مجله به زراعی کشاورزی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

In this study, in order to investigate the response to salinity stress, seedlings of two rice kinds, Hashemi and its advanced mutant line, have exposed to 100 mM NaCl as a salinity stress in an experiment, conducted in 2017 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran. For the biochemical investigation, root sampling is performed during three and six days after the salinity stress treatment. The experiment is conducted as a split plot with randomized complete block design with three replications in hydroponic culture. Under salinity stress, the sodium ion content in both genotypes’ roots has increased significantly, while this trend is much lower in the root of mutant genotype than wild type. The induced oxidative stress of salinity stress is measured by the amount of hydrogen peroxide, indicating that the wild type is under higher oxidative stress which is confirmed by the higher amount of malondialdehyde. Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes’ activity include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. It reveals a significant rise in the root of the mutant genotype. Overall, this study shows that mutation in the rice genotype leads to salt tolerance, compared to the wild type, through promoting the activity of oxidative enzymes and the synthesis of some osmolytes in the root tissue.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has caused contamination of soil as well as surface and groundwater resources. For this purpose, an experiment has been conducted to investigate the possibility of reducing surface water pollution with nitrate and also the effect of nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of beans as a factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in Hamadan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center between 2013 and 2014. The first factor includes four types of nitrogen fertilizers, X1 (zeolite - EN), X2 (zeolite - AcAcEN), X3 (zeolite - HED), X4 (urea fertilizer), and X0 (control sample - no fertilizer use) and the second one involves two bean species, namely red beans (Phaseolus vulgarize L.) of Derakhshan cultivar and genotype 29005 of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Applying functionalized zeolite nanofertilizers reduces nitrate leaching from the experimental units (pots). Meanwhile, zeolite X3 fertilizer is capable of reducing nitrate leaching by 48% in comparison with urea fertilizer. The amount of soil nitrogen in pots, containing X3 fertilizer, is 0.115 ppm and, compared to the urea fertilizer treatment, it improves this element’s maintenance in the soil by 30%. Accordingly, X3 fertilizer increases chlorophyll, protein, and grain yield by 44%, 64%, and 56%, respectively, in comparison with the control. In general, the application of functionalized nano zeolites has a beneficial role in reducing nitrate leaching and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bean plants.

To identify the limiting factors in grain maize production in Iran, a study has been carried out to particulate effective and influential management factors of this crop’s production in the country. The data come from 95 final reports or extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), undergoing meta-analysis. Based on this study, of all grain maize variation, 2.93% is justified by plant density, 6.81% by planting structure, 11.12% by planting rotation, 2.28% by conservation agriculture, 25.28% by drought stress, 4.99% by cultivar, 4.46% by planting date, and 25.84% by nitrogen fertilizer. Accordingly, 100 thousand plants per hectare, zigzag double rows planting structure, maize-leguminous crops planting pattern, cultivating in residue, optimum irrigation without drought stress (in case of water availability), 700 maturity group cultivar (in case of adequate growing season), planting in May and early August in temperate and tropical climate, and using maximum 100-300 kg urea fertilizer per hectare are recommended to decrease yield gap in grain maize production.

In order to evaluate the effect of soluble time and molybdenum nanoparticles by chemical and green chemistry on morph-physiological indices of mung bean, the present research has been conducted in a factorial experiment, in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at Agricultural Research Institute University of Zabol in 2017. The experiment includes 4 levels of treatments: (Molybdenum nanoparticles of plant origin, chemical origin, plant and chemical composition, and control), as the primary factor and spraying time in 2 levels (Step 4 leaf and Step 6 leaf) as the secondary one. The plant density of mung bean has been 33 plants/m2 with the irrigation being performed twice a week. The maximum plant height (47.5 cm), biological yield (5287 kg ha-1), economic yield (634kg ha-1), number of seeds in pod (8), carotenoid, and chlorophyll a and b occur from Step 4-6 and the application of mixed molybdenum nanoparticles. Results from the experiment show that the highest seed protein (40%) has been obtained from plant nanoparticles as well as the 4-leaf stage. Micronutrient can be an effective management solution for production of agricultural products. The results also show that the application of chemical and vegetable molybdenum nanoparticles at 6- leaf stage increase mung bean traits.

In a field experiment, the effects from application of nitrogen and boron on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Varamin cotton variety have been studied at Tehran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2016. The experiment has been carried out, using a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement with three replications, with the main factor being nitrogen at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1) and the sub-factor, involving boron at three levels (no leaf spray, one leaf spray, and two leaf spray). The effects of nitrogen and boron and the interaction of nitrogen and boron on the quantitative traits of cotton, namely the mean number of bolls per plant, average boll weight, fiber yield, and fiber gin out, with the qualitative traits including fiber length and strength. Highest seedcotton yield (5233 kg ha-1), fiber yield (2080 kg ha-1), fiber percentage (40%), fiber length (31.3 mm), and fiber strength (29.7 g / textile) belong to 200 kg N per hectare and twice spraying of boron. There is a correlation between the qualitative properties of the fibers and nitrogen, whose regression relation follows the quadratic equation. Results show that in soils with less than 0.5 mg / kg boron and less than 0.81% organic carbon storage, nitrogen and boron application significantly increases seedcotton and fiber yield and the fiber quality is also improved. Therefore, in such soils, it is recommended to utilize 200 kg N with two times of foliar boron application from boric acid source with a concentration of five per thousand at flowering stage for two weeks thereafter.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on some characteristics of Ajowan (Carum copticum L. C.B. Clarke), a field experiment has been conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in Isfahan, Iran during 2013. The treatments involve different levels of saline water, namely 2.5 (control), 6, 9, and 18 dS.m-1. The determined traits include the yield, biochemical parameters, mineral contents, and seed essential oil content and quality. Results show that increasing salinity decreases biological yield and seed yield. Changes in essential oil components, caused by salinity, have been low, showing no specific trend. The major compound in the seed essential oil of C. capticum is thymol (56.1% to 61.2% of the essential oil). The highest concentration of total protein (root: 3.6 and shoot: 8.2 mg g-1 DW) is assigned to the control treatment, dropping significantly as salinity levels rise. Increasing salinity enhances the amount of proline and reducing sugars so that the highest amount of root proline, equal to 12 mg g-1 FW, and reducing sugars (root: 30.5 and shoot: 62 mg g-1 DW) comes from salinity of 18 dS.m-1. Increasing salinity levels raises the amount of phenolic compounds in the shoot, though this increase has not been considerable. The treatment of 18 dS.m-1 has had the lowest concentration of K+ (root: 5 and shoot: 22 mg g-1 DW) and the highest concentration of Na+ (root: 54 and shoot: 64 mg g-1 DW).It can be concluded that by increasing salinity levels, the amount of resistant osmolytes rises.

Bean root rot disease caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli is one of the major diseases associated with beans. In order to evaluate effective agronomic strategies to control this disease, an experiment has been carried out as a factorial split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications over two years. The experiment takes place in a farm with a history of infection with the causal agent of root rot disease at the Bean Research and Education Campus of Khomein City. Type of cultivation includes flat-striped method, furrowing method without hilling up, furrowing method with one time hilling up, and furrowing method with two times of hilling up in main plot. Also, the two red bean cultivars involve Ofogh and Yaghout and the three plant density include 20, 30, and 40 plant/m2 in a sub-plot with factorial arrangement. Results show that among the studied cultivars, the highest grainyield and minimum bean root rot severity belong to Yaghout cultivar. Additionally,, increasing the plant density adds to the severity of Fusarium root rot disease. Among the different methods of planting, the least root rot severity occurs in the furrowing method with one time of hilling up, while the highest grain yield is obtained from cultivation of Yaghout at a density of 30 plant/m2 in furrowing planting method with one time hilling up. Therefore, in those areas where the occurrence of this disease is very potential, it is necessary to change the method of bean planting from flat to furrowing method and hilling up the plants.

This study has been performed to compare DAT1, a new mid-season apple genotype, with summer apple cultivars including ‘Gala’, ‘Golab-e-Kohanz’, ‘Shafi Abadi’, and ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’ grafted on M9, MM106, and MM111 during two consecutive years in Kamalshahr Research Station. The experiments use a factorial design, arranged in a Random Complete Block Design with 3 replicates. Results show that the impacts of cultivars, rootstocks, and their interactions has been significant (P≤0.01) on growth characteristics, having the highest values in ‘Golab-e-Kohanz’ and ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’ grafted on MM111, with 92 and 91.7 cm respectively, while the lowest value occurs in DAT1, grafted on M9 with 53.7 cm. the highest yield is found in ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’, ‘Golab-e-Kohanz’, and DAT1 grafted on MM106 and MM111 with 22.50, 20.05, and 18.4 kg, respectively. The largest fruits belong to DAT1, being 211.80 gr, and the smallest ones are grown on ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’ and ‘Golab-e-Kohanz’ with 75.50 and 69.55 gr, respectively. Regarding flesh firmness, the hardest and softest fruits turn out to be ‘Gala’ grafted on M9 and DAT1 on MM106, being 5.8 Kg/cm2 and 3.7 Kg/cm2, respectively. The maximum soluble solids (18.5%) has been ‘Gala’ grafted on all three rootstocks and the lowest one (11.5%), ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’ grafted on MM111. The maximum acidity of fruit juice has been found in DAT1 grafted on MM106 with 0.68% and the lowest one in ‘Golab-e-Isfahan’ grafted on MM106 with 022%.