فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

Phenomenology is one of the topics of ecology in which the life cycle of plant growth to the onset of winter sleep is permanent and by having knowledge about the phenomenology of plants in each area, most suitable season of operation, the length of time used for livestock grazing and selection systems to identify why and how the timing of flowering plants in an area of how much pollen and nectar feeding users can adjust. Flowering period of Astragalus genus in grasslands of Shanjan Shabestar by the elevation changes were studied in this paper. Sampled at flowering species of the genus Astragalus randomly took in May. The soil sampling was random, thus the samples at a depth of 50 cm along each transect, at the height of harvest and growth parameters, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Kruskal varies exam. The results showed that Astragalus species flowering at lower elevations than at higher elevations starting in the second week of May to fourth week of June continues. So that for every 50 meters of height difference between flowering times is 7 days. Astragalus genus of flowering peak was observed in June. The results showed that the area has a flat slope are so steep at any rate does not affect flowering. Results in soil showed that the soil does not affect flowering.

This study for investigation of the effect of Salicylic acid and Humic acid on morphophysiological and phytochemical caracterestics in Melissa officinalis, in a completely randomized statistical design with 5 treatments included Salicylic acid(0, 100 and 200 mg/l), Humic acid(0, 200 and 400 mg/l) and reaction between in 3 replications and each repetition with 3 pots and a total of 45 pots was performed. For this purpose, the first seeds were planted in pots with culture medium including agronomic soil and washed sand in a ratio of 1: 2. Humic acid was first mixed with soil and salicylic acid was sprayed on the plant in two stages (second and third weeks of pot cultivation) and also irrigation was done, once a week. Also sampling and evaluation of traits, two weeks after the last treatment was done. Evalouated traits are also included shoots and roots fresh and dry wight, root volume, total chlorophyll, proline content, essential oil percentage. The results showed that the highest rate of shoots fresh and dry wight and total chlorophyll in Humic acid 200 mg/l+ Salicylic acid 200 mg/l, the highest rate of roots fresh and dry wight and root volume in Humic acid 400 mg/l+ Salicylic acid 100 mg/l, was done. The highest rate of proline content was in control. Application of Humic acid 400 mg/l+ Salicylic acid 200 mg/l increased the amount of essential oil from 0.22% (control) to 0.39%.

To study the Evaluation of foliar application of spermidine, citric acid and proline (zero, 50 and 100 mg / l) on growth and flowering in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress (no stress (control), 25, 50 and 75% Crop capacity) was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse located in northern Iran. The results of this study showed that increasing drought stress levels caused a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, plant height, root length, number of flowers, and longevity of the flower on the plant. Treatment of plants with different levels of spermidine, citric acid and proline significantly increased the evaluated traits, so that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and longevity of the flower on the plant was in proline 100 mg/l and control irrigation level and the highest fresh and dry weight of root and root length was in proline 100 mg/l and 75% of field capacity. Also, the highest plant height was in spermidine 100 mg/l and control irrigation level and the highest number of flowers were obtained in proline 50 mg/l and control irrigation level. In general, the results of this experiment showed that foliar application of 50 and 100 mg/l spermidine, citric acid and proline can partially compensate for the adverse effects of dehydration, but to enhance the growth and physiological characteristics of pot marigold, foliar application with proline 100 mg/l with 75% of field capacity is recommended.

The general public is familiar with the use of edible seeds due to the establishment of the Haft-e-Sin green tablecloth and the cooking of semno, which takes place before the arrival of spring. Fresh vegetables play an important role in diet and maintaining human health. An important category of vegetables is the sprouts of various plants that are used today as plant foods containing the compounds needed by the body. Edible sprouts are produced from the seeds during the germination process, which have a higher nutritional value than the seeds. The germination process has long been used as one of the cheapest and most effective methods to improve the nutritional value of seeds. As the seeds germinate, the amount of vitamins, minerals and protein in the seeds increases, while the amount of calories and carbohydrates decreases. Consumption of edible sprouts reduces the incidence of various cancers and due to its fiber, it will be able to digest and lose weight steadily. Due to the increase in population growth rate and more need for new nutrients and also increasing awareness of the nutritional value of sprouts, this food source has found a special place in the household food basket. Therefore, in this article, the importance of use and nutritional value of some useful edible seeds are examined.

Orchids are one of most popular ornamental flowers in all over the world and their production has been turned to great industry in global flower trade. In this study, the effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of Catasetum has been explored due to the numerous advantages of micropropagation in comparison to other production methods. Also, in order to achieve desirable and marketable characteristics in Dendrobium, polyploid induction by colchicine was used. In micropropagation, protocorms of orchid were cultured as an explant in MS media containing different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.00, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.50 mg/l) and kinetin (Kin) (0.00, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/l). Results indicated that the maximum leaf number and root number were obtained in plantlets grown on medium enriched with 1 mg/l Kin together with 0.5 mg/l IBA. In in vivo induction of polyploidy, fully 5-months-old orchid plantlets were plunged in different concentrations of colchicine solution (0.00, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15%) with Nonident P-40 (NP-40) as a surfactant for 3 days. Flow cytometery analysis revealed that tetraploid plantlets were produced through treatment with 0.15% colchicine. Investigation of cytological and morphological traits confirmed the presence of tetraploidy in plantlets treated with 0.15% colchicine.

Oxalis corniculata (also known as procumbent yellow sorrel and creeping woodsorrel) is a medicinal herbs that has long been used as food and medicine. This plant is an annual herb of Oxalidaceae familia with capsule-shaped fruits. Oxalis corniculata is an important herb commonly grown in temperate zones of Iran (especially northern provinces), in soil with a pH of about 7.6. All parts of the plant have dietary and medicinal applications and have long been used as a useful, fragrant condiments. The major fatty acids found in Oxalis corniculata include palmitic acid, as well as a mixture of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of this plant also contain proteins, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoid compounds, amino acids and volatile oils. The leaves of this herb contain tartaric acid, citric acid, calcium oxalate, flavonoids, glycoflavones, flavonols and phenolic acids such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic and syringic acids, and vitamins C and E. according to the previous studies, three types of glycoflavones known as Isoorientin, Isovitexin and Sertisin can also be found in the leaves of this herb. The leaves of this plant are of high nutritional value and can be used as edible vegetable. The leaves of this herb are also rich in minerals such as sodium (1.12%), potassium (2.17%), calcium (2.51%), nitrogen (3.56%) and magnesium (0.25%) that play a critical role in regulation of metabolic cycles in the human body. According to the literature, Oxalis corniculata extract exhibits an exceedingly high antimicrobial activity in the presence of gram-positive, gram-negative as well as drugresistant bacteria.