperatures can reduce attention and consequently decrease cognitive performance. One of the limitations of this study was the difficulty of doing it in real work environment. Considering that in industrial and real working environment, many interfering factors such as risk factors of the work environment, family and psychological conditions of the subjects, nutrition, different work shifts and time of sleep and rest can affect the results of the study, it will be difficult to select similar samples that meet all of the requirements of this study. However, studies similar to the present study need to be carried out in industrial environments and real work conditions in order to increase the applicability of the results of study in work environments.

Occupational noise is one of the most important causes of occupational accidents and general human error. In addition to being one of the leading causes of hearing loss and tinnitus, it is one of the most effective extrinsic factors affecting brain processing mechanisms. The human response to sound and wave explosions and changes in air pressure is a major concern in the mining. Explosive is used to break the rock and this process is referred to as an integral part of the mining process. However, this cheap method of rock breakage has inherent disadvantages and that too concerning the environment and human safety. Blasting in opencast mines is characterized by the use of large masses of explosives for a single blast. Blasting workers likewise inhabitants in a war zone are continuously exposed to explosions. It is, however, difficult to gauge the effectiveness of certain phenomenon. Physiological response to blast which is particularly transient was evaluated considering ears as the most vulnerable organs. From the survey, it is concluded that ear responses are dependent not only on the pressure but also on impulse and body orientation. It is a fact that the nature and duration of normally generated vibrations are different from that generated by a blast. Moreover, mining blasts are accompanied by higher levels of noise. Under such circumstances, whether vibration standards should be generally applied to blasting in mines is doubtful especially when the mild traumatic is observed in some cases. Almost all studies investigating the effect of the explosion on soldiers’ brain confirmed that soldiers suffer from brain injury resulted in an explosion and sound waves. They give a detailed account of community response to military explosions  but there are very few studies relating to this issue which are existing on a direct effect on physiology in general and the brain in particular due to the mining explosion and air-overpressure. The idea of the study is to ascertain any changes in the human brain due to the immediate response in and around mines. This data would be used to predict the effect of the direct impetus on human physiology and the response thereof. In the present study, the brain responses of blasting workers personnel and individuals exposed to explosive noise were investigated. 

There are some constraints for the tests. (1) Sound conditions can be kept constant only in the test, as there is a significant variation in different parameters involved in the real environment. (2) There is just one EEG device available for recording responses of one person at one time. (3) It is difficult to carry and operate the equipment at places where the actual one is taking place. The experiment we present in this paper compared the intensity of participantschr('39') brain responses to acoustic stimuli, an intense burst typically used in the literature. This sound is similar characteristics in terms of duration and intensity that is produced in the real-world by explosions. Due to the complexity of the signal processing and signal processing, this study is an interventional study conducted on five university staff, as a representative of a community that has never been exposed to blast waves and five blasting workers working in different mines. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has great potential for continuous and quantitative human state measurement. EEG is the recording of the electrical signal along the scalp produced by the action of neurons within the brain, which can be measured using electrodes attached to the scalp. The activation of a central nervous system is thus manifested in the EEG signal. Keeping in view the limited available resources and complex analysis of EEG signals, tests are not at a large scale designed to generate data bank. All participants in the experiment ranged in age from 32 to 42 years (mean: 37 years, STD: 1.5 years) and had general physical health. This study was approved by the Institutional Board Review (IRB) of the Shahrood University of Technology, corrective exercise, and rehabilitation laboratory (CRL) according to the approved protocol. Acoustic characteristics and effects of tinnitus were asked through history taking and a brief cognitive status examination was performed for all subjects. For this purpose, brain waves recorded as brain signals (EEGs) were used. Routine EEG signals recorded for 30 s. The EEG signal capture cap was eight-channel, and the channels were positioned so that different subjectschr('39') senses, including motor, speech, auditory, visual, and involuntary, were examined. Eight electrodes were selected from Fp1, Fp2, C3, C4, T3, T4, O1, O2 placement on the scalp. A1 and A2 (ear or mastoid electrodes), which are reference and ground electrodes were also connected. The experiment was designed so that the signals were recorded when the explosion sound was broadcasted suddenly without pre-awareness.Wavelet decompositions were used to investigate how different brain lobes response to explosion sound and to demonstrate differences among responses in different groups of subjects, i.e. surface blasting workers, staff, and miners. A wavelet is a mathematical function used to divide a given function or continuous-time signal into different scale components. Usually one can assign a frequency range to each scale component. Each scale component can then be studied with a resolution that matches its scale. It should be mentioned that in each level of wavelet decomposition, signal divides into two sections: low-frequency band or approximation, and high-frequency band or details; each contains a half frequency band of the signal. 

Different frequency bands of EEG signals are representative of the cognized brain’s behavior. The investigation included an application of time–frequency based method for measuring electroencephalogram (EEG) phase synchronization. The sampling frequency was set to 500 Hz by the hardware although it is higher than what is needed in this project.EEG signals can be highly contaminated by both extrinsic and intrinsic artifacts that obscure the signal of interest. Extrinsic artifacts are the noises generated mostly from an external source rather than human body physiology such as movement artifacts, environmental noise, and electrical wiring noise in the EEG sensor. To address these issues, the authors successfully tested signal processing framework to acquire high quality EEG signals. After recording the brain signal and the time of the voice transmission in the experiments, the study showed that two superior properties of the signals had to be extracted.For each subject and each electrode, one feature was gathered. Mentioned features gathered for tests that explosion sound played. It should be mentioned that in some cases feature extraction was impossible because there was not any detectable variability associated with Delta band of the signal, during explosion sound playing. Based on this study, we hypothesized that alterations in the spectral power of the EEG during the presentation of auditory stimuli compared to the rest conditions would differ between individuals with and without experience in blasting works. We analyzed power values in theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands, and tested possible differences between groups in each of the three frequency bands. In all other experiments, reaction duration times of blasting workers and staff were the same. The gradient and timing of the signal variability were monitored following the sound transmission. The reactions of university personnel and blasting workers in some channels of signal reception are similar and in others quite different. In some other channels and senses, the response of non-worker to the sound of the explosion was that the signal level decreased and their motor and auditory consciousness levels decreased, although this was vice versa for blasting workers personnel.  

How job habits influence humans’ behavior? This is a regular question that has investigated frequently. The goal of this paper was to study the behavior of blasting workers, emphasizing their brain signals. Staff were representative of common humanity, do not associated with the explosive issues. Using this algorithm, abnormal features of brain electrical activity were detected. In some cases, workerschr('39') EEG signal levels increase, unlike normal people, after hearing the sound of explosions, indicating increased levels of motor, speech, and visual awareness. However, from the perspective of auditory and involuntary senses, no significant difference was observed between two groups.In some cases there is no effect on the functioning of the brain and physiological response is not observed within the limited range of observations. As a result, no matter they know what will happen, they have gone to be panic when they heard explosion sound. In terms of reaction time to the sound of the explosion, in many cases there was no significant difference between them, except in the motor and speech senses that the response of ordinary people was far faster than the workers. The validity of the EEG-based measurement was examined through a comparison with levels obtained from workers’ samples, which has been accepted as a reliable physical measure of reactions. The results demonstrate the applicability of an EEG signal on measuring workers’ reactions. Particularly in the future works remain crucial to understanding workers’ states. This study can contribute to the knowledge of an in-depth understanding of reactions in the mining field. It shall provide a tool to continuously measure workers’ performance while they are working with explosive material in the mining.

Nowadays, using the computer in doing everything is necessary and there are fewer jobs that do not use the computer to perform tasks. Working with a computer for a long time under static conditions and inappropriate postures can lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDS). Computer users report a high incidence of WRMSDS, depending on the nature of their work. One of the administrative control strategies to reduce or eliminate the risk factors for WRMSDS in computer users is applying education or training program. Also, providing the devices of office workstations such as chairs and tables adjustable. The results of various studies have been shown that ergonomic training, ergonomic design of workstations and office buildings can be useful in preventing and reducing WRMSDS and its associated symptoms in office settings. Since training is one of the main pillars of health care in our country, it is necessary to pay more attention to designing and planning educational programs based on educational models and theories of behavior and social sciences for various diseases and health issues. In this study, the PRECEDE-PROCEED educational model was used to plan for promoting preventive behaviors of WRMSDS among computer users. This model is introduced as a diagnostic framework for health education planning and health promotion. Model implementation stages include: social diagnosis, epidemiological diagnosis, behavioral and environmental diagnosis, educational diagnosis (identifying predisposing factors, enabling and enhancing health behaviors) and ecological, managerial and policy diagnosis, implementation, process evaluation, evaluation of immediate results and evaluation of long term results. The reason for using this model in this study is that the comprehensive nature of this model makes it applicable to different subjects and populations. This model has an ecological perspective and states that one should not only consider the behavior to change, but also the environment around the individual and the factors that influence behavior change, take into account also. Therefore, in order to obtain useful and effective results, education must be designed based on theories and patterns of behavior change. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of applying PRECEDE-PROCEED model in promoting preventive behaviors of WRMSDS among computer users. 

In this randomized controlled trial study, 110 computer users were selected. The risk factors of the workstations have been determined using the Rapid Administrative Stress Assessment (ROSA) method. Computer users who had a high risk of developing WRMSDS and their workstations needed corrective and interventional measures were included in the study. Data were collected using standard Nordic questionnaire, ROSA checklist, and researcher-made questionnaire based on PRECEDE-PROCEED educational model constructs. The validity and reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire were assessed in a pilot study. Individuals were also agreed to enter the study. Data collection tools were completed in three stages. In the first stage, Nordic musculoskeletal standard questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of WRMSDS. To achieve better results, the questionnaire was completed through direct interviews with the participants under study, and the prevalence of WRMSDS was recorded over the past year. In the second stage, the risk factors for WRMSDS and determination of risk levels were determined by ROSA method. This method is proposed to identify the risk factors of computer users and to prioritize the optimal fit between users and workstation devices. In the third stage, the self-made questionnaire consisted of different parts of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model constructs such as individual questions, predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors has been applied. Content validity method was used for scientific validation of self-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was given to 12 professors related to this topic and their corrective comments were applied. Test-retest method was used to calculate the reliability of these questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by 20 computer users and then completed in two weeks. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha for questionnaire was estimated 0.75. Finally, based on the results of the initial questionnaires, an appropriate educational intervention including training manuals and instructional videos on stretching and corrective movements, training and correct sitting exercises while working with the computer was designed and implemented in the experimental group. The control group received no training. After the implementation of the training program in the evaluation phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the process of intervention, design and implementation of the program was evaluated. Immediately after the training sessions and two months after the intervention, the impact of the training program on promoting preventive behaviors of WRMSDs of computer users was measured. Data were analyzed before and after the intervention using SPSS.24 software. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare quantitative values ​​between the two groups before and after the intervention and chi-square test was used to compare qualitative values ​​between the two groups.

In this study, 86 (78%) of the participants were men and 24 (22%) were women. The results of chi-square test showed that the distribution ratio of people with different gender was similar between the two groups and there was no significant difference between them (p> 0.05). Findings showed that the mean age of users was 39.7 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age. Chi-square test results showed that there was no significant difference between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the two groups (P> 0.05). The results showed that the highest prevalence of disorders in the experimental group was in the low back, neck and shoulder respectively, and in the control group was in the low back, neck and shoulder, respectively. Before intervention, there was no significant difference between the mean of ROSA final scores, variables of PRECEDE-PROCEED model such as predisposing factors, reinforcing factors and enabling factors in the two groups. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of ROSA final score and its components (p = 0.0001) as well as the mean scores of predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing factors, and enabling factors of PRECEDE-PROCEED model (p = 0.0001). Before the intervention, the Mann-Whitney test results showed no significant difference in the mean scores of the predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude) and PRECEDE-PROCEED model reinforcement factors between the two groups (p> 0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean of the enabling factors in the two study groups before the intervention (p <0.05). The findings of the study showed a significant difference between the mean scores of the predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), enabling factors and reinforcing factors of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model between the experimental and control groups.

In the present study, in accordance with the educational process of PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the enabling and reinforcing factors have been take into account. The mean of enabling factors had a significant increase in the experimental group after the intervention compared to before the intervention and in the control group there was no significant increase. Prior to training, 36% of the study participants had a background in television, health care, magazines, and newspapers. In the intervention program, 100% of the experimental group received an educational booklet called principles of ergonomics at the computer workstation also instructional videos (including stretching and correcting movements) which caused a significant difference in enabling factors. In this study, encouragement and support of family, coworkers, and verbal encouragement of the educator were considered as reinforcing factors. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of these factors after the intervention in the experimental group compared to the control group. Finally, it was concluded that design and implementation of ergonomic training programs based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model with changes in predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing factors and enabling factors also considering the components of ROSA method is an effective method to promote preventive behaviors of WRMSDs and it can be used as a framework for designing of educational interventions among computer users.

Decades after the introduction of nanotechnology as a new field of research and production, the pace of development of this field has been remarkable. These advances have enabled nanomaterials to be used in various sectors and industries including electronics, optics, consumer goods, energy production and storage, soil and water conservation, as well as in medicine for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Worldwide sales of nanomaterials were $ 22.9 billion in 2013 and with annual growth of 19.8%, it is expected to reach US $ 64.2 billion by the end of 2019; Therefore, many economists consider the production and use of nanomaterials an integral part of future economic activities. These advances are due to the unique physico-chemical and biological properties of nanoscale materials. The large surface-to-volume ratio, size and surface characteristics of nanomaterials are the most important physico-chemical properties of them. The specific physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials have led them to show specific behaviors in interaction with biological systems; The most important of these behaviors are moving towards secondary target organs, poor clearance by macrophages, the ability to transmit through the axons of sensory neurons, and to reach intracellular structures such as mitochondria and the nucleus. These properties, in addition to their many applications, have also raised concerns about the potential effects of these substances on human health and the environment. These concerns have generated a large wave of research in the fields of nanomaterials safety, health and toxicology. Forecasts show that the number of staff exposed to nanomaterials will reach about 6 million by the end of 2020. Concerns are increasing day by day as the number of workers exposed to nanomaterials increases. In our country more than 200 companies are active in the field of production and using nanomaterials. These companies have received 517 nanoscale certification for their products, until January 2019. Their products are exported to 49 countries and 5 continents worldwide. The increasing growth of these activities in the country necessitates attention to the safety, health and environmental aspects of nanotechnology. According to what was said, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the symptoms of employees of nanomaterials producing and consuming companies with chemical composition (as a factor affecting the type and severity of effects) and physical state (as an influencing factor on exposure) of the nanomaterials.

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in 2018 among employees of nanotechnology companies in Tehran. Specifications of the companies were provided by correspondence with the Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade. Of the companies invited, 52 companies agreed to participate in the study. Staff symptoms were assessed using a nonspecific symptoms questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed and validated in a period of two months by a team of 19 experts in the fields of occupational health, occupational medicine, toxicology, medical nanotechnology and health education. The required information about the occupational characteristics, chemical composition and physical state of the nanomaterials used in the companies was also collected using the NanoTool method form. The questionnaire and the form were then emailed to staff exposed to nanomaterials. Staff inclusion criteria were "to have direct exposure to nanomaterials, that is, to produce or consume nanomaterials during their daily working processes" and "to have at least one year of experience". Of the 52 companies that agreed to participate in the study, 198 completed questionnaires and completed forms were received. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS.22 software. Frequency distribution tables and Chi-squared test, Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for this purpose.

The study of the characteristics of the subjects showed that their mean age was 33.76 (SD = 6.108) years; Their average work experience was 6.76 (SD = 5.217) years. Study participants were well educated, with 61.2% having a masterchr('39')s or doctorate degree. 49% (96) of the subjects were men and 51% (100) of them were women. Manufactured / consumed nanomaterials in companies were investigated in similar groups in terms of chemical composition (metal, metal oxide, carbonous and the others) and physical state (dry powder, suspension/ emulsion, paste/gel and the others). The results of investigating the frequency of symptoms of nanotechnology companies’ employees using nonspecific symptoms questionnaire showed that the frequency of some skin symptoms such as "redness", "itching" and "roughness" were 72.7%, 67.2% and 62.6%, respectively. the frequency of some respiratory symptoms were also high; "cough" (64.1%), "sneezing" (60.6%) and "sore throat" (60.1%). High-frequency ocular symptoms included "eye irritation" (66.2%), "itchy eyes" (28.3%), and "red eyes" (25.3%).Investigation of the correlation between the skin symptoms of the employees with the chemical composition and physical state of the nanomaterials used in the companies showed that the symptoms "skin roughness", "skin itching", "skin rash" and "hair loss" have significant correlation with the physical state of nanomaterials and "skin redness", " Skin darkness "and" skin rash" have significant relationship with the chemical composition of nanomaterials. Investigation of the relationship between employeeschr('39') gastrointestinal symptoms with the chemical composition and physical state of the nanomaterials used in the companies showed that the symptoms "appetite suppression", "thirst", "nausea/vomiting" and "darkness of stool color" have significant relationship with the physical state of nanomaterials and "thirst", "Nausea/vomiting" and "inability to detect taste" have significant relationship with the chemical composition of nanomaterials. Evaluation of the relationship between neurological symptoms of staff with the physical state and chemical composition of nanomaterials showed the significant relationship between "movement problems" and chemical composition of nanomaterials. Also, "dizziness" and "sleeplessness/wakefulness" were significantly associated with both the chemical composition and the physical state of the nanomaterials. Investigating the relationship between the chemical composition and physical state of the nanomaterials with the respiratory symptoms of staff revealed "shortness of breath", "wheezing", "chest heaviness", "difficult breathing", "increased phlegm" and "voice change" significantly correlated with Both the chemical composition and the physical state of the nanomaterials. "Cough" was also significantly associated with the chemical composition of the nanomaterials. Examination of the correlation between ophthalmic symptoms and chemical composition and physical state of nanomaterials indicated that the symptoms "blurred vision" and "visual impairment" were significantly correlated with the chemical composition of the nanomaterials. Also, "increased eye gum" and "red eyes" were significantly associated with both the chemical composition and the physical state of the nanomaterials.

Given the frequency of symptoms in staff exposed to nanomaterials, their statistical association with the chemical composition and physical state of nanomaterials, Staffchr('39')s attitude toward nanomaterials that are generally considered safe, inadequate and generally inappropriate use of personal protective equipment appropriate to work with nanomaterials and lack of education and training about the effects of nanomaterials on health and the environment, existing these problems among the employees of these companies are reasonable and that is an important issue. Therefore, the following are suggested to reduce occupational exposure to nanomaterials: Provide adequate training to the staff of these companies in the areas of basic concepts of nanosafety, standard work procedures when working with nanomaterials, appropriate personal protective equipment for working with nanomaterials and using them properly and waste management of nanomaterials.

Noise is an important source of physical and psychological stress that is considered as the most important physical detrimental factor in developed and developing countries. In the United States, more than 30 million workers are exposed to dangerous noise, and 7.4 to 10.2 million industrial workers are at risk of hearing loss due to exposure to industry noise, but what is certain is that the noisy environment causes carelessness in activities. The brain becomes inconsistent in intellectual work and so on. Noise is an environmental stressors and in combination with other stressors can cause or exacerbate mental disorders and even under certain conditions can affect performance to the extent that WHO considers accidents as one of the indicators of performance decline. Recognizes noise-induced and recognizes ambient noise as a direct cause of mental disorders.Noise is the most common occupational hazard in various industries, especially petrochemicals and related companies. Noise exposure causes a wide range of the discomforts, disorders and occupational diseases and effects including focus loss, long-term memory loss, anger, increasing stress and etc. Cognitive performance such as consistent attention, comprehension, speed of reaction as well as correct information processing and correct decision making play a key role in performing many tasks .In some occupations, in order to react appropriately and in a timely manner, the person needs to process the information completely and without defects. Therefore, even temporary defects in cognitive and mental performance can lead to serious consequences in individuals, especially when an accurate and immediate response is needed. The results of various studies conducted in the oil and gas industry and related companies indicate that sometimes noise contact is outside the permissible range (85 dBA) .Basically, in the oil and petrochemical industries, a lot of noise is produced, which can be said that the main noise produced is related to the movement of fluids and related piping on the one hand, and on the other hand, the era of engines and compressors in refining operations. It is essential to maintain human health and safety of the work system at the highest possible level, and any error on the part of operators can lead to unintended and harmful consequences or accidents, or reduce the quantity and quality of products and irreparable economic  losses   and  considering that the accuracy, speed of action and ability to perform skills by individuals; are the most important factors affecting the efficiency and increasing the productivity of human resources in improving the level of production and its quality, so evaluate the effects of different sound pressure level cognitive performance has been performed on petrochemical industry workers.   

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 1398 in Kavian Petrochemical Company located in South Pars region (Assaluyeh). In this study, before collecting information, the purpose of the study was explained to the participants. Demographic data collected included: age, work experience, body mass index and metabolism. Exclusion criteria included: less than one year of work experience, use of hypnotic and caffeinated substances, having any mental disorders, sleep disorders, major systemic diseases, etc. Subjects were divided into three groups (one control group and two case groups). There were 30 people in each group. In the study of the effects of sound pressure levels below the allowable limit, control room operators were selected and participants in 2 case groups were selected from site operators who were exposed to more than the allowable noise level. Metabolism of participants in three groups was determined according to ISO 8996 standard. Participants in the study had a work schedule of one week working day and one week working night. In this study, day workers who were active from 7 am to 7 pm were selected. To investigate the effect of noise on workerschr('39') cognitive performance, first the average equivalent sound level during the shift (beginning, middle and end of the shift) was measured .Since the sound pressure level is different in different parts of the workplace and the company workers normally commute in different parts of the environment, so to determine the average sound level equivalent to their exposure, the dosimeter is the most reliable method for measuring and evaluating. It is an individual encounter. The dosimetry was performed by TES-1345 dosimeter made in Taiwan, in accordance with ISO 9612 standard. Before using, the device was calibrated by a CEL110.2 calibrator made by Casella Company. In the studied units, measurements were performed using a regular grid pattern and then the cognitive performance of individuals at the beginning, middle and end of the shift was measured using CPT and N-back tests.The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is used to measure peoplechr('39')s attentive attention and alertness. It is a valid test that is used to find sustained attention deficit impaired performance.In the continuous performance test (CPT), 150 numbers appear at regular intervals and a stimulus is determined as the target stimulus, and the participant must press the relevant key on the computer screen as soon as possible by observing the desired numbers. The variables measured in the CPT test were commission error, omission error, and response time (milliseconds), and working memory test (N-back) is used to measure working memory of individuals, since this task includes both cognitive information retention and manipulation, it is known to be very suitable for measuring working memory performance. And repeatedly used for this purpose, in the working memory performance test (N-back), a sequence of numbers, step by step, appears randomly on the screen as a visual stimulus. . The subject should then examine whether the current stimulus presented is consistent with the N-stimulus preceded by it. The variables measured in the working memory performance test (N-back) were reaction time (milliseconds) and mean correct response. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS V.20 .Then descriptive methods (mean, standard deviation and frequency) were used to summarize the data. The normality assumption for the data was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The main basis of data analysis was based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance level in data analysis was considered less than 0.05. 

Comparison of the results in the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) showed that the average equivalent sound level has no effect on the commission error, but at the end of the shift the commission error is significantly affected (P=0.040).However, the average equivalent sound level has no effect on the omission error and only the omission error in the middle and end of the shift is statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.002). But the average equivalent sound level has a significant effect on workerschr('39') response time (P=0.006). It was also found that the response time of workers in groups that were exposed to more than the permissible noise was statistically significantly different (P=0.025, P=0.007). Also, shift time affects response time and workerschr('39') response time in the middle and end of the shift is statistically significant (P=0.002, P=0.008). According to the working memory performance test (N-back), it was found that the average equivalent sound level has a significant effect on workerschr('39') reaction time (P=0.006). Also, workerschr('39') reaction time is affected by shift time, so that the reaction time of people in the middle and end of the shift was statistically significant (P<0.001). Also, the reaction time was statistically significant in the groups that were exposed to more than the allowable noise (P=0.001, P=0.006). But the average equivalent sound level had no effect on the average correct answer of the workers (P>0.05) and only the correct response in the middle and end of the shift was statistically significant. The highest reaction time and the lowest mean correct response belonged to the third group who were faced with a sound pressure level of 91.83± 1.78 dBA .Accordingly, the number of correct responses of the groups that were exposed to more than the allowable noise was significantly less than the group that was exposed to less than the allowable noise .Also, the number of errors in these groups was more than that group. According to the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and also according to the Memory Performance Test (N-Back), the sound pressure level increases the reaction time of the subjects (P<0.05). 

In general, the results of the present study showed that in cases where people are exposed to more noise than allowed, the number of correct response is less than when they are exposed to less than the allowable noise, and with increasing sound pressure level, the number of correct responses decreases and the amount error, response time and reaction time increases. So noise has a negative effect on subject’s cognitive performance in such a way that it can disrupt the cognitive performance of the site operators by significantly increasing the response time and reaction time. Therefore, due to the high job sensitivity of petrochemical workers, exposure to various harmful factors and also hard environmental conditions, their impaired cognitive performance can be very dangerous in terms of safety and control strategies should be given more importance than before. Therefore, the present study can be used by safety and health managers to implement an effective strategy and improve the cognitive performances of different groups of workers while on duty.

Noise pollution is the most widespread physical harmful factor in industrial environments. Noise control is intended to control its effects and comfort of work, including general management and engineering control techniques. Harmful noise is considered as an important occupational hazard in the iron and steel, textile and process industries. In addition, noise pollution is a potentially harmful component of the plant industrials. Metal Industry have been identified as one of the environments with higher noise than permissible and for many countries, implemented Hearing protection programs for workers protection in these industrials. Occupational exposure to the noise caused by Devices and Processes productive processes is often described as a form of self-harm. Noise control is intended to control its effects and Convenience of work, including general management control and engineering control. In most industries there is at least one process unit in which the noise pressure level is higher than the permitted level and oil industry is also subject to this. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the noise pressure level in some units of the oil industry and to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of engineering control methods including sub-seismic installation, modification of control room doors and windows, floating floor implementation, construction and installation of acoustic chamber.

This descriptive, analytical and interventional study was conducted at an oil factory in Khuzestan province. This study was carried out in four phases, including Phase I; measuring and evaluating noise and identifying important bands and sources of noise production, Phase II designing technical control methods at the resource location, and location of workers, Phase III, Implementation of engineering interventions and Phase IV Reassessment and effectiveness of the interventions were performed. In the first phase, the noise pressure level in the pressing, assembly, installation and bottling sections was measured peripherally and locally. In addition, at some peripheral stations and all local stations, was performed the frequency analysis of one octave of noise by the advanced digital level meter AWA 5688 in accordance with ISO 9612. In addition to for Local Stations the equilibrium, was determined the received dose to determine its reduction after interventions. Then, according to the type and level of noise pressure level as well as the environmental characteristics of the hall, were performed appropriate engineering control measures. Then in the second and third phases in this research in the high noise pressure level units Was performed Interventional actions Includes sub-seismic installation, installation of acoustic panel on the ceiling and absorbent panel on the common wall with assembly hall, installation of absorbent panel on the adjacent walls of press operators, installation of polymer plates on the desks, modification of doors and windows of control room and floating floor installation, installation Metal cab with foam elastomeric inner surface, galvanized steel ceiling and elastomeric adsorbent in cabin cab, acoustic chamber fabrication and installation.  In the fourth phase of this study was performed a reassessment of the noise pressure level in the intervention units and at the workstation to determine the effectiveness of the interventions. For this purpose, was compared the noise pressure level of each indicator station and compared before and after the intervention. also In evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions performed was recorded, the approximate cost per unit separately and was presented their effectiveness in reducing the noise pressure level as a cost-effectiveness index as well as a cost-benefit index to determine each cost reduction How much does it cost to decibel.  

The results of noise pressure level measurement in different units showed that the equivalent noise pressure level was Above than Exposure limit before the intervention in all stations so that The highest level of noise pressure in the vicinity of one of the 63 tone presses was equal to 92/63 dB (A). After the interventions, the noise pressure level was reduced at all stations and was lower than the limit at all points except one press also. The results showed that the largest reduction in noise was in the correction of the tetra pack chambers. Frequency analysis of noise was performed at most of the indicator stations and presented at two sample stations. The results showed that the noise pressure level was effectively reduced. In addition to technical efficiency and scientific justification, noise control techniques must be applied with economic considerations in mind. Due to the cost of technical methods of noise control, it is essential that the designer assess the economic aspects including cost-effectiveness and even cost-benefit before executing the plan until the employer can estimate the cost of the project with economic considerations In addition to the technical results. If so with noise levels are lowered to the permissible level using less expensive methods, there is no need for high costs. In this study, the economic aspects of technical control plans in different units and their total in the company were estimated. In this paper, the cost-benefit index was calculated, which showed that the total direct cost of the project in the press unit was about 502 million Rails and given that the number of people who were disqualified was 13 in three shifts, the average cost-benefit index was 0.70 million Rails per person over a one-year period.

In this study, were used interventional methods of modification and fabrication of chambers for tetra pack and bottle-filling machines in the bottling hall After examining the unit, it was found that environmental control was not a priority in this unit And the problems with this unit were due to technical glitches and the incompleteness of the tetra-pockets cab room and the lack of a queuing bottle chamber. Completing walls reduced the noise pressure level to 9.5 dB and reduced workerschr('39') exposure to below 82 dB by steel sheets and technical modifications to control noise in Tetra pack chambers. Also, the noise of the Bottle Row Unit reduced by Construction and  installation of a simple chamber with steel wall and UPVC door and window  about 10 dB and reduced the exposure to below 79 dB Another intervention in this unit was the use of silicone sealant and Silicone Glue to block all leakage pores. According to the guidelines outlined in the Volume Control Guide, acoustic chamber installation can be a good way of controlling the noise of industrial sources, and the use of steel sheet as the main approved layer of ISO 15667 has been well used in this study. One of the interventions that was effective was the installation of an elastomeric sealant at the base of the presses to reduce vibration, which reduced the noise pressure level in the low frequency range. In addition, the use of rock wool insulation has a significant effect on reducing the noise pressure level. In this study, it was found that enclosure can reduce the noise level in the unit production pump, but should be considered the limitations of the enclosure method. In the industry under review there were two staff control rooms in the liquid production unit and facilities, which had major drawbacks in the number, dimensions, and gender of the windows. In this plan equivalent noise pressure level decreased more than 16 dB in the listenerchr('39')s room with reduced the size and number of windows and replaced them with UPVC double-glazed windows, as well as replacing doors of the same type with a low cost. Eventually the investigations showed that all the control measures performed in different units in this study resulted in a significant reduction in the noise pressure equivalent level. Units taken these indices are within the acceptable range.

To survive and achieve competitive successes in the dynamic milieu of modern global competition, organizations should not only coordinate with the evolutions of advanced society but also predict the trajectory of changes and transformations. They ought to be able to lead these changes towards the development of desirable performance in employees for giving rise to a better future. Since leadership is considered as a fundamental process of any organization; moreover, organizations praise or blame the leadership of organizations for any success or failure, we can claim that the attitudes and perspectives of individuals in organizations depend on the leadership style of organizations. Undoubtedly, one of the influential factors in the development of human societies is the leadership styles of managers over their subordinates. Occupational hazards are of the main difficulties in occupational health. Many employees spend more than one-third of their lives in their working environments, where they encounter varying occupational hazards. We witness numerous occupational diseases and events in different occupations every day. By inspecting them, we find out that unsafe behavior is usually the main causing factor. According to the occupational health and safety law, occupational diseases are considered as an illness raised because of exposition to any physical and chemical hazards or biological factors, such that they damage the normal physiological mechanisms and bring about health disorders in working individuals. It is because, in addition to triggering musculoskeletal disorders, hyperacusis, cancer, psychological disorders, cardiovascular side effects, etc., these hazards can eliminate the workforce and impose severe financial losses on the economic system of society by resulting in therapeutic expenses. Furthermore, by leading to occupational injuries, occupational hazards can impact the performance of personnel, increase the risk of job burnout, and decrease job satisfaction. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the transformational leadership style on predicting occupational injuries in the employees of the Abadan Health Center.  Methods and Materials: The present study had a correlational design and employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the study was all employees of the Abadan Health Center (environmental health, schools, nutrition, mothers, professional health, and statistic offices). The samples were selected by the random sampling method. Since the distribution ratio of employees varied in the different parts of the organization, we took into account the same ratio in selecting the samples to reduce sampling error. Because the study was correlational and employed structural equation modeling, the minimum sample size was 15 individuals for every predictive variable. This research had four predictive variables, including leadership style, safety consciousness, safety-related events, and occupational injuries. Likewise, it had eight demographic variables, including gender, age, education, marital status, history, responsibility kind, employment status, and management experience. Since the statistical population of this study comprised 208 individuals, we, finally, used the Cochranchr('39')s formula and random sampling method and selected 135 employees as the sample size of our research.  To observe this minimum size and due to the fact that some questionnaires would not fully be filled out by the respondents or some employees might be disinterested in participating in the study, we selected more employees, almost 145 individuals, using the random sampling method. The inclusion criteria for the study were working in any organizational segments and being randomly selected from their colleagues, and the exclusion criteria to the study were filling out the questionnaires incompletely and displaying disinterest in taking part in the research. The return rate of the surveys was 95 percent. By considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, we imported 145 employees with an age range between 20 and 50 to the study. Among the employees participating in the research, 79.9% were female, 62.7% were married, 60% had an associate degree, 6.9% had over 20 years of working experience, 34.9% were sanitarian, 32.5% were permanently employed, and 19.4% had management experience. To measure the data, we used the The 12-Item transformational leadership style of supervisor Scale (Bass and Avoli. 1990). The questions of this scale are based on the transformational interaction style of a supervisor with his employees. For example, “my supervisor encourages me to assert my ideas and perspectives respecting the improvement in the safety of working environment” and "my supervisor talks with me about the significance of observing safety problems." This scale is based on a five-point Likert measure ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). We calculated the reliability coefficient of this research at 88% using the Cronbach alpha method. Safety consciousne With its five sections (Westaby and Lee 2003) measures the awareness and perception rates of employees towards safety issues. Example questions of this scale are, “I don’t use the equipment I feel they are unsafe.” and “I always use protective equipment or wear the requisite clothes for my job." This scale is based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). Using the Cronbach alpha method, we calculated the reliability coefficient of this scale at 84%. The safety-related events scale with nine items (Barling et al. 2002) provides us with information on the frequency of the safety-related events during the past month. An example of the questions of this scale is, “how many times have you been exposed to chemical materials or been in place without proper ventilation?” It is based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (more than five times). The reliability coefficient of this scale was 77% for the present study. Occupational injuries scale which is a 10-item instrument (Barling et al. 2002) gives us information on the events that employees have experienced in their jobs during the past month. It is a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (more than five times). An instance of the questions of this scale is, “how many times have you suffered from pulmonary injuries?” The reliability coefficient of this scale was 0.77 for this research.We employed the SPSS 18 and AMOS software to analyze the data and determine the regression weights in the structural equations. To investigate the manipulating factors, we provided the sample members with a calm, no distraction, and intimate environment so that they could fill out the questionnaires, conveniently. Likewise, the employees verbally declared their consent regarding their participation in the study. To prevent bias in the responses, we assured the employees that their responses would not be disclosed. Moreover, in compiling the questions of the survey, we attempted not to include value statements; otherwise, they would provoke the employeeschr('39') sensitivity, and; consequently, result in bias in the responses.  

To test the hypothesized effects among transformational leadership style, safety consciousness, safety-related events, and occupational injuries, we employed regression analysis and structural equation modeling. The mentioned coefficients for every path are presented in Table 2. Concerning the findings of the Table, the safety-related events had a significant effect on occupational injuries, and the transformational leadership style had a significant effect on safety consciousness (p<0.05), indicating the significance of the two paths of the model. The transformational leadership style did not have a significant effect on safety-related events. The results of Table 2 demonstrate that the probability value is 0.5 at the 0.05% significance level. This hypothesis is rejected since the probability value is larger than the significance level. Similarly, the safety consciousness hypothesis did not have a significant effect on safety-related events since the probability value was 0.2 at the 0.05% significance level, and; thus, it was larger than the significance level. As observed in Table 2, the results of testing the total indices of the study’s model fit by the path analysis and AMOS software confirms the goodness of fit of the proposed model. Concerning Table 3, it was specified that the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) in this research equaled 76%, which was smaller than 0.1. Thus, we can conclude that the model’s goodness of fit is perfect.

According to the findings of the study, the employees of the Health center are always exposed to potential occupational hazards and work in hazardous conditions. This can negatively affect the mental and somatic health of the employees of these environments. Furthermore, the transformational leadership styles of managers reinforce safety relationships among the managers and employees of an organization. When employees perceive their managers’ support and infer that the managers of organizations care about their well-being and safety, they are more inclined to preserve their safety consciousness. Therefore, we recommend the organizations’ managers expend proper budgets to supply requisite equipment and minimize the occupational hazards of the employees in healthcare centers. Accordingly, we can claim that this research has both theoretical and applied consequences. Erecting regular sessions and encouraging employees to express difficulties and insufficiencies that exist in the working environment, along with embarking on solving difficulties and creating appropriate processes in organizations for the management of occupational injuries, are examples of applied consequences. Meanwhile, the sufficient financing of budgets paves the way for the periodical somatic and psychological examinations of the employees. At the theoretical level, the findings of this study can assist with the enrichment of the current theories associated with the transformational leadership style. Likewise, we suggest the repetition of similar questionnaires concerning the leadership style and occupational injuries of individuals in organizations at certain time intervals (for example, during biannual programs). Future studies may address the effect of environmental factors on occupational injuries and present new hypotheses within the framework of the researches related to occupational injuries. The main limitation of this study was the use of self-report instruments. Since the under-study variables dealt with humanistic variables, we could not easily conclude regardless of other influential factors such as the environment. Carelessness and negligence in filling out the questionnaires, small sample size, and time restriction are of the other limitations of the study. The present study was confined to the employees of an organization. Hence, we suggest future studies replicate this research in other organizations, as well as larger and more diverse populations, in terms of sample size and gender so that they can compare the results.

Human errors are major causes of the accident that occurring in the industries. However, attributing incidents to human error, regardless of the nature of human error, cannot be useful in preventing accidents. Identifying organizational and supervisory factors that affecting human errors, as well as determining the interactions between these factors, can be used in the management of appropriate control strategies to reduce the accidents. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System framework (HFACS) is one of the most important and comprehensive qualitative tools to identify human and organizational contributing factors involved in an accident. Until now, several studies have tried to integrate the HFACS with a quantitative analysis tool in order to determine the interactions between human and organizational factors to reduce accidents. There are many types of quantitative tools that researchers usually used for this purpose. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process, analytical network process, and artificial neural network are the most used analytical quantitative tools in this regard. Powerful graphical probability-based modeling approaches have been less well considered for quantitative analysis of the interaction and relationship between different variables. Bayesian network (BN) is one of the most important quantitative tools in this regard. BN is a probabilistic graphical model that uses for various types of inference such as diagnostic and predictive. Belief updating or sensitivity analysis is one of the exclusive feature of BN that researchers using this feature can examine the sensitivity of one “target variable” to changes in other variables. In the modeling, sensitivity analysis is used to rank the influence of input variables on the predicting of output variables. This study aimed to integrate the HFACS framework and BN to identify different factors that influence unsafe acts and determine the relationships and interactions among identified those factors to provide appropriate intervention strategies for preventing accidents in the future.

In this study, the accidents occurred in one of the largest mines in Iran that occurred during a period of 5 years (2011-2015) were collected, and then accidents with serious consequences such as fatalities, disabling injuries, or considerable property damage were screened. In the next step, all contributing factors in each accident were identified using an accident analysis team by root cause analysis (RCA) approach. RCA is a problem-solving approach that is applied to identify the root causes of problems. A total of 250 accidents analysis results were collected and classified in one of the 13 groups of the HFACS framework, and a database was created. According to the structure of the HFACS framework, the BN model was developed. HFACS is a 4 levels hierarchy of human and organizational errors, in which higher levels can influence directly lower levels and this pattern can help to the develop a BN graphical model. Causal factors at the 4 levels of the HFACS consist the nodes of the BN model. In the next step, for each node, states were defined that show different values of the variable. In this study, except for unsafe acts node that had three states (skill based, decision, and perceptual), other nodes had two states; yes (node involved in an accident) and no (node not involved in an accident). The main hypothesis of the HFACS framework is that deficiency at the higher level casual factors can lead to deficiency at the lower level casual factors. Hence, in the present study, all causal factors (parents nodes) at the higher level were connected to the lower level causal factors (child nodes) edge with arcs. For instance, causal factors of unsafe supervision (level 3) that include inadequate supervision, planned inappropriate operations, failure to correct a known problem, and supervisory violations are parents of environmental factors, personnel factors, and condition of operator nods which belong to preconditions for unsafe acts (level 2). After the graphical structure of the BN model was developed, using database that obtained in the previous section and the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm model was trained. In a BN the conditional probability tables (CPTs) are used to determine quantitative relationships among a set of variables. The EM algorithm is one of the common methods to calculate. There are several approaches for conducting a sensitivity analysis but the mutual information (MI) approach is most common. In order to determine the factors with greatest impact on unsafe acts, the MI approach was used and the sensitivity analysis was performed. In probability theory, the MI of two random variables is a measure of the mutual dependence between the two variables. In the current study, Netica version 5.24 was used to perform calculations and analyses.

The results of this study showed that at the level of unsafe acts, skill-based errors (%67.3) had the highest prior probability technique errors were the most skill based errors that were detected. Also at the level of unsafe conditions, environmental factors (%74.8) had the highest prior probability. Inadequate installation and improper housekeeping were the most frequently identified environmental factors that led to accidents. At the levels of unsafe supervision and organizational influences, inappropriate planned operation (%60.6) and organizational processes (%35.3) had the highest prior probability, respectively. Inadequate task/safety plan from unsafe supervision level and lack of standard operation procedures from organizational influences level were the most frequently identified deficiency in the selected accidents. The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the environmental factors from level 2, inappropriate planned operation from level 3, and organizational processes from level 4 had the greatest impact on unsafe acts. Based on the analysis results, several strategies were made to reduce the unsafe acts of employees.

In the current study, by integrating the HFACS framework as a qualitative tool and BN as a powerful quantitative tool, a human factors analysis model was developed. The results of this study indicated that the environmental factors and inappropriate planned operation had the most effect on the unsafe acts. Although organizational influences play a role as indirect factors on the unsafe acts, paying attention to eliminating defects at this level can be useful in reducing accidents. Different forms of unsafe acts require various interventions, therefore, the use of BN model can be helpful in determining strategies tailored to the specificities of the unsafe acts.

Over time new energy sources and advanced technologies will be needed. Fossil fuels such as gas energy play a major role in the energy demand of world. Natural gas (NG) is containing of methane as a primary fuel is used in urban and building application. Moreover development of technological methods for gas extraction, increased the use of this resource. It is also a source of raw material for petrochemical industry. Although methane is often regarded as a non-toxic chemical but high concentration can reduce the percentage of oxygen in the air. Natural gas distribution, lower extraction cost and less environmental contamination are the advantages of natural gas using. In these years natural gas as a source of energy basket was used due to environmental issues and decreasing of oil reserve in world. However natural gas is a most important alternative instead of fuel. After extraction of natural gas sent to refiner. By finishing the refining and processing procedure, natural gas is chemically ready to use but it is colorless and odorless gas as physically. From a safety point of view a change must be made in natural gas to quickly and easily identify. In the gas distribution process for industrial and public use, ensuring of the user safety is important. Many accidents are reported where gas leak cause these difficulties. Therefore, in this industry sulfur containing compounds as a leak warning was added to transmission system in order to recognize gas egression. In the city station; natural gas with the maximum pressure of 700-1000 PSIG and a minimum pressure of 300-350 PSIG was transited and then pressure was reduced in the level of 250 PSIG. The compounds are used to prevent the potential risks of leaks and explosion. Sulfur containing compounds have a very prominent odor and in order to this properties is detectable by the sense of smell at the lowest level of release. These compound could be cause eye and throat irritation and bronchitis. Inhalation exposure of hydrocarbons increased the risk of headaches, eye irritation and asthma. However, occupational exposure to natural gas in this industry is considerable and the natural gas toxicity in workers is a health risk for gas staff industry. Although exposure to natural gas in homes is very low, exposure to natural gas for technical personnel in gas industry is an important concern. Technical personnel monitor troubleshooting of gas system. However limited number of investigate have been studied the effect of airborne exposure to natural gas. So the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of occupational exposure to natural gas compounds on cholinergic activity and plasma thiol groups. Plasma thiol was evaluate to show the balance between the generation and deactivation of free radicals.

This research is a descriptive with comparative design that was carried out in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Gas Company in the year of One hundred ninety eighty eight and One hundred ninety eighty nine. In this study, eighty men workers from the technical personnel of the gas company as the exposed group and also eighty men employees from the administrative section of the company were selected as the control group. Demographic information including age, work experience and smoking was collected using a worksheet. The health statue of subjects was evaluated by their medical examination file. All participants in the study had no specific disease and did not use particular drug. Subjects fill General Health Questionnaire for entering to study. The questionnaire assess physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. The scoring method in this questionnaire is from 1 to 4 for options a through d. The test scores in each sub score was between 4 to 28.  A score higher than 14 for each sub-scale indicate a probability of a problem. As a result of statistical test age, official personnel, smoking and work experience in unexposed subjects were matched with the technical staff. Age of technical personnel was 37.41±6.42 year. At the end of the shift, for each person two mL blood was sampled and collected in an anticoagulant tube. Blood samples were centrifuged at three thousand RPM for ten min and plasma was prepared. Workers of natural gas industry have tasks such as trouble-shooting and adjustment activity. In these tasks leakage, filter replacement and regulator adjustment was performed. Also technical staff monitor the various station daily. Health risk was determined by the levels of plasma thiol as an indicator of oxidative stress and evaluating the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system in both groups of technical and administrative subjects. Thiol groups in body proteins are an important antioxidant and is one of the major intra- and extra cellular reducers. Thiol group exist in the structure of proteins and indicate antioxidant properties of plasma. It has an anti-oxidant role while by reacting with oxidizing agent reduced oxidative stress. Plasma thiol levels were measured using the Hu method. In this method, 5,5chr('39')-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is reduced by thiol groups to 2-nitro-5-mercaptic acid. Anion 2-Nitro-5-mercaptouric acid is a yellow compound. Therefore, the intensity of the dye produced in the reaction will be proportional to the total thiol concentration of the reductant. The absorbance of the thiol solution is measured at 412 nm. The outcome of results were analyzed by the software of SPSS version twenty one. The level of statistical significance was set at pre value of 0.05.Data normality were analyzed using Kolmogorov Smiirnov test. Data were presented by Mean ±Sd. for normal distribution of data, the difference between exposed and control subjects was evaluated by two sample student t-test. If samples haven’t normal like distribution Mean Whitney U test was applied.

The mean of age in technical workers of the gas company were 37.6 ± 41.42 years by work experience of 10.93 ± 5.37.There are no significant difference between work experience and age in the exposed and administrative workers. The results show that cholinergic activity in the technical personnel is significantly higher in comparison with that of the administrative staff by the pre value lower than 0/02. A total of seventy percent of the cholinergic activity in administrative staff people as base level was set at twenty four unit per liter. The activity of acetyl choline esterase in fifty nine percent of technical personnel was lower than this base value. The rate of decrease relative to baseline ranged from 0.57 to 24.52 U / L. The results of Logistic regression test show the chances of abnormalities of acetyl choline esterase activity in technical personnel are two times higher than to office personnel. The activity of acetyl choline esterase enzyme in the technical personnel has a significant relationship with the levels of thiol levels in the plasma. Median of thiol group in plasma of exposed group was 0.48 from 0.121 to 1.07 micro molar and for unexposed population was 0.5 micro molar by minimum value of 0.012 to maximum level of 0.94 micro molar. The level of plasma thiol groups was not significantly different between technical personnel and office subjects by the pre value lower than 0/642.Pearson correlation test showed that acetylcholinesterase activity in technical personnel was positively correlated by Pre value lower than 0.05 with plasma thiol groups (r = 0.3). One of the most important reasons for the change in cholinergic activity is the disruption of the balance of oxygen free radicals. The results of this study are in line with the theory that the decrease in cholinesterase activity is correlated with the decrease in plasma thiol groups. The low correlation coefficient between cholinergic activity and thiol group could be due to poor control of various factors to cause oxidative stress in studied subjects such as nutrition and environmental pollution and so on. The results did not show a significant difference in the amount of thiol groups between different tasks of natural gas industry.

Studding of the damaging factor in natural gas workers is one of the most important factor in the health controlling among the energy producing industries. Research have shown no clear perspective on the long exposure for occupational exposure in natural gas industry. In order to prevent the toxicity of chemical agent in the workplace, biological monitoring of workers is an important for the control of chemical exposure. In several decade ago, investigation of enzymatic activity is a suitable biomarker for chemical exposure monitoring. In a total conclusion can be said odorant compound due to their Organo sulphur structure cause increase in the para sampatic activity then could be effect in the health of technical subjects in gas industry. In this study, the level of thiol group in technical personnel was lower than in office workers but this relationship was not significant. The lack of difference between plasma thiol groups in the exposed subjects and official workers could be related to variation of the compound containing the thiol group. The toxicity of natural gas was not sufficient to reduce plasma thiol group in exposed people. Keywords: Natural gas, Colinergic activity, Neurotoxicity risk assessment, Plasma thiol group

In recent decades, the essence of work was changed because of the great evolutions in several parts of manufacturing and industry. Increasing global competitive marketing was a cause of these changes. Generally, changes in work include: mechanization, automation, information technology, organizational restructuring, work-related modification and staff multitasking. According to these changes, the need to learn and develop new skills led to increased psychosocial factors including job stressors. Almost, the majority of people experience job stressors at work. Job stress occurs when there is no balance between job demands and worker’s capabilities. In several studies, job stress is identified as an important and effective factor that effects on health, performance and industrial safety. Usually, workers exposed to several stressors in the workplace, including: relationships and tensions among employees, high workload, long work hours, poor job design, role ambiguity or conflict, weak support from management and coworkers, high-speed work and so on. Job demands like workload, physical factors of the workplace and job control manner are the most effective stressors on the workerschr('39') life. Fatigue is a significant negative consequence of these stressors. For example, high job demands lead to impaired cognitive functioning and tired feeling that those are the fatigue symptoms. As regards the fewer studies about stress among industrial workers in Iran and there is no study on the relationship between job stressors and fatigue among Iranian workers, this survey was performed to study relationships among job stressors, especially job demands and job control, with fatigue; also, assessing the fatigue changes during the working day according to the job stressors was the other aim of this study.

This survey was a cross-sectional study that gathered from three hundred and thirty-eight industrial workers from the big industries of Tabriz city. The purpose of the study was explained with clarity to all participants. Only those who agreed to participate in the study and who had more than one-year working experience, healthy people (Who didn’t suffer from diabetes, asthma, blood pressure and anemia) and those who worked in day shift, were enrolled. Participants were selected by a convenient method for this study. A valid job stress HSE questionnaire, a demographic factors questionnaire and fatigue checklist were used to conduct data. At first, to study and evaluate of fatigue in time, a designed checklist was used. According to the aim of this study, we designed a checklist that measures worker’s acute fatigue in every time of working day. By this checklist, the participants rated their fatigue in the range of 0-10 (0= there is no fatigue feeling, 10=there is an excessive fatigue feeling), at specified hours during the working day from 7:00 to 18:00. Then, the demographic questionnaire and fourteen items of job stress questionnaire to evaluate job demands and job control were provided to participants. The scoring of job stress questionnaire was ranked from 0 to 4 (no to more) in this study. To data analyses, the working day was divided into three times, time 1 was from 7:00 to 10:00 (7:00, 8:00, 9:00 and 10:00), time 2 was from 11:00 to 14:00 (11:00, 12:00, 13:00 and 14:00) and time 3 was from 15:00 to 18:00 (15:00, 16:00, 17:00 and 18:00). Then, the average of fatigue was computed for each time. The variables of job demands and job control were adjusted between two groups (little and more) at the start of the study. The normality of quantitative data was evaluated by K-S test, identity of the covariance matrix was checked by Mauchlychr('39')s W test and the Nested Repeated Measure and Controlling Covariates test was used to investigate fatigue among three time periods by SPSS Software Version 25. At the end, the Controlling Covariate test was used by Minitab Software Version 18.1 to control of confounding variables. The results include three P-values for comparing groups between three times. The first was P-value (Group) for comparing between three groups, the second was P-value (Time) for comparing between three times (time 1, time 2, and time 3), and the third P-value (Level) was computed for comparing fatigue in each depression levels. The level of significance was set at P-value < 0.05. All results were expressed as Mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean).

According to the results, the mean age of workers was 37.04±0.4 years; and the mean working experience of workers was 11.45 ± 0.35 years. Also, the majority of the participants were male workers. About 52 percent of workers had more than 11 years of work experience and 62 percent of participants were fixed shift workers. The workers worked on average 203.65±1.8 hours in month. They had a mean 30.57±1.4 minutes rest-time in a day. Fifty and three percent of workers believed that they had a moderate income while the others were dissatisfied with their income, and they considered it inadequate. Results showed that job demands variable was significantly related to fatigue in time (p<0.001) and fatigue was increased by increasing of job demands (p<0.001). According to the results, by increasing job demands level from low to high, the severity of fatigue has increased. Also, the significant relationship between job control and fatigue was showed in results (p<0.001). According to the results, by decreasing job control level from high to low, the severity of fatigue has increased (p<0.001). At the end, the mean of fatigue had a positive trend from the start of working day and was increased by spending of time; fatigue score was increased by changing time from time 1 to time 2 and from time 1 to time 3 (p<0.001).  

The job stressors, especially job demands and job control, have adverse effects on several aspects of human life; fatigue is one of these negative consequences. According to the results, fatigue is a gradual process that increases by spending time from the starting of job activities. If so, the level of job control is low, or the job demands are higher than the capacity of workers in an organization, the severity of fatigue will increase. The importance of these findings is in the planning and implementation of necessary actions to reduce fatigue and its related incidents. So, it is recommended that industry managers and relevant authorities take proceedings to reduce the effects and severity of fatigue by reducing the time pressure, work speed, and workload and increasing the power of decision-making and application of work skills. Organizations also can reduce fatigue by decreasing the long hours of work and dedicating enough time for the rest of the workers.

  Physical and chemical genotoxic factors in the living and working environment cause a variety of DNA damage, including DNA fracture failure, which leads to a variety of mutations that cause various diseases.  DNA damage plays an important role in the development of cancer, and most human cancers are associated with DNA instability. DNA biomarkers measuring that cause DNA damage are widely used in molecular and cytogenetic epidemiology to assess the spread of chromosomal damage in human communities exposed to genotoxic agents, as well as to better identify carcinogenic mechanisms.Exposure to smoke from different fuels leads to damage of DNA and ultimately results to various cancers. Today, the Comte test is one of the standard methods for assessing DNA damage in human screening and molecular epidemiology, caused by lifestyle and environmental and occupational factors, as well as basic research on DNA damage and repair in vitro and in vivo are used. Due to its high sensitivity and ease of use in human studies, the Comte assay was used to measure DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a genetic biomarker of cancer risk assessment. Today, the Gas as a suitable, inexpensive and affordable gas for cooking is use as the main fuel in cities. Gas is mainly composed of methane, and its complete combustion reaction results in the production of one carbon dioxide molecule, two water vapor molecules, and heat.Exposure of the bakeries to high levels of hazardous air pollutants from municipal gas is often forgot. In addition, the exposure of these people in bakeries with different types of baking is not the same. Due to the closed space and improper ventilation of the bakery environment, bakers are in direct and long-term contact with the smoke and vapors emitted from the fuel of the baking machine, these substances enter their bodies through inhalation, skin and eyes, and DNA resulted to cells damaged. The purpose of this study has been to assess the DNA damage in bakery worker lymphocytes according to different baking in compare to control people by using the comet assay. 

In this cross-sectional study, forty-four male baker including 11 people in each of the three groups of different types of Sangaks and Machine and Traditional baking with the same type of gas fuel and 11 controls were studied. The control group was randomly selected from healthy male non-bakers among University of Gonabad staff with no history of baking exposure. Non-bakers’ group was almost similar to the bakers’ group in terms of background variables. The study was approved by the institutional committee of research Ethics (code: 90 / 4 / 395) at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.The random sample method was used for sampling. Samples from the list of bakers available in the citychr('39')s bakerschr('39') :union: were randomly selected, and each who had the criteria to enter the study was included in the study. A detailed questionnaire was used to determine the following parameters: socioeconomic and demographic details (age) and personal habits (smoking history, chewing tobacco history, and alcohol-drinking habits), physical characteristics (height in meters and weight in kilograms, which were also used to determine body mass index (BMI); other physical characteristics included systolic pressure and diastolic pressure), and exposure details. Firstly, after obtaining the consent of the selected individuals and completed the demographic profile form, and 5 ml of blood sampling was obtained.After blood sampling, peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood, and before the comet test, the viability of the cells was determined by trypan blue dye.The alkaline comet test was used, according to Singh et al.chr('39')s method. The cells containing the gel were then prepared. After the gel solidifies, the slides are transferred to a lubricating solution and placed in the dark for 60 minutes. The slides for electrophoresis were then placed in a horizontal electrophoresis tank and the surface-to-surface tank was covered with fresh electrophoresis buffers within 20 minutes. In order to prevent the effect of visible light on naked DNA, all steps were performed in the dark and even the electrophoresis tank was covered with aluminum foil. After electrophoresis, the slides are rinsed and soaked in suitable buffer for 15 minutes. dyed with fixed methanol and 20 mg / mL ethidium bromide (EtBr), for 5 min. The prepared slides were rated with a fluorescent microscope (Nikon 50i) with an x200 magnification.The slides were evaluated coded and blinded. Two slides were prepared for each sample, and 50 cores per slide, ie 100 cores per sample, and 4400 cores (3300 cores for the study group and 1100 cores for the control group) were examined with Comet Score Version 1.5 software. The DNA damage studied included tail length, percent tail DNA, and tail moment The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of data distribution in each of the three experimental groups and control group. According to the normal distribution of data, one-way analysis of variance to examine quantitative variables age, weight, height, body mass index, blood pressure, work experience, daily working hours, tail length (µm), DNA percentage in tail and tail moment (µm) was used. The p value was considered significant at < 0.05. SPSS software (Version 14, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis. 

There were not any differences in the size of the room. The air conditioning system was a suitable fan, which was proportional to the size of the room. There was an appropriate chimney, which was proportional to the volume of the oven and was placed one meter above the center of the bakery oven. The results delineated no significant difference between the four groups regarding age, weight, height, BMI, and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. As a result, the groups were homogeneous with regard to these variables (p > 0.05).The results of this study showed that more than 96 % of isolated lymphocytes are alive and are suitable for further testing. The amounts of DNA damage in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of all bakers were significantly higher than the control group. Most likely, this increase in damage is due to the smoke from the fuel when baking bread indoors and poor ventilation.Baker in traditional and Sangaks baking trays showed greater damage compared to kind of Machine baking), so that tail lengths (μm) for traditional bakers were 18.70 ± 9.70, 16.33 ± 7.44 (for Sangaks baking), 10.56 ± 6.20 (for Machine baking) versus control group 4.05 ± 1.97. In addition, the percentage of DNA in the tail in the traditional baker group was 3.8 times higher than in the control group (6.70 ± 3/40 versus 1.75 ± 0/79). In the Sangaks and Machine cooking types, although the percentage of DNA in the tail was lower than in the traditional oven-cooking group (5.66 ± 2/16 and 3.72 ± 1/95, respectively), it showed an increase of 3.2 and 2.1 times the damage compared to the control group. In addition, the size of the tail moment was more significant for users of traditional cooking than Sangakss cooking and machine cooking. Furthermore, tail moment size (μm), in traditional baker was higher than other groups, especially control group (4.36 ± 4.00 versus 0.37 ± 0.43, respectively). In addition, tail moment size in sangaks and machine baker were higher than control group (3.45 ± 3.21, 1.52 ± 1.48 versus 0.37 ± 0.43, respectively). 

The smoke from fuel used in baking, Because of their mutagenic properties, can lead to increased DNA damage in bakerchr('39')s lymphocytes that was higher in traditional baking type. Furthermore, amount of DNA damage increased by work history increases. It seems higher DNA damage in traditional baker was due to differences in the size of the oven opening and the proximity of the baker to the oven, which causes more smoke to be inhaled from the bakerchr('39')s fuel. Creating awareness among bakers seems to be necessary due to the lack of optimal conditions for fuel and cooking, lack of awareness and, most importantly, incomplete information about conservation processes.

Since most activities of power distribution companies, especially their operational processes, have become contract-based, it is necessary to improve HSE performance of contractors considering the factors affecting their performance. Since the HSE system is a large, interactive, dynamic, and open system, many factors affect HSE performance of contractors, which require a lot of resources and time that are not available to contractors, and the employer in order to focus and invest on upgrading them all. In various studies of HSE performance and evaluation, these factors have been identified and introduced by the researchers in line with the field of study, but many these factors make it difficult for managers to focus on and invest in promoting them to achieve the most efficient and effective results due to limit time and resources, as existing research lacks a scientific and systematic way to identify key success factors in HSE performance. Hence, this paper raises a critical question around enhancing the HSE operational contractors’ performance of power distribution companies by categorizing the complex factors affecting their performance into prioritized groups to improve the efficient and effective performance of HSE.

In this study, factors and sub-factors affecting the HSE performance of contractors were extracted from combination of previous studies, and a survey among experts based on BROWN theory framework. But considering high number of these factors, and the necessity for deeper focus on management, and also the importance of optimal usage of resources with a priority to improve, then it was managed to apply DEMATEL method to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between the sub-factors with each other and to determine which sub-factors are key factors of success for improving the HSE performance of contractors. Sub-factors of key success are sub-factors that have a significant impact on the whole system and their improvement can significantly improve the performance of the HSE, so, it is clear that they should be given more attention. To do this study, first extracted the identified factors in the relevant literature and listed them as a guide with a questionnaire to suggest factors affecting the HSE operational contractors’ performance of power distribution companies was given to a group of experts. In this study, contractorschr('39') HSE performance was considered as a system in accordance with BROWN theory framework and Experts were asked to submit their proposed factors in the framework of the above. After agreeing and finalizing the factors, experts were again asked to participate in suggesting and determining the sub-factors related to each factor. In this step, content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used to determine content validity of identified factors and sub-factors. Then, to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between the sub-factors and finally the factors, DEMATEL method was used. Using this approach we were able to aggregate group knowledge, form a structural model, and then plot the causal relationship between the sub-factors through a cause-effect relationship diagram. DEMATEL outputs provide information on the impact each sub-factors has on the overall HSE performance of contractors. Through structural model analysis and discussion, we can discover which sub-factors are of fundamental importance to the whole system, and which are not. And as a result, the most influential causal sub-factors on the system are key success factors. The data obtained in this study were analyzed and processed using DEMATEL, SPSS and Excel software.

In this study, after a survey among expert groups and determining the validity of 20 factors and 51 sub-factors affecting the operational contractors’ HSE performance of power distribution companies based on BROWN theory framework in three sections, including input, process and output, it was found out that after analyzing the results of DEMATEL, 19 sub-factors including 15 causal sub-factors and 4 ordinary sub-factors were identified as sub-factors of key success, which based on the analysis of the distribution of key success sub-factors, 37% of which are in the input section, 53% are in the process section and 10% are in the output section of the HSE system. In the present study, the factor of HSE expert in the contracting company was identified as the most influential factor in contractor HSE performance, and among the key success factors.

In this study, 19 out of the total 51 identified sub-factors that affect HSE performance of contractors were identified as key success sub-factors by the proposed method that managers and decision-makers can focus on in order of priority to improve the HSE system using limited resources, systematically and effectively. Anyway, about 86% of the identified sub-factors in the input and process sections of the Brown Theory Framework indicate that the output sub-factors or the results of the contractorchr('39')s HSE system were largely dependent on prospective and action-oriented factors and improving the HSE performance of a contractor without these important dimensions of the HSE system would be extremely difficult and almost impossible. On the other hand, the high percentage of key success factors in the process section indicates that improving the HSE performance of the contractor is largely dependent on the proper performance of the contractor in the sector and this has a significant role in the HSE system and its performance improvement. Given that 13 factors, or about 68% of the key success factors identified in this study, are directly related to management, it should be noted that the major impacts on the HSE system and its significant improvement in performance are largely dependent on the management of the contracting organization or company. In this study, applying the Brown Performance Framework has led to a comprehensive and systematic identification of the factors affecting the performance of each dimension of the HSE system, while the Applying this framework enables analyzing the distribution of key success factors in the contractor HSE system and highlights the importance of each dimension of the contractor HSE system in this regard in addition, it indicates to managers what phases of this framework and to what extent and quality they anticipate and focus their preventive and corrective actions.

Lack of comprehensive theses databases in various fields can be a reason for research problems in every field. In Iran, I has been several decades that due to scientific and cultural developments of work, the necessity to train Occupational Safety and Health experts is perceived and for this reason, we have witnessed the increasing development of graduates in this field, especially in graduate courses. However, despite various research activities as theses, no study has been conducted on thematic fields of interest, population under study, and similar cases and these constitute the concerns of experts and policymaking in this field.According to lack of access to accurate information about theses in the field of Occupational Safety and Health in Iran, this descriptive study aimed to analyze the content of MSc and PhD theses in Occupational Safety and Health in 2017 in a cross-sectional study for a 10-year period from 2007 to 2016 through investigating theses in universities of medical sciences in Tehran to draw the status quo and investigate advantages and disadvantages of studies and research gaps.

Content analysis is a standard method to study and identify the features of registered information in various documents such as theses and the variables of this study included university, gender and grade of the writer, field, location, city, methodology, data collection tool or method, population, and sample.From 2009 to 2010, we saw the integration of University of Tehran and Iran University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, about theses in this interval, theses that were available in the libraries of these centers were included in the lists of the related university. Sampling was carried out according to census and through investigating all theses that existed in these universities. In order to collect data, the conventional method in the field of scientometrics was used as one of the most common assessment methods for scientific activities and development quantification. Data were collected by direct reference to the theses and entering the information in the pre-prepared list consistent with the objectives and variables of interests and previous studies. It should be noted that in the absence of the main file of the end of the letter in the library , an abstract of the text or full electronic text in the library site of the relevant university was used . the collected data were analyzed using spss software and excel version .This study was conducted on Occupational Safety and Heath theses in universities of medical sciences in Tehran. The sample included MSc and PhD theses in Occupational Safety and Health available in the libraries of Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Iran University of Medical Sciences.

According to investigating Occupational Safety and Health theses in universities in Tehran city, of 350 published theses in the information database of the libraries of these universities, 336 theses (96.57%) were available and most of them during 2007-2016 were related to the University of Tehran with 134 theses (39.64%). Moreover, frequency distribution of theses according to the publication year indicates that the majority of Master’s and Ph.D. theses with 21 theses (6.21%) belong to 2014 in the University of Tehran. To conduct the study, university and industry or university and hospital as well as industry and hospital were used and the numbers are separately stated in the related section. Different types of studies in the health field studies are divided into descriptive and analytic types. Analytic studies include interventional or observational studies and descriptive studies report the case or are ecological. Here, analytic observational studies had the most uses in all four universities.Among different topics, chemical and physical factors, safety as well as ergonomics, toxicology, and biological factors and among cities, Tehran and Mahshahr Petrochemical Industry were selected. Industries ranked first as the project site and SPSS showed the highest application. Ignoring the MSc and PhD graduates in Occupational Safety and Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences showed the highest number. The ratio of female students, except Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was higher than males. Among various studies on health sciences, analytical observational study was the most used study among all four universities.

The findings of this study showed that ignoring the graduates of Occupational Safety and Health in country’s universities, Tehran University of Medical Sciences had the highest ratio. The ratio of female students, except Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was more than males. About this aspect, it should be noted that although Occupational Safety and Health needs physical capabilities to be present in various occupational environments, the existing condition for student admission needs more investigation and this should be investigated and analyzed more carefully. However, for graduate courses, the issue of presence in industry can be considered marginally and instead, other aspects such as attracting the graduates in educational centers and universities can be taken into consideration. In this condition, gender inequality and relative and high presence of females can be more justifiable. According to the importance of Occupational Safety and Health presence in large and small industries, the presence of students in industries and conducting studies required by industries are growing in this context. Nevertheless, for several reasons, Tehran may be selected as the research location but health issues of the workforce in other parts of the country should not be ignored. Although questionnaire and interview have been used as data collection tools in many theses, the share of laboratory tools has been higher. The objectives of Occupational Safety and Health include identification, assessment, and control of the existing harmful factors in the workplace with a series of healthcare services in order to make the workplace healthy and maintain the health of the workforce. Among different data analysis software, SPSS with modified versions is the applied software in this field that seems instruction of this software as an academic course has to be taken into consideration. Allocation of sufficient budget to prepare required equipment for sampling and updating them seems necessary.The results of this study indicated a positive growth in student recruitment in postgraduate studies in Occupational Safety and Health but the dispersal of the recruited students, subjects, and location as well as samples, tools, and statistical methods address the need for references to announce research needs to universities. Keywords: Content analysis, thesis, occupational health, Iran

Agriculture is the most important and essential part of providing human needs. The imagination of developed world is not possible without agriculture. Agriculture is one of the main sources of employment and income generation in many countries, especially in developing countries and in this regard is responsible for providing food security and safety as a national target. But, in order to achieve this goal, farmers must be healthy. Thatchr('39')s while agriculture is known as a high-risk sector all around the world and farmers are exposed to a wide range of occupational hazards by doing hard work. Agricultural injuries are reported from all around the world. Of a total of 335,000 work-related incidents worldwide about 170,000 deaths happen among agricultural workers per year. Occupational disease is particularly relevant to agriculture and has an incidence rate similar to that of other sectors. In Iran, in spite of the importance of agricultural areas and the agricultural workforce, there are not enough statistics about injuries and work-related accidents in this sector and limited epidemiologic research has evaluated the health status and potential occupational hazards among farm workers and most of farmers are not covered by occupational health. So farmers are faced with many challenges in relation to agricultural occupational health. Among the many factors that cause accidents and injuries, behavior has been identified as one of the most important factors. In other mean, Behavior has been identified as the most important factor that cause accidents and injuries and which, in turn, has an important role in reducing exposure to work-related damage. So, considering the importance of behaviors in accidents and work-related injuries, to prevent and reduce accidents and injuries, the focus on individual behaviors is necessary. Because preventive activities before hurt and injuries have the greatest ability to reduce them. Strategies for promoting behavior is one of the preventive activities. Investigated show that, so far, no study has been done about improving the occupational health behaviors among Iranian farmers. So the purpose of this research is to identify and rank approaches for promoting farmers’ occupational health behaviors.

The study was conducted based on a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. It was conducted between July 2016 to November 2018. In qualitative section content analysis method was used. The study population in this part included faculty members of agricultural science and occupational health of medical science, agriculture experts, occupational health experts, and the farmers. This study used purposive and snowball sampling methods to select the sample. At the beginning of the sampling, a number of experts were selected purposefully and then they were asked to introduce other people who had enough information in this field to participate in interview. The data from the interview reached saturation through in-depth individual interviews with 47 participants. All the participants of the study were interviewed by a trained researcher who conducted the interviews on their farms or in their residences in Kermanshah province in western Iran. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, observations and group discussion. Unstructured interviews were performed with follow-up questions with group discussion until “reaching saturation”. Also, Coding technique was used for analyzing the data. To this end, the transcribed interviews were studied and analyzed after each interview session. Then, data coding procedure was performed. To have open coding, texts relevant to each interview were carefully studied line by line and elements containing a point related to the main research question were identified and labeled with the same theme. The output was extracted themes related to the subject of the study. Then, the resulting themes were carefully examined and compared in terms of similarities and differences. After that, themes of the same nature or with relevant meaning were classified as categories. After identifying the categories, their features and aspects were specified to thoroughly distinguish them from each other and to determine their exact nature. In the next step, the main categories and sub-categories were linked.In order to ensure reliability and validity in quantitative research, prolonged contact with the participants was used for gathering and analyzing data. Also, multiple methods were used for gathering data. The coded interviews were reviewed. After coding the interviews, part of it was returned to participants to ensure implementation of the codes with their experiences. In this research, intended to do the sampling with the greatest diversity. To ensure consistency in the process of analyzing data, some colleagues were asked to review and revise the codes. The text of interviews, codes and categories gathered were sent to people familiar with qualitative research for investigation and their opinions about the validity of the analysis and interpretations were obtained. Also, when coding each interview, we investigated previous coded data. To increase generalizability, the researchers tried detailed descriptions and meaningful research process to provide follow-up research process to others. The quantitative research section of this study, in order to select the best strategies and determine the importance and weight of each of the strategies, and finally rank them, among the methods (coefficient of variation, Mean Rank, Friedman test, Hierarchical analysis, etc.) are used for ranking, Analytical Hierarchy process was selected. Hierarchical analysis is the most suitable method for comparing paired ratings. This method helps decision makers to combine group memberschr('39') decisions with each other so that optimal decision-making involves the opinions of all members. The study population included experts in field of agricultural occupational health. Purposeful and theoretical sampling method were used to select samples. At the beginning of the purposeful sampling, referred to several experts, then they were asked to provide other people with sufficient information in this field to complete the questionnaire, a total of 14 people were identified and examined. The data were collected through questionnaire that was designed according to the extracted categories related to the qualitative part of this research. In order to evaluate the content and face validity of the questionnaire, four experts were asked to study the questionnaire and express their opinions. After collecting the assessment of experts, the necessary changes were implemented in the tool. In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, an inconsistency rate was used. This is a common method of measuring reliability in hierarchical analysis. The incompatibility rate of judgments in paired rankings is up to 0.1, which is 0.02 for the questionnaire. SPSS version 16, Expert Choice11 and appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

According to the findings, the factors such as educational, safety requirements of agricultural machinery and inputs manufacturers, supporting and entities, information and media, interactions and organizational communication and also monitoring and evaluation were extracted as approaches for promotion of farmerchr('39')s occupational health behavior. From the specialists’ perspective educational factors and information and media were in the first and last ranks, respectively.

The results of the research indicate that there are several strategies for promoting the occupational behavior of agricultural industry which should be considered at macro level and in the medium and long term planning. Also, all the institutions and organizations that are in some way associated with the farming industry or with farmers, should consider themselves to be promoting occupational health behaviors among farmers, because promoting occupational health requires multiple approaches and partnerships. Considering the extent and distribution of agricultural farms and the number and variety of employed farmers, the unit of Agricultural Extension and Education or Occupational Health cannot lonely promote the farmers’ occupational health behavior. Achieving to this important goal requires the interaction and collaboration of the producers of agricultural equipment and the relevant organizations and institutions. Considering the educational strategy as the first way to promote farmers’ occupational health behavior from the perspective of participants, agricultural occupational health and safety education should be put in formal and informal training. In formal education planning at relevant faculties and departments, occupational safety and health, as in other developed countries, should have a definite position in which students who will somehow be associated with farmers in the future can play a role in promoting farmers’ safety and occupational health. In informal training, by making the needs assessment and designing various training programs we can attract farmerschr('39') attention to educational programs. The last rank of media and information strategy, means the less media activities in promoting agricultural occupational health behavior. But given the availability of appropriate infrastructure and by using of these potentials, media can play a tangible role in this regard.

According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, violence in the workplace refers to a set of unacceptable behaviors and actions or threats that occur intentionally, individually or repeatedly, resulting in physical, psychological, sexual or economic harm to employees. Workplace violence is a global problem that is expanding in size, and its prevalence is significantly different in different work environments.International studies have shown that workplace violence is related  to the negative mental health consequences such as psychological suffering, anxiety, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, depression, adjustment disorders, even work-related suicide and even physical complications such as musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The National Mental Health Promotion Document recommends the implementation of a violence prevention program as one of the basic interventions of the first level of prevention. This issue is also emphasized in the National Workerschr('39') Health Program in the country. This highlights the importance of assessing the prevalence of violence in the workplace and the factors that affect it in order to provide the information needed to design and evaluate intervention programs.According to what has been said, the present study was conducted in 2016 in Iran with the aim of determining the prevalence of different types of violence in labor environments in the country and identifying the factors affecting it. 

The present study was a cross-sectional and descriptive study which its implementation sites were industrial units in the country. Based on random cluster sampling, 380 units were selected from the list of all industrial work environments in the country. The sample size was determined to be equal to 400 people in each province with at least 5% alpha, 10% prevalence and 4% accuracy. In three provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan, due to the larger number of workers, the sample size was considered twice as much as other provinces, about 800 people in each of them. Thus, the minimum sample size required for the whole country was 13,600 people. Participants were also selected by random cluster sampling method and the evaluations were done by trained questioners. A two-part questionnaire including background information and a researcher-made questionnaire on the prevalence of various types of violence were used to collect data. Internal consistency method was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire and the calculated Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was 0.88. Data were collected and analyzed in STATA software version 12. Independent t-test and Chi-square tests were used to investigate the factors affecting violence in the workplace. 

The majority of participants (83%) were male. 26.5% of them were under 30 years old. 81.8% were married and 24.1% had undergraduate education. Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual and ethnic violence against any individual were 3.9, 14.4, 1.4 and 3.5, and by the individual were 18.7, 24.8, 3.4, respectively. Physical violence against a person had a significant relationship with male gender, shift work, part-time employment status, and contract employment status, but it had no significant relationship with marital status. 

The results of the present study show for the first time the high rates of violence against individuals and by individuals in the working population in the country. These results emphasize the need to design intervention programs to reduce violence in the workplace with a focus on individual and workplace-related factors at the national level.

Social workers have previously been identified as being at risk of experiencing fatigue, stress and burnout. Social work is strongly client-based, with workers being involved in complex social situations. As such, they can experience many of the conflicts that are evident in human service work. In addition, the last decade has seen a transformation in the nature and practice of social work, as a result of administrative, societal, and political change. A number of writers have commented that much of what is known about stress and burnout among social workers is anecdotal and there is a lack of systematic research findings on this subject. Fatigue is generally defined as a sense of persistent tiredness or exhaustion that is often distressing to the individual. It is a common subjective complaint among formal caregivers. Accordingly, the etiology of fatigue is believed to be multifactorial. Fatigue is often described by those who experience it in terms of physical, mental, and emotional tiredness. These sensations may be sufficiently consistent as to be characterized as unidimensional or, conversely, as sufficiently distinct in their expression as to be characterized as different dimensions of fatigue. This multidimensional characterization of fatigue is evidenced by the large number and variety of multidimensional fatigue measures currently available. The psychological consequences of providing social support and care to traumatized individuals have been under study for over 2 decades; however, few studies have focused on formal caregivers (i.e., therapists, child protection workers, nurses, social workers, etc.) and their emotional response to dealing with traumatized clients. Studies have shown that providing such care can be both highly rewarding and highly stressful. Individuals working in the care-giving professions, though, may have occupational environments and caregiving demands that increase the likelihood of adverse psychological outcomes Theoretically, individuals working in the caring professions often attempt to alter the behaviors and emotions of their clients by providing emotional support (e.g., empathy), strategies for coping with emotions, or better cognitive management skills. Within the context of formal caregiving, providing therapy to clients who have survived a traumatic event can be particularly stressful. Many researchers have indicated that therapists who work with traumatized clients often show signs of psychological distress as a result of these interactions. The adverse impact of working with clients who have a history of psychological trauma (e.g., sexual and physical abuse, military combat, or community disaster) has been described under a variety of terms: vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and fatigue.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that examines multidimensional fatigue in Iranian social workers. This study was conducted from July to November,2019. The statistical population of the study consisted of all those working in the field of social work in Iranian governmental and non-governmental organizations who were employed at the time of the study. Sampling was done by available method and snowball. A total of 334 people participated in the study. In the present study, the MFI standard questionnaire was used to measure fatigue, which is recognized as one of the most effective and most complete multidimensional fatigue measuring tools. A review of the literature and a history of applying the MFI questionnaire indicate that numerous studies have been carried out worldwide using the above-mentioned questionnaire. This questionnaire provides a deeper and more accurate understanding of a person's fatigue by assessing the extent of general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced arousal, and mental fatigue. In fact, the MFI measures fatigue in the way that a person feels. General physical exhaustion is related to one's overall day-to-day functions, physical exhaustion is related to physical sensation that is directly related to exhaustion, mental exhaustion is associated with reduced cognitive skills, reduced daily activity, and reduced activity and routine activity. Reduction of motivation refers to a decrease or lack of motivation to start any activity. This questionnaire is applicable to the population of patients and healthy people and consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 = yes completely right to 5 = completely wrong). Ultimately, higher scores indicate a higher degree of fatigue. It is noteworthy that four questions were considered for each dimension and simultaneously positive and negative orientations were used to reduce the likelihood of bias. The total score for each dimension is 4–20 and the total fatigue score which is achieved by summing the scores of the areas is between 20 –100. This questionnaire was first presented by Smiths in 1996, and its validity and reliability in different groups of cognitive populations, such as patients with cancer who were undergoing radiotherapy, patients with concomitant fatigue syndrome, first-year psychology and medical students, soldiers, and third-year medical students were evaluated. Alpha-Cronbach's coefficient was higher than 80% for general, physical and mental fatigue and above 65% for reduced activity and excitement. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this study was 69%. Demographic characteristics of the sample members including age, education, marital status, work experience, place of work, etc. were collected through a separate questionnaire and a sample questionnaire along with the main questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared electronically and sent to social workers working in different fields via SMS, email, questionnaire link sharing in social worker social media groups and channels. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

The age of participants was 21 to 62 years with a mean and standard deviation of 38.91± 23.82. 84 (25.1%) participants were male and 250 (74.9%) were female. The mean and standard deviation of the fatigue score was 62.72± 4.9. Mental fatigue and reduced motivation with a mean of 12.8 were the highest among the dimensions of fatigue. 66.8% of participants reported too much fatigue. 32.9% had moderate fatigue and only 0.3% had no fatigue. The results of mean comparison showed that the mean score of fatigue of social workers in social services area (welfare organization, charity associations and hospitals) was higher than other areas. Age group 56-62 reported higher mean fatigue than other age groups. Social workers with more than 30 years of experience also reported greater job fatigue than others. The results of mean comparisons showed that the mean of fatigue dimensions was different in the different domains (Chi-Square = 6.806 sig = 0.047), in the different age groups (Chi-Square = 1.715 sig=0.034) and in individuals with different work experience (Chi-Square= 0.861 sig=0.035).

Due to the nature of the social work profession, employment in different workplaces creates different levels of fatigue for social workers.. Therefore, the fatigue caused by employment in this profession is inevitable, and training self-care practices and the ability to change and rotate in different areas of work for social workers can reduce the effects of job fatigue. Making sense of a career and reviewing the reasons for being a social worker are some of the things that can reduce job fatigue. Developing a personal philosophy that guides the thinking and practice of social work will also be effective.

Mining has always been recognized as one of the most hazardous occupations, and mining environments have been discussed as one of the most dangerous work environments. Thus, occupational safety and health is a major issue for the 13 million people or miners in the world, many of whom are working in surface mines.Considering the slogan "Healthy humans are at the center of sustainable development" and given the need for maintaining the health of the workforce and protecting the environment, HSE management systems have currently been extended to most companies, organizations, industries, and mines to ensure workforce health and environmental protection. On the other hand, any organization and industry needs monitoring and auditing to determine the status and effectiveness of its HSE management system in order to identify and improve the strengths, weaknesses, and non-compliances of the system. So far, no comprehensive and coherent tool or mechanism has been provided for monitoring and auditing HSE in surface mines.HSE audit is a systematic process used to assess the compliance with the guidelines, regulations, rules, and standard executive procedures developed in the field of HSE. The existence of a comprehensive HSE audit system makes it possible to identify and control all system defects before they may cause irreparable damage. In addition, regarding the importance of HSE in mines and despite the existence of the ISRS[1] for safety auditing in mines, as this method only deals with safety and does not address health and environment as well as the main issues on mining, and due to the lack of a comprehensive and specific tool in Iran for auditing health, safety and environment, the present study was conducted in 2019 to provide a valid audit tool for HSE management system for surface mines.

This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 stages:A: Designing a preliminary checklist based on the HSE management system dimensions: Having reviewed the texts, standards, and regulations related to the health, safety and environment of the mines and also the related audit methods, the researcher developed the items for each dimension.B: Checklist validity: Given that this study aimed to design a specific checklist for mines, face and content validity was evaluated. The convenience sampling method was used to ensure face validity, and 15 HSE experts (working in surface mines) were selected and invited to cooperate. Finally, according to the expertschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) opinions, the items were reviewed and corrected and a new draft was prepared.To evaluate the content validity, qualitative and quantitative methods were used based on the Lawshe model. In a qualitative assessment of content validity, 15 HSE mining experts with work, research, and educational experiences were invited to participate as a panel group. They were then asked to read the checklist carefully and consider the issues such as the use of appropriate words, grammar, placement of items in their right place, and proper scoring, and to submit their corrective views in writing. Once the groupchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s comments were collected, necessary changes were applied to the checklist.To quantitatively examine the content validity, two indicators were used (content validity ratio and content validity index). Thus, the CVR[2] and CVI[3] were respectively used to ensure the selection of the most important and correct content and to ensure that the checklist items were best designed to measure the intended content.C: Checklist reliability: Reliability shows how the measurement tool gives the same results under the same conditions. To determine the external reliability, the checklist was completed by HSE experts in 20 surface mines and was assessed using the test-retest method and correlation coefficient at a two-week interval.Furthermore, the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate the internal reliability (agreement between evaluators) of the checklist items. To this end, the checklist was completed by three auditors in 8 surface mines, and the results were analyzed using the ICC method.

The results of this research are presented in the following sections: determining the items and designing the preliminary checklist, and evaluating the validity and reliability of the checklist.A: Determining the items and designing the preliminary checklist: Having reviewed various texts and considering the opinions of the research team and experts, the researcher used the HSE management system dimensions to design the audit checklist of the HSE management system of surface mines. The dimensions included leadership and commitment; policy and strategic goals; organization, resources, and documentation; risk assessment and management; planning, implementation, and monitoring; and audit and review. In the next step, the items were designed for each dimension.B: Checklist Validity: 1- Face Validity: Once the experts examined the sentences and items of the checklist in terms of appearance, word choice, and comprehensibility, necessary changes were applied. 2- Qualitative evaluation of content validity: After reviewing the checklist in terms of grammar, insertion of items in their right place, and proper scoring by the panel group (15 experts), the expertschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) opinions were collected and necessary changes were applied to the checklist. 3- Quantitative evaluation of content validity: The results of examining the content validity ratio (CVR) showed that 27 items of the checklist had a content validity ratio of < 0.49, and were removed from the audit checklist. Also, examining the content validity index showed that 191 items received a CVI score of >0.79, two items had a score of <0.70 and were removed from the audit checklist, and 3 items received a score of 0.70 - 0.79, which were corrected and revised and were then provided to 6 experts from the panel group. They were kept in the checklist with a score of >0.79.C: Checklist reliability: To ensure the external reliability (reliability over time), the health, safety and environmental experts completed the checklist twice at a two-week interval in 20 surface mines, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The interclass correlation coefficient (reliability over time) of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were favorable (> 0.8). Thus, the lowest and highest correlations after two weeks were estimated to be 0.970 and 0.995, respectively, which were associated to the policy and strategic goals and the risk assessment and management dimensions, respectively. To determine the internal reliability (agreement between evaluators), the audit checklist was completed by three auditors in 8 surface mines, and the collected data were entered into the SPSS software. The interclass correlation coefficient (agreement between evaluators) of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were also favorable (> 0.8). The highest and lowest internal reliability were associated to leadership and commitment (0.806) and risk assessment and management (0.967), respectively.

According to the results of this study, the CVI and CVR values for the whole audit checklist were 0.95 and 0.84, respectively. In other words, the audit checklist had an acceptable and appropriate validity index. Also, studying the reliability over time and the agreement between evaluators showed that the interclass correlation coefficient of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were greater than 0.8. In other words, the auditors had given approximately the same answers to the questions and thus the dimensions of the audit checklist, which in fact confirmed the validity of the researcher-made checklist. Finally, after making necessary changes and removing inappropriate questions from the preliminary checklist during validity and reliability assessments, 194 questions remained in the audit checklist.One of the strengths of this research is the comprehensiveness of the audit tool, which not only included safety, but also health and environment. It is also a specific tool for auditing the HSE management system of surface mines. In addition, the tool has high validity and reliability. One weakness of the tool is that it can only be used for surface mines and is not suitable for underground ones. It is recommended to improve the checklist for auditing the HSE management system for underground mines.According to the results of this study, the checklist designed for surface mines had proper reliability and validity and could be used to audit the HSE management system of surface mines. Finally, the audit output of the HSE management system for mines could be used to improve the HSE management system, identify the risks and non-compliances in the whole HSE management system, management interventions to eliminate defects, and achieve compliance with standards and regulations. [1] International Safety Rating System[2] Content Validity Ratio[3] Content Validity Index.

Occupational stress and risk perception are considered as the most well-known factors affecting the safety and health of employees and the occurrence of occupational accidents. On the other hand, occupational accidents also have a very undesirable effect on the performance of organizations, companies and their human resources. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between risk perception, resources and level of occupational stress and occupational accidents in one of the steel industries in Guilan Province.

This research was a case-control analytical study carried out among 700 steel rolling workers in a steel industry. The sample number was 248 based on the Morgan table. The number of 81 workers with work-related injuries during 2013-2017 were assigned as the case group and 167 workers without work-related injuries were randomly selected as the control group. Participants with informed consent completed 3 questionnaires as a 50-item questionnaire for sources of job stress, a 20-item  Davis’s questionnaire for job stress and a 133 –item  Flynn’s questionnaire for risk perception. The data were analysed using SPSS software version 20.

All study samples were male. The most of participants had the diploma degree, 93% were married, and 72% were shift workers. The results showed that there was no significant difference between each of the demographic characteristics such as shift work, marital status and education degree with occupational stress and risk perception variables for both the case and control groups. The mean occupational stress in the case and control groups was 54.02 and 48.09, respectively and there was a statistically significant relationship between occupational accidents and level of occupational stress (p value < 0.05). Also, the value of odds ratio was obtained 1.4, which showed that job stress increased the probability of accident by 40%. The overall score of sources of job stress for the case and control groups were 127.8 and 121.4, respectively, which did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups, but in some areas the difference was significant (p value <0.05). The highest difference was observed in the heavy duty of the role (p <0.05). The case and control groups respectively received 66% and 61.8% of the risk perception score that showed there was a significant difference between the case and control group score (p < 0.05).

The present study showed that there was a significant and direct relationship between sources and levels of job stress and occupational accidents and the workers with work-related injuries had a higher risk perception than non-injured workers. One of the important functions of risk perception is its positive effect on the analysis of environmental data and occupational processes and appropriate decision making, as well as improvement of the effective reactive approach in the workplace. One of the important results of this research was demonstrating the relationship of risk perception on workers’ experience of accidents and environmental safety issues. The transfer of experience and the development of an experience-based learning program are effective in increasing the level of risk perception of workers and in strengthening the reactive approach to workplace events and is directly effective in reducing the number and severity of occupational accidents. Identifying sources of job stress in the workplace and eliminating, controlling or modifying it, as well as implementing an operational plan for managing job stress and promoting workerschr('39') risk perception, are effective in reducing employee stress and accordingly in reducing the incidence of occupational accidents and thus promoting the level of physical and mental health and the level of productivity of employees and the reduction of occupational injuries and associated direct and indirect costs.

Weeds, pests, and diseases are becoming more and more resistant to agricultural pesticides, and this has, in turn, resulted in the use of more pesticides or more toxic pesticides among farmers. Along with the government’s incentive programs to increase production, the use of chemical pesticides has also been increased among farmers sharply. Farmers incur high costs by exposure to pesticides due to hospitalization of themselves and their families, medical services, and the loss of working days. The unsafe and excessive use of chemical pesticides also plays a role in the incidence of latent diseases such as diabetes, various cancers, Autism, Parkinson, etc., in addition to general symptoms. According to the theory of health belief, the safety behavior of farmers is inherently a kind of health behavior because, for farmers to have proper hygienic behaviors when using chemical pesticides, they must first feel threatened by them (perceived sensitivity). Then, they should understand the risk depth and its seriousness (perceived severity) and if they have a positive evaluation of the benefits, they will take preventive behaviors. Also, according to the planned behavior model, the variables of attitude, subjective norms, and control of perceived behavior ultimately lead to the accompaniment of intention to predict behavior in individuals. Due to the small size of farmers and the lack of knowledge as to the safety hazards of chemical pesticides, attention to safety behavior has been neglected more than ever. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the variables affecting the prediction of safety behavior of potato farmers in the Ardabil plain based on a combined model of planned behavior and health belief theory. In recent years, weed outbreaks and increased resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to chemical pesticides in the Ardabil plain have been significant. As the most important crop in Ardabil province, potatoes have been attacked by pests such as Colorado potato beetle and false whitefly more than ever. On the other hand, the increasing use of crop pests, the prevalence of low-quality imported pesticides, and the increased resistance of some pests to pesticides, such as the increased resistance of potato pests to the effectiveness of Metribuzin pesticide, which has increased the use of chemical pesticides by potato farmers have aggravated the problems. But, the common strategies of farmers to deal with them may lead to an increase in the use of pesticides or the use of pesticides with a higher degree of toxicity, which ultimately necessitates more and more comprehensive attention to safety behavior among potato farmers in the Ardabil plain.

This study is a descriptive survey that was conducted in 2019. By the multi-stage sampling method with the proportional assignment, 370 farmers were selected using Bartlett et al.’s table (30). As such, the individuals participated in the study including 193 potato farmers from Ardabil County, 104 potato farmers from Namin County, and 73 potato farmers from Nir County. The study instrument was a structured questionnaire whose validity was assessed by estimating its content validity. Qualitative face validity was checked by a panel of experts (faculty members in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and the University of Khuzestan in the field of chemical pesticide management in agriculture, specialists in Persian language and literature, and experts of occupational health). Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used for quantitative content validity of the questionnaire (CVR> 0.59; CVI> 0.79). Convergent and diagnostic validity was used to ensure the construct validity of the research instrument. Also, the reliability of the research instrument was confirmed by calculating Cronbachchr(chr (chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr ('39')))39chr(chr (chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr ('39'))))s alpha coefficient for each of the research variables (values ​​obtained above 0.7). The main variables related to two widely used models in estimating safety behavior (planned behavior and health belief theory) were determined in the form of an integrated model. Incidence of safety behavior was also included in the model in four stages of preparation and storage, preparation, use, and after the use of chemical pesticides. Finally, with the help of the structural equation model and SPSS18 and AMOS20 software, while determining the overall fit of the model and the most important stage of safety behavior, the variables accounting for safety behavior among farmers were obtained.

According to the results as to the use of chemical pesticides, most farmers (33.0%) had relatively unsafe safety behavior. However, the lowest group of farmers (9.5% of respondents) exhibited completely safe behavior. Analysis of the structural equation model showed that the fit of the integrated model was obtained to predict the safety behavior of farmers; overall, the proposed model could play up to 73% of the explanatory power to predict the occurrence of safety behavior. This model could best account for safety behavior in the "use of chemical pesticides" stage (with 68% of explanatory power). The most important explanatory variables in the occurrence of safety behavior are related to knowledge (β=0.35**), attitude (β=0.57**), and cues to action (β=0.35**), respectively. But, the effect of the three variables of age, health value, and perceived barriers in the model was not significant. Also, the best explanatory pathways in the display of safety behavior were related to the path of intention leading to safety behavior (0.850), referring to action leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.297), attitude leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.178), and mental norms leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.178).

The integrated study model can reasonably explain the occurrence of safety behavior in all stages of using chemical pesticides (especially the stage of using chemical pesticides) among farmers. Considering that the safety behavior of farmers in the region is not at a desirable level, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth needs assessment of farmerschr(chr (chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr ('39')39chr('39')))39chr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr (chr('39')39chr ('39')))) knowledge of the four stages of safety behavior (preparation and storage, preparation of chemical pesticides, use of chemical pesticides and safety activities after use) through agricultural safety management programs in the region. Also, while identifying the major obstacles, educational and executive planning should be developed in all its stages. To improve the cues to action, it is suggested to use chemical pesticide hazard information programs in local mass media programs and print and written advertisements in the region as to alternative methods of chemical pesticides. Attracting the participation and cooperation of local trustees, production cooperatives, and agricultural organizations will also be very effective in improving the subjective norms of farmers to promote safety behaviors. Since most farmers are smallholders, it does not seem affordable to use safety behavior strategies (the supply of safety equipment and non-chemical pest control methods), the use of supporting subsides to purchase equipment, or the adoption of safety methods. Alternatives to chemical pesticides should be a priority in agricultural safety management programs in the region.

 By examining the relationship between job stress and the physical and mental health status of employees in the workplace, valuable information can be provided regarding the physical and mental health status of employees in the workplace, which can be used to improve the quality of work in industries. Can be used. In several studies, the effect of stress on fat and sugar consumption in individuals has been studied, but in general, studies on the relationship between job stress and health risk factors have been done more in non-working occupational groups. Also, among the studies conducted in Iran and other developing countries, no study has examined the relationship between job stress and obesity among groups working in the industry, and therefore the need to address this issue was felt. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between job stress and obesity in a large sample of male employees of Isfahan Steel Factory. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between job stress and obesity in Isfahan Steel employees.

 In a cross-sectional study in 2016, 2803 male employees of Isfahan Steel were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Obesity was assessed using body mass index and job stress using a 23-item job stress questionnaire validated in Iran and demographic information of individuals with a self-administered questionnaire. In this study, the numerical variables of the reports were reported as the mean±SD(standard deviation) and for the qualitative variables as the percentage. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Q-Q plot. Comparison of quantitative variables with normal distribution was performed using the parametric test, Studentchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s t-test, quantitative variables with abnormal distribution with the non-parametric test, Mann-Whitney, and comparison of qualitative variables distribution in normal and overweight/obese groups were performed using Chi-square test. In this study, the relationship between the independent variable of job stress (in three categories: low, medium, and high) and the dependent variable of obesity at both normal and overweight/obese levels in four models in the presence of confounding variables of demographic, lifestyle and job using the model Logistic regression was evaluated. Logistic regression results were reported in the form of odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI). SPSS 22 software was used for data analysis.

 The mean age of participants was 36.89 with a standard deviation of 7.35 years. In this study, job stress is classified into three categories based on the ER Ration index score: the first third includes low job stress scores, the second third has average scores and The third trilogy is high scores. Also, the subjects were classified according to body mass index with BMI≤25 into the normal group (n=1209) and individuals with BMI≥25 into the overweight/obese group (n=1593). In this study, with increasing job stress, the chances of obesity/overweight also increased. After adjusting an important set of confounding variables, a positive and significant relationship was observed between high job stress and obesity/overweight, and the chance of obesity in people with high levels of job stress was 19% higher than those at low category (OR= 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03 – 1.41).

 The present study provided valuable information about the level of job stress of industrial workers and concluded that there is a significant relationship between job stress and obesity; Therefore, in order to improve the physical health of employees, special attention should be paid to the issue of job stress, so that job stress should be given priority in periodic studies of the physical condition of employees working in industries. Therefore, holding training classes on stress control and reduction, psychological counseling sessions, employing psychologists, and providing job security with regard to the existing infrastructure, can be effective measures in advancing the goal of reducing job stress and improving the physical condition of employees. Therefore, by managing the job stress situation of industrial workers through training classes, psychological counseling sessions, and job security, we can take action to improve health indicators, including employee obesity, and thus increase their productivity.

Date palm is one of the main crops and the main resource of food and income of people in Western Asia and North Africa regions. Date fruit contains a lot of carbohydrates, vitamins, and calories. A wide range of products and byproducts is produced by date fruit and date palm wood. In recent decades, agricultural mechanization has had great development. An increase in product quantity and productivity, mitigation of production costs in the largescale farms, and lowering the need to use human power have been the main outcomes of agricultural mechanization. However, agricultural mechanization has highly focused on agronomic crops and horticultural crops have a lower benefit of technology. It implies that cultivation in orchards has been labor-intensive and highly required human power. It has caused the prevalence of safety and health hazards in horticulture activities, especially in date palm orchards. Date palm crown access is an important activity in the date palm orchards, which is associated with human efforts and hard work. Date palm service machines have been designed to access the crown, but they have been not widely accepted and adopted by farmers. Therefore, despite the important situation of date fruit in Iran and the development of agricultural mechanization, date palm crown access operation is still performed traditionally associated with ergonomic and health problems. In the most of main date fruit producer regions, the climbing worker uses a rope called “Parvand” to climb the date palm trunk. The worker uses the rest of the cut leaves as the ladder to step on them. This causes an unsafe condition, which may increase the risk of fall from height. Additionally, work under solar radiation and high temperatures may result in sunstroke and lowering productivity. It should be noted that the death rate resulted from heatwaves is around ten times higher than the average death rate of other weather hazards. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in some segments of the body are the other occupational problem of traditional date palm crown access. Encountering date fruit production chain, especially date palm crown access mechanization with safety and health problems may cause problems in the way of sustainable agricultural development in date palm cultivation. Mechanization has an important role in the formation of sustainable agricultural development. As around eighty percent of poor families live in villages and strongly depend on agriculture, by a reduction in occupational hazards, migration from villages to cities could be alleviated. This helps sustainable date palm cultivation. In the present study, the mentioned concern was addressed. Additionally, as fall from height was a major safety issue in date palm orchard operations, the occurrence and severity degree of contributing factors of fall from date palm were investigated.

The present study was conducted in two parts of library and field research. In the library research, the reasons for the prevalence of ergonomic and safety problems in the date palm crown access were addressed. Sustainable agricultural development aspects were investigated concerning these reasons. SWOT and TOWS matrixes were used to analyze the strategies mitigating these problems. In the SWOT matrix, the strengths and weaknesses of date palm crown access were accounted for as internal factors and opportunities and threats were accounted for as external factors. Then, according to the internal and external factors and using TOWS, some strategies to mitigate the prevalence of ergonomic and safety problems in the date palm crown access. These strategies are divided into four binaries as follows: weakness-opportunity, weakness-threat, strengthopportunity, and strength-threat. In the field research, data were collected in six main date fruit producer provinces as follows: Hormozgan, Kerman, Fars, Sistan and Baluchistan, Bushehr, and Khuzestan. 117 participants with at least two years of work experience were recruited. The mean age, stature, weight, and body mass index of the participants were 37.2 years, 1.74 meters, 74.0 kilograms, and 24.5 kilograms per square meter, respectively. Contributing factors causing fall from date palm were collected using literature and asking date palm orchard farmers. The data of occurrence degree of contributing factors causing fall from date palm was achieved by asking participants about the probability of fall from the date palm. The answer was “yes” or “no”. By summing answers including “yes” and dividing them by summation of all answers, the occurrence degree of the contributing factor was calculated. The severity degree of contributing factors of fall from date palm was quantitated using the visual analog scale. The visual analog scale was a 10 centimeters horizontal bar with two anchors of zero and 10, which showed “negligible” and “very severe”, respectively. Participants were asked to mark a point in this bar. Distance between zero and that point showed the severity degree of the contributing factor. The severity degree of each contributing factor was categorized into three levels of “low”, “medium”, and “high”. This categorizing was performed with Microsoft Excel ver. 2010. Spearman coefficient correlation used to investigate the relation between occurrence and severity degrees. It was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (IBM Corporation, USA).

Problems related to ergonomic factors (inappropriate compromising between system productivity and human health, and mismatching machine characteristics with human ergonomic factors), the economic situation of date fruit producers, field (orchard) size and conditions, economic development level of the region where the infrastructures are not provided, and lack of awareness and knowledge could cause inappropriate adoption of the mechanization of date palm crown access. To sustainably develop the date palm crown access mechanization, all aspects of sustainability should be simultaneously addressed. Three aspects of sustainable agricultural development were shown concerning the reasons for the prevalence of ergonomic and safety problems resulted from unaccepting date palm crown access mechanization in Fig. 1. Results of the SWOT matrix expressed “inappropriate maneuverability of service machine” as a weakness and “existing potentials to design and apply the simple, inexpensive tools” as an opportunity point. SWOT matrix generated a strategy titled “utilizing amended simple, inexpensive tools to cover the inappropriate maneuverability of service machine” using weakness- opportunity binary. Since “existing media and communication technologies” was regarded as an opportunity point, and “higher ascending and descending speed”, “improvement of kilogram fruit harvested per one man-hour”, “being safer”, and “reduction in harvest losses” were regarded as strength points, a strength-opportunity titled “recruiting media and communication technologies to announce the advantages of service machines” was introduced by SWOT. The rest of SWOT strategies were also generated based on SWOT outcomes as follows: “recruiting media and communication technologies to help the establishment of the expert groups or sessions to amend the service machine designs” (weakness- opportunity); “giving the awareness and knowledge about date palm planting in a good order so that machines better maneuver” (weaknessopportunity); “attempting to decrease in the expense of machines with clearing the major governmental managers about the urgency of concern to reinforce farmers to prepare them” (weakness-threat); “studying and amending simple, inexpensive, and small-scale tools matched with the economic situation of farmers, simultaneously covering the weaknesses service machines as possible” (weakness-threat); “higher performance (kilogram fruit harvested per hectare) with service machines” ; “an encouragement for low-income or even unemployed date palm workers” (strengththreat). The contributing factors of fall from date palm were listed as follows: trunk rottenness; losing body balance due to inappropriate guard and support; rottenness of Parvand; being injured due to thorn; being scared or injured by snack, scorpion, or bee; inappropriate visibility when descending; being injured by scythe or saw; being fatigue at the height; trunk with smooth and even surface; distraction and wackiness. The highest occurrence degree was recorded for trunk rottenness with 91.5% and the lowest one was for heat with 24.8%. The rottenness of Parvand had the second occurrence degree (91.5%) after trunk rottenness. 75.2% of participants expressed the trunk rottenness with a high degree of severity and heat with a low degree of severity. The high degree of severity was 62.4% for rottenness of Parvand and the low degree of severity was 70.9% for being injured due to thorn. A significant linkage was found between occurrence and severity degrees (Spearman coefficient correlation: 0.398, sig.: <0.001). It implied that if a contributing factor causing fall from date palm with a high occurrence degree occurs, it will result in a high degree of severity.

Operation of date palm crown access was associated with ergonomic and safety problems. Considering the strategies of management of strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat points in the mechanization of date palm crown access and the safety hazards which cause fall from height, the improving simple and inexpensive tools concerning the economic status of farmers, infrastructures, awareness and knowledge level, safety, ergonomic, and productivity aspects, and sustainability of farmers’ families may be a better remedial pathway. Simultaneously, researches to develop and spread the mechanization through date palm orchard activities should be attended to and supported until providing the necessary bases to realize them.

Safety signs are an important tool as converting information for recognizing the event, type, severity, and control of actual hazards in the environment.  The main importance of displaying safety signs is to prevent injury and aware people of the potential hazards in particular situations in different environments. The aim of this study was conducted to determine the level of perception of Tehran city train passengers about the existing safety and warning signs and to provide an appropriate solution to improve the perception level at the metro stations.

Because the lack of access to the standard questionnaire in the present research, a researcher-created questionnaire was used based on design and manufacturing criteria, test and installation methods accordance to ISO 9186 and ISO 3864 international standards. For this purpose, by forming an expert panel, the research questions were identified and evaluated in relation to the topic, the degree of clarity, and the ease of comprehension. Stratified random sampling was conducted against 390 persons. And the Chi-square tests for datum analysis were performed using SPSS software.

According to the results, the highest perceived symbols belong to smoking symbol with 98 percent and 97 percent perceive the symbol prohibited entry of domestic animals. Symbol “no entry” with 5 percent of Understanding with the lowest level was understandable. The analytical results of this study can be a direct impact on understanding due to education level (Pvalue <0.001) and negative impact on the understanding of symbols mentioned age and income (Pvalue <0.003).

Considering the increasing development of metro lines and the results of the different understanding of each symbol in order to remove or eliminate the hazards, further studies are a necessity. The use of training for ergonomic redesign symbols is undeniable, and decision makers need to devote appropriate resources to teaching symptoms. The visual components of the environment affect the clarity and readability of the symptoms. The shape and size of a sign and board, as well as the size of the letters and position, are effective in understanding. Therefore, in addition to designing based on the psychological and physiological principles, other important factors such as continuous adjustment of symbols distance and height are necessary. When designing text for signs and signs, the space of letters, the space between the lines, the position of symbols and decorative patterns, the margins and the use of upper or lower case letters (in Latin) are important.