نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1399)

The existence of different dimensions and effects and different stakeholders involved in tourism development has led to the complexity and dynamics of the behavior of this area. it is necessary to know the proper and accurate recognition of tourism industry and provide solutions for improvement and development. therefore, the present study tries to provide the model tourism development model with emphasis on neighbouring markets using dynamic modeling in the form of system dynamics analysis. in this regard, by simulating the behavior of various factors in the Vensim software environment and analyzing the various dimensions of it, the country tourism industry has some solutions to achieve the desired status of these markets. Among the most important policies that are proposed to improve the country's tourism status with the priority of placing neighbouring markets are: improving relations with neighbours and prioritize them in marketing programmes, Strengthening the infrastructure and policy to develop domestic tourism for all categories of income, cultural change in order to strengthen the public view of iranian society to neighbouring tourists,Increase facilities and facilities for domestic and foreign investment all the potential tourism potential in all parts of the country, facilitating and removing redundant regulations for the creation of tourism businesses and simplifying the trip and creating a proper context for financial exchange with the target. finally, considering the simulation of the proposed scenarios in the dynamic model, it can be recognized that applying these policies can stimulate tourism development in the future years.

Undoubtedly, today the tourism industry is one of the most important sectors of the global economy that has been growing rapidly in world economic development. The result of this rapid growth has been the increase in annual growth rates in world GDP, exports, world trade, and services. The appropriate investment climate can sustain this industry. The investment climate is influenced by a set of factors related to legislative, regulatory, organizational, economic, social, political and other factors that determine the conditions of investment activity in a country, region or city. Therefore, this study examines the impact of tourism income on the investment climate in selected countries of the Middle East. Data were analyzed using the spatial Durbin panel model over the period 2016–2006 for 15 selected countries in the Middle East. The results showed that there is a significant spatial relationship among Middle Eastern countries. In other words, part of tourism revenue in the Middle East has been due to distance or proximity effects. Therefore, it is suggested to consider spatial correlations between observations in estimating econometric models because if they are not included in the model, the results of biasing are unreliable.

Gardening and tourist village of Baghestan, due to its variety of attractions, is one of the most important tourist parks in the Alborz province. Therefore, studying recreational value can be effective in predicting the needs and shortages and development of tourism in this village. This study determines the recreational value of Baghestan village and the willingness to pay visitors by using a conditional valuation method and a two-dimensional dual choice questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consisted of 150 village visitors who were selected based on available sampling method. Logit model was used to investigate the effect of explanatory variables on the rate of visitors' willingness to pay. The results showed 73.3% of the respondents were willing to pay for recreational use of the village and average willingness to pay for recreational value of this village was calculated to be 16914.4 Rials per visit. Its total annual recreational value was estimated to be 11,840,080,000 Rials. The variables of the proposed rate of payment and the cost of transportation each time, had a negative effect on the variables of park quality, marital status, duration of study per week, environmental trends and gender, had a positive effect on willingness to pay. The results show that people are aware of the importance of forest parks and natural spaces and there is a significant willingness to pay which can help officials in planning and managing the village.

E-tourism is the digitization of all the processes and value chains in the tourism, travel, hospitality and catering industries that enable organizations to maximize their efficiency and effectiveness. Ubiquitous and highly innovative ICTs provide different channels for consumers to use tourism services; thus, studies on e-tourism are numerous and fragmented. Different factors account for how consumers embrace these channels. This research aims to design an e-tourism acceptance framework using Meta-synthesis method. In order to design and explain a comprehensive model, all dimensions of E-tourism have been identified through systematic literature review using 273 papers and Meta-Synthesis method. Then the importance and priority of each proposed dimension was determined using Shannon quantitative method based on content analysis. The results reveal security, consumer satisfaction and Functionality are the major criteria in E-tourism acceptance. At the end the research results demonstrate a comprehensive framework for e-tourism acceptance. Keywords: E-tourism, acceptance, Security,, Meta-Synthesis, Shannon Entropy

Tour guides have an effective role in guiding and meeting the material and spiritual needs and spiritual richness of tourists. The purpose of this study is to identify and present the core competencies of international tour guides. According to the objectives, this study is a descriptive-qualitative one based on library studies and the Delphi method. The statistical population of the study consists of university experts and international tour guides. Purposive sampling was used and snowball method was used to identify the guides and the data were saturated with the participation of 28 experts. Based on the research findings, core competencies of tour guides include management and leadership, professional ethics, physical health and appearance, Personality traits, mastery in national and international laws, technical knowledge, intercultural competences, effective communicative skills, psychological skills, and medical skills were obtained. Therefore, it is recommended that tourism policymakers make strategic plans to develop core competencies of international tour leaders through seminars, workshops and courses.

Nowadays, talent management as a new approach is able to develop a major shift in human resource management and play an important role in maintaining the competitive advantage of organizations by meeting the weaknesses and shortcomings of traditional approaches. The aim of this study is to develop the conceptual model and categorize behavioral components affecting the management of talent in tourism field. The method of study was qualitative content analysis and main tool for data collection is semi - structured interviews. The data analysis was carried out with the technique of Directed Content Analysis and Summative Content Analysis mixed content analysis technique. The identified factors include 84 open codes, which were classified into three main categories and 10 sub categories, and finally by using MAXQDA v 11 software, classification and conceptual model. The results of directed content analysis are presented in the final Conceptual model. The Summative content analysis was carried out with the aim of identifying and quantifying the extracted factors. The findings can be expressed as follows:  The main categories of talent attraction: the technical skill of the degree of education experience related to decision - making skills and interest to work.  The main category of talent development: job promotion and professional training  . The main category of employee retention: appreciation and attention of the flexible reward system servant servant leadership and payment system.

Although researches in the field of brand loyalty started with Copeland (1923)’s study of “brand resistance”, but yet, this subject is considered as one of the most important subject in field of brand. The concept of brand loyalty is known as the driving force and one of the most important indicators in marketing actions especially tourism destinations marketing. The aim of this study is to forecast and discuss tourist's destination brand loyalty, according to former experience of tourists from visiting the destination, brand personality of the destination in mind of tourists and brand equity of destination. The research method is practical, and its descriptive survey Structural equation modeling with PLS software was used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that destination’s brand experience and destination’s brand equity have positive and meaningful effect on destination’s brand loyalty. Also destination’s brand personality has positive and meaningful effect brand loyalty through functional congruity doesn’t play mediating role in the relationship of destination’s brand personality and destinations brand loyalty.

Nowadays foresight is widely used across an array of sciences, planning and policy makings. Scenario planning is one the methods of future studies- a tool for analyzing the policies, understanding the conditions, the threats, the needs and the superior values of the future. The purpose of this study is to identify the possible and probable scenarios for future development of sustainable tourism in Gilan province for the year 1425 landscape. By employing the Structural Analysis method, which is a widely accepted method for future study, the present study analyzes the components of sustainable tourism development in Gilan province using MicMac software. . To this end, 38 components have been extracted in four primary aspects from national documents and the related researches, and the cross-impact matrix has been formed using the opinions of 26 specialists and experts. Then, using Micmac software, twelve key drivers affecting sustainable tourism development in the province have been identified. . According to the scenario analyses, these factors lead to 36 possible conditions. The results of the Scenario Wizard software indicate that there are seven scenarios with strong compatibility that are more likely to occur in the future development of sustainable tourism in the province. The first scenario is the best promotor scenarios in the development of sustainable tourism in Gilan province. All of the elements in this scenario are following a positive trend and as time passes by, they can lead to positive changes in the development of sustainable tourism in Gilan province.

The brand equity of a tourist destination refers to the relative advantages of that destination which ultimately conquers the mental image of tourists. The positive mental image of tourists is a factor in their loyalty to tourism destinations. The brand of tourism destination distinguishes the role and function of that destination and attracts more tourists. In this regard, Baneh, as one of the top tourism brands in the west of the country, was selected as the case study. The descriptive-analytical method was used to determine its brand equity and then the role of this brand in tourists’ loyalty was analyzed. The data were collected in both library and field form. The sample included 200 tourists, who were selected based on convenient sampling. In addition to the descriptive information, t-test, Spearman correlation, and regression tests were used for data analysis. Based on the results, the level of desirability of brand equity indicators, except for the brand awareness index, is in good condition and there is a significant correlation and regression coefficient between all components. Finally, it is suggested that Baneh's comprehensive tourism plan be considered in line with integrated planning and strengthening of all components affecting brand equity.

Nowadays the tourism industry has turned as critical section of the economy. In order to extend this industry, developing the required infrastructure can be considered as very important issue. The main objective of this research is to analysis the urban infrastructure and tourism hospitality in Tabriz city. For this to happen, variety of data (e.g. population, social, economic, urban infrastructure, tourism hospitality and etc) where taken into account. The research methodology was established based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and its spatial analysis such as multi criteria decision analysis MCDA. The relevant criteria were ranked using analytical hierarchy process. Accordingly, the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis using Mont Carlo simulation and global sensitivity analysis were applied to identify and remove uncertain weights. Results were achieved using GIS aggregation functions for mapping the tourism hospitality radiances assessment in Tabriz city. Results indicated that the central section of the city (e.g. Bazar of Tabriz) has already sufficiently developed from the tourism hospitality perspective. While, the suburb area, where tourism destinations are distributed (e.g. Magbartolashara) still required further attention from the decision makers and authorities. Results of this research are great of important for identifying the critical issues and challenges for tourism industry in Tabriz city. Results are also represented a new approach for GIS based tourism hospitality assessment by means of proposing a sufficient methodology with critical steps such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The proposed methodology can be applied for future GIS based tourism mapping.

Today, accepting social media as part of tourism and business has led to the success of most industries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the role of social media involvement and tie strength moderating in relationship between trust and visit intention in the tourism industry of Tabriz. In this area, the social commerce information seeking is also the priority of this review. The statistical population of this study is domestic and foreign tourists of Tabriz which was selected by simple random sampling from 263 tourists' opinions. The present study is quantitative and structural modeling is used to measure the relationship between variables. The results of the data analysis show that, apart from the role of tie strength moderation in the relationship between social commerce information seeking and visit intention, all relationships were meaningful and significant. This study shows that when people are more aware of the target media, trust in the media increases the number of visits to the target location.

The purpose of the present study is to explain the role of social responsibility in supporting sustainable tourism by mediating the benefits and costs of tourism from the perspective of the host community in Sarein. The purpose of this research is applied and the research method is questionnaire based survey. The statistical population of this study is inhabitants of Sarein city, 384 of them were selected as sample (available sampling method). Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed by confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using ordinary least squares (OLS) with SPSS and LISREL software. The results indicate that social responsibility has a significant and positive impact on perceived benefits and support for sustainable tourism, as well as perceived benefits on sustainable tourism support. Social responsibility also has a significant and negative effect on perceived costs. Finally, perceived benefits play a mediating role in the impact of social responsibility on sustainable tourism support;

Improving tourists' mental image of a destination is one of the approaches in tourism development. The identity of a city, has a great impact on tourists' mental image. So this paper aims to recognize and prioritize o the identity-related criteria of a city that have a higher impact on tourists' mental image. According to this, as a first step, 9 criteria, that have high impacts on tourists' mental image, are evolved based on the internal and external instance and interviews with experts. To verify the impact of 9 criteria on tourists' initial or pre-trip mental image, at first, 30 persons that have not ever come to Babolsar were deeply interviewed. Also to examine the post-trip or secondary mental image of Babolsar tourist, 98 tourists were selected considering Cochran's error coefficient of 10 percent to fill a questionnaire of 35 questions. The questions were determined based on 9 evolved criteria. The answers were analyzed and sorted based on Friedman Test. Finally, the most important identity-related criteria with a high impact on the initial and secondary mental image are acquired.The results demonstrate that "Discriminative and uniqueness" and "Environmental characteristics" criteria are of high significance. On the other hand, "Culture and customs" and "Physical properties" criteria have not a proper impact on tourists' mental image which means of these identity-related criteria of Babolsar are neglected in city development. Based on the results, The present research has suggestions for Babolsar's development plans, to improve its physical and cultural situation.

The purpose of this study was to design and develop a model of the antecedents and consequences of Destination Brand Love for Guilan province. The present study was a qualitative research that is based on thematic analysis with using interviewing tools. The research is based on Guilan province as a destination for tourism and the statistical population of the study includes 12 professors and experts of tourism industry in the country. Snowball sampling method and theme analysis technique was used for data analysis in this research. After analyzing the data, 7 factors: brand experience, brand service quality, brand infrastructures, brand media communication, brand authenticity, brand image and brand trust were identified as causal factors of destination brand love. That will be reinforced if the love for the destination brand exists. Also, three factors: loyalty, positive word-of-mouth advertising, and willingness to pay more were identified as consequences of Destination Brand Love.

Geotourism which is one of the tourism branches is economically profitable industry. Economic balance between the different areas, protection of natural heritage, preventing environmental degradation, creating job opportunities, improving the quality of cultural perspectives could be considered as positive consequences in the planning of this type of tourism. The purpose of this research is to investigate the geotourism potential of Rafsanjan County using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). In order to reach this purpose satellite image processing, along with field observations surveys and other sources of information such as reports, roads, soil and geology, and topography, maps were utilized. First the effective factors on geotourism were discriminated using study of different literatures and interview with experts. Then the data for these factors were prepared through satellite images, field data, topography and geology maps and their database were created at GIS. Finally the suitable value were assigned to each factors according to the questionnaire and the geotourism potential were determine through analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted overlay model. The results revealed that the AHP and GIS have great efficiency in discriminating potential areas and Rafsanjan country contain relatively good potential for geotourism activities.

Ecolodgs is as a new way Catering and accommodation in rural areas. Owners of Ecolodgs as entrepreneurs, have responsibilities in setting up businesses and providing services to tourists. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the social responsibility Ecolodgs towards the local community and the host. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. In order to gather information have been used Library resources and field studies. The sample population is the owners of 27 Ecolodgs in rural areas of Khorasan Razavi province. Required data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire based on the 14-item social responsibility indices and dimensions among the Ecolodgs. The results show that the averages in the dimensions and indices of the research are higher than the average level. This reflects the importance of social responsibility among Ecolodgs towards the tourist and host community, which is slightly higher among women than men. Based on the results of social responsibility, the direct and indirect, local and non-local employment indices, increase in annual income, number of tourists and degree of residence were influenced. and the highest level of social responsibility was allocated to Ghor Ecolodge with 4.92.

Nature-based sports tourism as one of the types of tourism can play an important role in the development of the regions and have an important impact on promoting the physical and mental health of tourists. This type of tourism has great compatibility with sustainable development strategies at the regional level. Lorestan province has numerous natural capacities such as unique mountains and waterfalls, numerous rivers and lakes with unique ecosystems due to its position in the Zagros Mountains. Therefore, this province can be considered as one of the most important hubs for nature-based sports tourism in the country; however, the potential and actual capacity of the province has not yet been used effectively in the field of nature-based sports tourism. The purpose of this study is to determine the capacity and ranking of tourism routes in the province based on nature-based sports tourism. For this purpose, the required criteria and indicators were first extracted from previous research and then localized for Lorestan province according to experts' opinion. The weight of the criteria has been determined based on the experts' opinion and by using the best-worst method (BWM) in LINGO software, then tourism routes based on the capacity of nature-based sports tourism is ranked using EDAS method. Findings show that Khorramabad-Aligodarz, Khorramabad-Dorood, Khorramabad-Boroujerd routes are in the first to third rank , and Khorramabad-Kohdasht, Khorramabad-Delfan, Khorramabad-Poldokhtar, Khorramabad-Azna, Khorramabad-Doureh and Khorramabad–Selseleh routes are respectively ranked next.

Considering the importance of green hospitality in the tourism industry perspective, hoteliers need to ensure that the formulation and implementation of environmental strategies, while legitimizing their business activities in the Society, also improves financial performance and profitability. The main purpose of this study is to design a profitable green hospitality model based on grounded theory and it uses the systematic design of Strauss and Corbin. In order to collect data, 16 open-ended interviews were conducted with experts in the hospitality industry and university professors. According to the open, axial and selective coding instruction, the data is conceptualized into 15 subcategories and 6 main categories. Integrated model of profitable green hospitality shows that hotel profitability is a function of the dominant environmental context, and the dominant environmental context (causal category) is the causal condition for green behaviors (Axial category) and green capabilities (Action and reaction category), intra-organizational factors (interfering factors) and relative stability (contextual factors) lead to the ultimate outcome, namely profitable financial performance. Given the research gap in this area, it is suggested to pay more attention to the topic of green hospitality as an important topic in the perspective of tourism studies.

Religious tourism is one of the most common forms of tourism in the world, and tourism industry experts believe that in terms of Iran's culturally-specific religious status, among other countries, The purpose of the present study is to model the factors influencing the development of religious tourism in Iran with a future research approach and designing the relationship between these factors. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Content analysis method was used to identify the effective factors of religious tourism development. In the interpretive structural modeling section, expert opinions of tourism experts and research centers have been used through the Delphi method. Data were collected through interviews and a two-way questionnaire and face validity was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the factors affecting the development of religious tourism in Iran have been determined using integrated analytical structural modeling (ISM) and analyzed by MICMAC analysis. Effectiveness and effectiveness on other factors were identified and classified. The findings of the study showed that planning, policy-making and full oversight of the religious tourism industry with the influence of the 8 most influential factors as well as the effective factors of the government's non-intervention in the programs of privatization and establishment of tourism academic discipline. Religion has the least influence with the power of influence 2.

Participatory learning can create the conditions for better education. In fact, collaborative learning is seen as a balance between working together, working together, learning together, changing with each other, and developing and helping each other grow. The purpose of this article was to investigate the effectiveness of participatory learning (Jigsav method) on environmentally responsible attitudes and behaviors in selected resorts in Bastam. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and control group, 30 selected camping staff of Bastam district, Shahroud were selected as available sample who had never received any training. The results showed that participatory learning with the Jigsav model was more effective than traditional learning of the attitude and responsible environmental behavior of the Bastam district resident staff. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and control group, 30 selected camping staff of Bastam district, Shahroud were selected as available sample who had never received any training. The results showed that participatory learning with the Jigsav model was more effective than traditional learning of the attitude and responsible environmental behavior of the Bastam district resident staff.