فهرست مطالب

Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research - Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/01/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Seham Ismail * Pages 128-137
    Background

    The essential oils of the plant synergize the synthetic chemical pesticide activity against pests. Controlling pests mainly with synthetic chemical pesticides causes the resistance to build up in these pests like S. littoralis.

    Methods

    This study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effect of garlic and thymol oils with cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on field populations of S. littoralis. Also, the impact of the mixtures on activities of three enzymes: Glutathione S-transferase (GST), general esterase (ά-β-EST) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) of S. littoralis using dipping technique.

    Results

    Bioassay shows elevated LC50 for each of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos alone. Whereas, the toxicity of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were synergized 2.81- to 9-fold; 2.74- to 8.35-fold by garlic oil respectively, but far less synergism occurred with thymol oil. The analysis showed the GST, ά-β-EST and MFO were notably inhibited by garlic and thymol oils synergism with cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in S. littoralis.

    Conclusions

    The results concluded that inhibition of the enzymes could be the result of the synergist of the essential oils when it mixed with synthetic insecticides to control S. littoralis in the field.

    Keywords: General esterases (ά-β-EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST), mixed function oxidase (MFO), Plant essential oils, Synergist
  • Tuhami Hagr, Ibrahim Adam *, Elshiekh Mohammed, Mahdi El Mageed Pages 138-146
    Background

    The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical constituents of the Fixed oil from Sudanese Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds and to evaluate the potential antioxidant activity.

    Methods

    Soxhlet method was used to extract the essential oil from Sudanese Safflower Seeds. The chemical constituents of Sudanese Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) were identified and quantified by GC-MS and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was used determined the capacity antioxidant activity.

    Results

    Nineteen components were identified, seven of which are namely 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 1.61%) , 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (10.50%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (8.93%), Methyl stearate (8.41%), Eicosanoid acid, methyl ester (1.39%), cis-11-Eicosenoic acid, and methyl ester (1.01%). The DPPH assay showed moderate antioxidant potential by 23.05±0.01 compared with that of standard by 91±0.01.

    Conclusion

    The results of this study showed that the Sudanese Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds has oil rich of bioactive chemical compounds and has a significant anti-oxidant effect. It can be used to deal with in flavoring agent, food industry and medicinal purposes.

    Keywords: Safflower, Antioxidant Activity, GC -MS Analysis
  • Mohammad Reza Asgharzadeh *, Nazar Manda Pages 147-159
    Background

    The study for new antibiotics is of great importance in investigating programs around the worldwide for pharmaceutical, industrial and agricultural applications. Streptomyces like filamentous soil bacteria are used as an essential biological tool for their ability to producing a wide range of new secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Identification and isolation of new species seemed to be important in the presentation of significantly adequate antibiotics, because antibiotic resistance infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide, inducing research and development of new antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize novel strains of Streptomyces spp. with high antibiotic production ability.

    Methods

    Soil samples were collected randomly from primitive soils of Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, from Iranin 2019. The isolates of Streptomyces spp. were carried out in a specific culture medium. Their primary and secondary antibacterial activity againstgram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, alsogram-negative Escherichia coli was checked out. Finally, the antibacterial properties of strains based on 16S rRNA sequencing were analyzed by MEGA X software.

    Results

    Totally, 150 colonies were isolated from four soil collected samples. In the primary screening of 10 isolates, insulated antibacterial activity and in the secondary screening, 3 examples were selected. The microorganisms showed antibacterial activity. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from C-B1-12, D-D3-7, and C-Y2-2 isolates showed similarity to Streptomyces indiaensis.

    Conclusions

    The results of this study indicated that there are new isolates in the soil samples of West Azerbaijan province that are capable of producing new antibacterial agents.

    Keywords: Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Antibacterial activity, 16s rRNA gene, Iran
  • Cletus Ukwubile *, Emmanuel Ikpefan, Otalu Otalu, Salihu Njidda, Alexander Angyu, Nnamdi Menkiti Pages 160-180
    Background

    Chitosan nanoparticle (chitosan-NPs) is a polymer obtained from the exoskeletons of crustaceans, and has been applied recently as a carrier for many drug agents. Multi-drug resistance has been the major set-back in the treatment of microbial infections globally.

    Methods

    Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) isolated from Melastomastrum capitatum leaves was encapsulated in chitosan-NPs and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated on selected multi-drug resistant pathogens. The isolated phthalate was characterized by FTIR, NMR and GC-MS. Chitosan-NPs encapsulated phthalate was prepared by ionic gelation of glutaraldehyde cross-linker. Antimicrobial activity of nano encapsulated drugs was carried by agar well diffusion at 0.5 µg/mL concentration. In vivo activity of nano encapsulated drugs were determined in thirty Swiss albino rats weighing 100-150g. Chitosan-NPs encapsulated treatment groups were administered at 0.5 µg/mL (i.p.) as compared with ciprofloxacin positive control group at 2.5 µg/mL.

    Results

    Chitosan-NPs encapsulated phthalate showed the strongest zones of inhibition against VRE ATCC 29212, MRSA NCTC 13435, Candida albicans ATCC 19231, and Clostridiodes difficile NCTC14385. Significant inhibition of bacterial growths was achieved by CSDBP encapsulated phthalate both in vitro and in vivo studies due to low concentrations in ALT, ALP, AST and creatinine, and high volume of WBC in rats. Non-Fickian drug release was observed by the formulations.

    Conclusion

    The study showed that chitosan-NPs mediated drug delivery exhibited strong antimicrobial activity with sustained release against multi-drug microbes in this study. This is promising, and can be employed as mediation for multi-drug resistant pathogens.

    Keywords: Dibutyl phthalate, Chitosan-nanoparticles, Melastomastrum capitatum, Multi-drug resistant, Antimicrobial, Pathogens
  • Ebrahim Babakhani *, Reza Rostamian Pages 181-189
    Background

    Heat stress (HS) has negative effects on economic parameters of the poultry industry. Different strategies such as nutritional additives are used to alleviate negative effects of HS. The use of multiattribute decision-making (MADM) could help to select the best additive for alleviating the effects of the HS.  Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on growth performance and immune responses of broiler chicks affected by HS via MADM method.

    Methods

    Two-hundred and forty broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments with 6 replications and 10 broiler chicks per replication. The birds were treated with probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic for 42 days. A group was considered as control and received only basal diet. Stress condition was induced from 21 to 42 days of age. Growth performance and humoral immunity were assessed, then calculated and analyzed by MADM method.

    Results

    The results showed that dietary supplementation of probiotic, synbiotic, prebiotic and control had coefficients of 0.762, 0.702, 0.581 and 0.00, respectively.  Dietary supplementation of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic had better effects compared with control group.

    Conclusions

    Therefore, dietary supplementation of probiotic may have better efficiency compared with other additives based on the MADM. The use of probiotics can be suggested for improving growth and immunity under the HS condition in the poultry industry.

    Keywords: Probiotic, Prebiotic, Symbiotic, Heat stress, multiattribute decision-making
  • Bita Ghassemi, Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri *, Ramin Hosseini Pages 190-203
    Background

    Despite significant efforts, the artemisinin-based drugs are still very expensive due to the limited production of this metabolite within wild Artemisia spp . plants. Therefore, the current work set out to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles, as a novel elicitor to characterize the expression of genes functioning in artemisinin synthesis pathway using a comparative experimental investigation.

    Methods

    The suspensioncultures of A. anuua were exposed to 5, 10, 15 mg/L of chitosan nanoparticles (during 8, 24, 48 and 72 h upon treatment). The expression of DBR2, SQS, CYp , ADS, CPR and ALDH genes were quantified by qRT-PCR technique.

    Results

    Chitosan nanoparticles were effective in inducing artemisinin production at 15 mg/L after 8 h, and 5 and 10 mg/L after 72 h of elicitation, in which all the ADS, CYp , CPR, DBR2 and ALDH genes were upregulated except SQS.

    Conclusion

    The treatment of 5 mg/L after 72 h, when cells entered the stationary and then death phases, is recommended because it seems chitosan nanoparticles require more time to up-regulate the ADS, CYP and ALDH genes and thereby probably enhance the artemisinin content. The results suggest that chitosan nanoparticles can be used as a novel effective elicitor for artemisinin production.

    Keywords: Artemisia annua, Artemisinin, Chitosan, Gene expression, nano elicitor, nanoparticles
  • Maida Minahil Mushtaq, Sohaib Peerzada, Saiqa Ishtiaq Pages 204-215
    Introduction

     Periploca aphylla is belongs to family Asclepiadaceae and it is an important traditional plant which has been utilized for decades for its local uses.

    Methods

     This research work included pharmacognostic studies, microscopic evaluation, phytochemical and physiochemical tests for the effective identification and characterization of plant. Transverse section of plant shows the arrangement of cells. Fluorescence analysis shows colors in light of different wavelength. Fluorescence analysis was performed with various reagents and chemicals to observe characteristic pattern and colors for the identification and proper authencity of plant and it was reported in this paper.

    Results

     Phytochemical studies show the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Powder study shows lignified fibers, spiral vessels and lignified tracheid. In this study Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used for the identification of plant and for the effective recognition of biological composition of plant. The IR Spectra were performed and reported in this paper. All these parameters are necessary for the characterization and identification of plant and a new doorstep to find out any adulteration in the plant.

    Conclusion

     Anti-oxidant in-vitro studies were performed for the evaluation of any anti-oxidant property which provided a brief description about its pharmacological effects regarding rancidity and also a description about its further usage in any of anti-oxidant formulation.

    Keywords: Asclepiadaceae, Periploca aphylla, Pharmacognostic, Metabolic Pharmacological
  • sahar Parchizadeh*, Behrooz Salehi Eskandari Pages 216-227
    Background

     Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which a deficiency of vitamin B12 along with folic acid can contribute to its progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these two vitamins in altering myelin base protein (MBP) in the MS model of rats and also to measure some ionic parameters in serum.

    Methods

     Brain histology was followed by analysis of the relationship between vitamin B12 treatment or folic acid and MBP as well as changes in total protein concentration (TPC). MBP expression was assessed by SDS-PAGE and serum levels of iron. Copper and zinc were also assessed by Duncan test.

    Results

     MBP expression in cortical extract was increased by simultaneous treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid compared with the groups treated individually. Histological examinations showed that the highest level of tissue repair was in the same group. There was a significant difference between cortical TPC in the control and treatment of vitamin B12 and folic acid, but serum levels of Fe, Zn and Cu were not significantly different between the groups.

    Conclusion

     It can be concluded that the combination of these vitamins increases the expression of MBP protein.

    Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, SDS-PAGE