فهرست مطالب

نشریه پژوهش های اقلیم شناسی
پیاپی 43 (پاییز 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/09/18
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • فهیمه محمدی، حسن لشکری* صفحات 1-14

    سامانه کم فشار سودان یکی از سامانه های موثر در بارش جنوب و جنوبغرب ایران است. در این پژوهش دوره مطالعاتی منطبق با چرخه خورشیدی طی سال های 1957 تا 2017 تنظیم شده است. با بکارگیری داده های بارش روزانه 42 ایستگاه همدید از سازمان هواشناسی کشور، روزهای دارای بارندگی استخراج شدند. برای این روزها از مرکز پیش بینی جوی- اقیانوسی ایالات متحده داده های فشار سطح دریا و ارتفاع فشاری در تراز 1000 هکتو پاسکال دریافت شد. بر پایه تحلیل چشمی هسته های کم و پرارتفاع، روزهای دارای بارش ناشی از سامانه سودانی مستقل (41 روز در جنوبغرب و 28 روز در جنوب ایران) از سایر سامانه های جوی جداسازی شد. برای این روزها داده های آنومالی ترکیبی روزانه فشار سطح دریا، ارتفاع ژیوپتانسیل، نم ویژه، باد مداری و نصف النهاری در ترازهای 1000، 850 ،700، 500 هکتوپاسکال از پایگاه داده یادشده نیز تهیه شد. نتایج بررسی ها نشان داد فشار تراز دریا طی دهه اول تا ششم در جنوبغرب ایران نسبت به میانگین دراز مدت آن کاهش داشته است (1- تا 3- هکتوپاسکال) اما در عرصه جنوب ایران طی دهه اول تا سوم فشار تراز دریا جزیی کاهش و پس از آن طی دهه چهارم تا ششم افزایش داشت.. بررسی تغییرات ارتفاع تراز سطح زمین تا تراز میانی جو در جنوبغرب ایران نشان داد، طی دهه اول تا ششم ارتفاع سامانه سودانی نسبت به میانگین دراز مدت آن در منطقه کاهش داشت (10- تا 70- متر) اما این در حالی است که در عرصه جنوبی ایران ارتفاع سامانه سودانی بغیر از دهه اول تا سوم که کاهش داشت طی دهه چهارم تا ششم افزایش یافته بود (10+ تا 15+ متر). تغییرات پارامترهای دینامیکی سبب شده است تا بارش سامانه سودانی در ماه می از گذشته تا به امروز در جنوبغرب ایران تقویت و در جنوب ایران تضعیف بشود.

    کلیدواژگان: کم فشار سودان، چرخه خورشیدی، آنومالی، جنوب و جنوبغرب ایران
  • محمدرضا سالاری فنودی، محمود خسروی*، تقی طاوسی، محسن حمیدیان پور صفحات 15-32

    با توجه به اهمیت بارش لازم است این پارامتر در مناطق مختلف برآورد شود تا امکان برنامه ریزی مناسب و ارایه راهکارهای مناسب فراهم شود. در این پژوهش به ارزیابی خروجی های ریزمقیاس گردانی 11 مدل گردش عمومی جو (GCM) بادومدلدینامیکمنطقه ای RCA4 و  MPI-CSC-REMO2009در پروژه کوردکس در جنوب شرق کشور ایران پرداخته شد. ایستگاه های هواشناسی مورد بررسی شامل 6 ایستگاه سینوپتیک (زاهدان، سراوان، ایرانشهر، چابهار، کرمان و بندرعباس) در دوره پایه (2005-1976) با حداقل 40 سال آمار است. جهت ارزیابی دقت مدل ها نیز از شاخص های کمی MSE، RMSE، MAE، ER ، R و نمودار تیلور بهره گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدل های CanESM2، CSIRO  و NorESM1 دارای خطای کمتری نسبت به سایر مدل ها هستند که به لحاظ آماری در سطح معنی داری قابل قبولی نیستند. بر خلاف عدم رابطه معنی داری بین داده های بارش و پایگاه کوردکس، دقت داده های فشار سطح دریا و ارتفاع ژیوپتانسیل تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال پایگاه کوردکس در دو مدل CanESM2 و CSIRO مناسب بود.  بنابراین به منظور افزایش دقت شبیه سازی بارش در آینده و استفاده از آن در برنامه ریزی های کلان، از این دو نیز می توان استفاده کرد. نتیجه امر منجر به افزایش دقت شبیه سازی در سطح 95 درصد شد و همبستگی حدود  9/0 نیز محاسبه گردید. در مجموع به دلیل پیچیدگی فرآیند بارش و تغییرپذیری زیاد آن به ویژه در حاکمیت توده هوای موسمی در دوره گرم سال، می توان نتیجه گرفت که هیچکدام از مدل جهانی مورد بررسی در پایگاه کوردکس توانایی لازم جهت برآورد بارش را ندارند و برآورد آن عدم قطعیت های زیادی در بر خواهد داشت و لازم است از مدل های GCM و ریزمقیاس گردانی مختلف استفاده نمود.

    کلیدواژگان: بارش، تغییر اقلیم، ریزگردانی، مونسون، کوردکس
  • قاسم عزیزی*، الهه قاسمی کرکانی، ناصر ایزدی صفحات 33-54

    کم فشار سودان یکی از سامانه های موثر بر بارش ایران  می باشد که در Fر آب و هوای ایران تاثیر گذار است. این سامانه با نام هایی چون کم فشار سودان، ناوه یا فرود دریای سرخ و در منابع بین المللی به عنوان RST[1]  نام برده می شود. در این پژوهش ابتدا پیشنه ای از مطالعات انجام شده در خصوص این سامانه و ویژگی های آن ارایه شده است و سپس با استفاده از داده های شبکه بندی مرکز اروپایی پیش بینی های میان مدت جوی [2] سری (ERA-Interim) و بارش مشاهداتی، پارامترهای موثر در شکل گیری RST ها شامل کشیدگی ناوه دریای سرخ، پرفشار عربستان، ناوه سطوح بالایی عرض های میانه، جت جنب حاره، انتقال رطوبت از دریاها و ناپایدارهایی تروپسفریک در دو رخداد فعال ناوه دریای سرخ [3] ARST در نوامبر 2011 برای جنوب غرب ایران و نوامبر 2009 در جنوب غرب عربستان مورد تحلیل و مقایسه قرار گرفته است.  نتایج بررسی انجام شده نشان داد موقعیت شکل گیری ناوه دریای سرخ و پشته عربستان به عنوان دو عنصر جنب حاره ای تاثیر گذار و همچنین خصوصیات ناوه سطوح میانی جو ، جت جنب حاره و مسیرهای انتقال رطوبت می توانند در هر یک از ARST های مورد بررسی، نسبت به دیگری تا اندازه ای متفاوت باشند. و گاها این اختلاف ها می تواند بصورت الگویی منحصر بفرد برای هر یک از ARST ها  مطرح گردد. 

    کلیدواژگان: ناوه دریای سرخ، سینوپتیک، بارش، ایران، عربستان
  • فروغ رحیمی، نصرت ریاحی نیا، حمزه علی نورمحمدی*، هاجر ستوده، غلامعباس فلاح صفحات 55-72

    با توجه به گسترش وب اجتماعی و قابلیت های آن در انتشار یافته های علمی و استقبال پژوهشگران برای بهره مندی از پتانسیل وب اجتماعی در راستای افزایش رویت پذیری بروندادهای علمی و کسب اعتبار و از سوی دیگر اهمیت توجه به تاثیر پژوهش ها و تعیین مطالعات اثرگذار، پژوهش حاضر با هدف توجه جامعه علمی به مسایل مرتبط با نوسانات اقلیمی و پتانسیل شبکه های اجتماعی در انعکاس یافته های علمی این حوزه و ارایه تصویری از وضعیت پژوهش های این حوزه انجام گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی، با رویکرد علم سنجی و استفاده از روش دگرسنجی در کنار استفاده از تحلیل هم واژگانی است که در آن تمامی مقاله های مرتبط با نوسانات اقلیمی از پایگاه وب علوم استخراج و میزان انعکاس آنها در رسانه های اجتماعی از طریق سایت آلتمتریک استخراج و با استفاده از  نرم افزارهای اکسل، ووس ویویر و SPSS ویرایش 20 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که تعداد 2755 مقاله این حوزه، تعداد 89129 استناد طی 41 سال گذشته در پایگاه وب علوم دریافت کرده اند، بیشترین میزان استناد با 1458 استناد به مقاله ای در سال 2000 مربوط است. نرخ رشد انتشارات این حوزه، 2366 درصد با بیشترین میزان انتشار مقاله در سال 2017 می باشد. کشورهای آمریکا، چین و آلمان رتبه های اول تا سوم بیشترین تولیدکنندگان مقاله های این حوزه و کشور ایران رتبه 43 ام را دارد.از تعداد 2556 مقاله که دارای نشانگر رقومی بودند، تعداد 1447 مدرک در سایت آلتمتریک بازیابی که در مجموع تعداد 8832 استناد اجتماعی از رسانه های مختلف دریافت کرده اند. بیشترین میزان انعکاس و استفاده از مقاله های مربوط به  نرم افزار مدیریت مراجع مندلی و خوانندگان آن با 92358 بار مطالعه و توییت کاربران با 6480 توییت می باشد. رتبه های سوم تا پنجم به رسانه های خبری، وبلاگ ها و اسناد سیاست گذاری تعلق داشت. کاربران کشور آمریکا فعال ترین کاربران اجتماعی در این حوزه بوده اند. بیشینه نمره آلتمتریک 651 و 82 مربوط به اثرگذارترین مقاله های خارجی و داخلی (ایرانی) منتشر شده است که در سال 2016 و 2015 به چاپ رسیده اند. نتایج آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن نشان داد که رابطه معنی دار اما ضعیفی میان استنادهای دریافتی در وب علوم و اغلب دگرسنجه های تحت پوشش آلتمتریک وجود دارد.حوزه موضوعی علوم چند رشته ای جزو پرانتشارترین و پراستنادترین موضوعات این حوزه می باشد.مصورسازی مقاله های این حوزه نشان داد که واژگانی چون دمای سطح آب دریا، گرمایش جهانی، نوسانات جنوبی، پدیده ال نینو و... از جمله مهمترین و پربسامدترین واژگان مطرح در میان مقاله های حوزه نوسانات اقلیم هستند. ارزش پژوهش حاضر در ارایه تصویری از چهار دهه تولیدات علمی این رشته و شفاف سازی میزان توجه کاربران رسانه های مختلف اجتماعی به مقوله نوسانات آب و هوایی و امکان استفاده از دگرسنجه ها، در ارزیابی پژوهش است.

    کلیدواژگان: نوسانات اقلیمی، علم سنجی، دگرسنجی، رسانه های اجتماعی، تحلیل هم واژگانی
  • علی محمد خورشیددوست، مهدی اسدی*، حسن حاجی محمدی صفحات 73-86

    به منظور بررسی ساختار جو در زمان رخداد توفان تندری در استان کرمانشاه از کدهای مخابره شده از ایستگاه های سینوپتیک استان و پارامترهای فشار تراز دریا، ارتفاع ژیوپتانسیل، نم ویژه، مولفه باد مداری و مولفه نصف النهاری باد با مراجعه به تارنمای متعلق به NCEP/NCAR اخذ و برای مطالعات میان مقیاس از داده های رادیوسوند استفاده گردید. همچنین برای بارزسازی این پدیده از مدل WRF با توان تفکیک 15 کیلومتر استفاده گردید. در نهایت برای ارزیابی بین برونداد مدل در بخش بارش از مقادیر بارش برآورد شده سنجنده TRMM نیز بهره گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد ریزش هوای سرد و تشکیل یک ناوه عمیق بر روی غرب ایران، بوجود آمدن گرادیان شدید فشار در شمال غرب و غرب کشور و تشکیل یک جبهه سرد در منطقه، از عوامل عمده سینوپتیکی در زمان توفان بوده است. همچنین مشخص گردید که منابع رطوبتی بارش ها نیز از دریای عرب، سرخ و خلیج فارس تامین شده است. از طرف دیگر صعود شدید هوا در تشکیل ابرهای جوششی و هسته های تگرگ نقش عمده ای داشته اند. بررسی و ارزیابی برونداد مدل WRF (مقدار برآورد شده بارش 18 میلی متر) و سنجنده TRMM (مقدار برآورد شده بارش 19 میلی متر) در مقایسه با بارش گزارش شده از ایستگاه ها (مقدار برآورد شده بارش  17 میلی متر) نشان داد که مدل WRF با توان تفکیک مذکور و RMSE برابر با 1 میلی متر در بررسی ساختار جو در منطقه برای پویانمایی پدیده های میان مقیاسی همچون توفان تندری مناسب است.

    کلیدواژگان: توفان تندری، سینوپتیک، مدل WRF، سنجنده TRMM، استان کرمانشاه
  • محمد اصغری، امیرحسین مشکوتی*، عباس رنجبر، محمد مرادی صفحات 87-98

    درشرق و جنوب شرق ایران وقوع پدیده گردوخاک هرساله موجب بروز خسارات شدید مالی، جانی و زیست محیطی فراوانی می شود که پیش بینی دقیق آن به منظور ارایه هشدارهای لازم می تواند خسارات وارده را تا حد امکان کاهش دهد. گزارش کد هوای حاضر 07، 30، 31 و 32 در ایستگاه های همدیدی جنوب شرق ایران از جمله زابل، زاهدان، نهبندان و ایرانشهر بیانگر وقوع توفان است و دید افقی منطقه در مدت زمان وقوع توفان به کمتر از 1000 متر رسید. در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده های بازتحلیل (ERA5)، برای توفان گردوخاک (11تا 13 آگوست 2018) تحلیل همدیدی و با استفاده از مدل WRF-Chem، و طرحواره های مختلف گسیل، شبیه سازی انجام شده است. تحلیل الگوی جوی نشان می دهد، در مدت زمان وقوع توفان (حاکمیت بادهای 120 روزه)، با استقرار پرفشار حوالی دریای خزر و ترکمنستان و از سوی دیگر تقویت کم فشار فصلی حرارتی بر روی جنوب شرق ایران، هند و پاکستان و نفوذ هوای خنک از شمال و سپس گرادیان های شدید دمایی و فشاری منجر به وزش بادهای شدید می شوند. شبیه سازی توفان نشان داد اجرای مدل،آغازگردوخاکاز جنوب شرق و گسیل آن به مناطق شرق رابهخوبیمشخص کرد. نتایج نشان می دهند طرحواره های گسیل  AFWAوGOCART  در شبیه سازی گسیل گرد و خاک، سازگاری بیشتری با مشاهدات (تصاویر RGB) دارند؛ اما طرحواره های SHAO، خطای قابل ملاحظه ای دارند. طرحواره AFWA، غلظت را بیشتر از مشاهدات شبیه سازی کرد اما روند تغییرات آن تطابق قابل قبولی دارد. طرحواره GOCART، از نظر کمیت، به مشاهدات نزدیک است اما مقادیر پیش بینی شده توسط مدل عموما کمتر از مقادیر دیدبانی می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: توفان گرد و خاک، مدل WRF-Chem، طرحواره گسیل، جنوب شرق ایران، زابل
  • امیرهوشنگ احسانی*، مصطفی بیگدلی صفحات 99-108

    تاثیر قابل ملاحظه و منفی ذرات PM2.5  بر سلامتی انسان و محیط زیست، ضرورت اندازه گیری دقیق و مستمر این آلاینده را اجتناب ناپذیر می سازد. استفاده از تکنولوژیهای نوین سنجش از دور ماهواره ای می تواند جایگزین مناسب و کم هزینه ای برای اندازه گیری های زمینی باشد. تخمین دقیق غلظت زمینی ذرات PM2.5 با استفاده از عمق نوری هواویزها (AOD) به این دلیل که رابطه بین AOD و PM2.5  تحت تاثیر پارامترهای مختلف و شرایط هواشناسی است، به آسانی قابل انجام نمی باشد. در این مطالعه مقادیر AOD از داده های سنجنده MODIS با دقت مکانی سه کیلومتر طی یک دوره ی زمانی یکساله از 1 تیر 1396 تا 31 خرداد 1397 جهت تخمین غلظت هایPM2.5  برای 16 ایستگاه زمینی در شهر تهران استخراج گردید. غلظت های PM2.5 برآورد شده با مقادیر سالانه اندازه گیری شده توسط ایستگاه های پایش آلودگی هوای شرکت کنترل کیفیت هوای تهران برای مدت زمان مورد مطالعه مقایسه گردید. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که مدل رگرسیونی برقرار شده با ضریب همبستگی بالا (R2=0.99) همخوانی کامل مقادیر سالانه غلظت های PM2.5 برآورد شده و اندازه گیری شده از داده های MODIS در ایستگاه ها دارد. با توجه به نقشه توزیع مکانی غلظت PM2.5 پیش بینی شده، مناطق اطراف ایستگاه های شادآباد و شهرداری منطقه 11 به عنوان آلوده ترین و مناطق اطراف ایستگاه های اقدسیه، گلبرگ، شهرداری منطقه 2 و مسعودیه بعنوان پاک ترین بخش های شهر تهران میباشند. نتایج نشان داد که داده های دورسنجی عمق نوری هواویز دارای توانایی قابل قبولی جهت پیش بینی غلظت PM2.5 سالانه می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: داده های ماهواره ای، عمق نوری هواویز، آلودگی هوا، PM2.5، MODIS
  • احمد علیزاده*، ایمان بابائیان، حمید نوری، محمدعلی نجاتیان صفحات 109-126

    از اثرات عمده تغییر اقلیم، تاثیر آن بر کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی می باشد و انگور یکی از محصولات باغی استراتژیک کشاورزی می باشد. مقادیر دما و بارش روزانه ایستگاه گلمکان براساس مدل HadCM3 در دوره پایه (2005-1987) و آینده نزدیک (2050-2020) تحت سناریوهای  RCP8.5وRCP4.5 با استفاده از روش عامل تغییر، ریزمقیاس شدند سپس با استفاده از سه سری داده های پایه هواشناسی، ریزمقیاس نمایی و کیفیت مشاهداتی انگور، کیفیت انگور برای آینده با بکارگیری شبکه عصبی پرسپترون در Matlab 2019A شبیه سازی شده است. مدل اقلیمی، افزایش دما و کاهش بارندگی در آینده را تحت سناریوهایRCP8.5  وRCP4.5 نسبت به دوره پایه نشان داد. دمای حداکثر به ترتیب 2، 3 و 2.7 درجه سانتی گراد افزایش و دمای حداقل به ترتیب 2.9 و1.8 درجه سانتی گراد افزایش و بارش به ترتیب 49 و30 درصد کاهش را دارد. هر یک از متغیرهای مستقل دمای کمینه، بیشینه، و بارش با هر یک از متغیرهای وابسته سن درخت، قند، وزن خوشه، اندازه خوشه، طول میوه، عرض میوه، اسیدیته، pH و TSS رابطه معناداری را بر پایه آزمون پیرسون نشان می دهند. تحت هر دو سناریو وزن خوشه، اندازه خوشه، طول میوه، عرض میوه، قند، pH، TSS بریکس، اسیدیته و وزن حبه به صورت کاهشی پیش بینی می شود. در RCP8.5 میزان تغییرات بیشتر از RCP4.5 می باشد. در خصوصیات رنگ آبمیوه، رنگ گوشت، طعم میوه، انبارداری، بازارپسندی و حمل و نقل در دو سناریو بدون تغییر است. آزمون T-Test تغییر در متغیرهای pH، قند، اسیدیته، وزن خوشه، طول میوه و طول در عرض خوشه در دو سناریو معنادار بوده است. متغیرهای وزن حبه و عرض میوه در دو سناریو 4.5 و 8.5، اندازه خوشه سناریو 8.5 و طول در عرض حبه سناریوی 4.5 فاقد تغییرات معنی داری است. نتایج نشان می دهد، دراثر افزایش دما و کاهش بارندگی در اقلیم آتی، برخی متغیرهای کیفت انگور در آینده با روند کاهش معنی داری مواجه خواهند شد.

    کلیدواژگان: مدل HADCM3، سناریوهای IPCC، شبکه عصبی
  • ندا معروفی، محمدجواد مهدوی نژاد*، حسین مرادی نسب صفحات 127-142

    فرم پنجره عاملی تعیین کننده در انتقال نورروزبهفضاهایداخلی کلاس های آموزشی است. مطالعات گذشته نشان می دهد که نور روزبر سلامت جسمی و آرامش روانی دانش آموزان تاثیرگذار است و بهترینفرمپنجره، مستطیلافقی است و در جبهه جنوبی جهت جلوگیری از خیرگی و فراهم آوردن شرایط آسایش به استفاده از سایبان تاکید شده است. در استانداردهای طراحی تاکید شده که استفاده از نور روز ضروری است و افزایش میزان درخشندگی سطح میز مطالعه می تواند باعث پدیده خیرگی شود. هدف اصلی پژوهش تبیین چارچوب اجرایی معماری سرآمد و معماری نوردوست با ارزیابی تاثیر فرم پنجره در کیفیت جذب نور فضاهای آموزشی در اقلیم BWk .بر اساس روش شناسی پژوهش، «ابعاد» و «فرم پنجره» متغیر مستقل، شاخص های «روشنایی» و «خیرگی» متغیر وابسته و ارتفاع کف «پنجره از کف زمین» و «مصالح» متغیر کنترل می باشد. پژوهش حاضر، کاربردی و روش تحقیق توصیفی - تحلیلی می باشد. برای نمونه آزمون، یک کلاس درس با پنجره هایی رو به جنوب در شهر سمنان با پلاگین های هانی بی، هانی بی پلاس و لیدی باگ مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرند. در مرحله بعد دانشجویان و اساتید با استفاده از پرسشنامه، نظر خود را درباره کیفیت نور روز بیان  می کنند. یافته های به دست آمده از مقایسه آنالیزهای نرم افزاری، نشان می دهد که در برخی مدل ها در ساعت 11صبح، میز مطالعه در بازه طیف آزار دهنده قرار می گیرند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که پنجره هایی با ارتفاع 180سانتی متر در فرم های مختلف از نظر خیرگی، شرایط نا محسوس را دارد و نشان می دهد تغییر در چیدمان صندلی و تابلو می تواند مانند فرم پنجره ها موثر باشد. نتایج همچنین تاکید دارند که الگوی پشنهادی توسط سازمان توسعه و تجهیز مدارس ایران، از نظر بصری در اقلیم BWk کارآیی کافی ندارد.

    کلیدواژگان: معماری سرآمد، معماری نوردوست، اقلیم BWk، ارزیابی روشنایی طبیعی، خیرگی
  • کیومرث روشنگر*، محسن مقدس، رقیه قاسم پور صفحات 143-158

    بارندگی یکی از عناصر مهم آب و هوایی بوده و از عوامل تاثیرگذار در چرخه ی هیدرولوژیکی محسوب می شود. تغییرات زمانی-مکانی بارش در یک حوضه، می تواند اثرات متعددی بر مهندسی، مدیریت و برنامه ریزی منابع آب آن حوضه داشته باشد. در تحقیق کنونی جهت بررسی خصوصیات بارش ماهانه 30 ایستگاه واقع در جنوب شرقی کشور ایالات متحده طی سال های 2018- 1968، از دو روش کلاسیک و پیشنهادی استفاده گردید. در روش پیشنهادی، از روش پیش پردازش سری زمانی شامل تبدیل موجک گسسته ماکزیمم همپوشانی  (MODWT)به همراه خوشه بندی K-meansاستفاده شد. ابتدا سری زمانی بارش ماهانه ایستگاه ها با استفاده از روش MODWT و موجک مادر db به چندین زیر سری زمانی تجزیه شد. سپس، انرژی زیر سری ها محاسبه و به عنوان ورودی روش های K-means و RBF مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. تعداد خوشه های بهینه برای ایستگاه ها در هر دو روش کلاسیک و پیشنهادی پنج خوشه به دست آمد. جهت استفاده از داده ها به عنوان ورودی روش RBF ابتدا، همبستگی داده ها توسط نمودارهای واریوگرام و کوواریانس بررسی شد. سپس، روش Spline with Tension در مدل RBF انتخاب و نقشه های پهنه بندی رسم گردید. بر اساس نتایج خوشه بندی و مطابق با تغییرات در طول و عرض جغرافیایی ایستگاه ها، مشخص گردید که با افزایش انرژی خوشه ها، مقدار بارش در ایستگاه های آن خوشه کاهش می یابد و بالعکس. مقادیر ضریب سیلویت خوشه بندی در روش کلاسیک 3/0 و در روش پیشنهادی 8/0 به دست آمد که این امر، نشان دهنده خوشه بندی بهتر ایستگاه های مورد مطالعه در روش پیشنهادی است.

    کلیدواژگان: بارش، تغییرات مکانی، خوشه بندی، MODWT، RBF
  • الهام محمدی*، سعید موحدی، رضا محمدی، صابر گلگاری صفحات 159-170

    در این مطالعه اثر تغییر اقلیم بر فنولوژی (مرحله گل دهی) و عملکرد گندم در غرب و شمال غرب کشور بررسی شده است. ابتدا رخداد تغییر اقلیم برای دوره پایه (2018-1988) در منطقه با استفاده از دو آزمون من-کندال و Estimator slopsen's  ارزیابی شد نتایج نشان داد که در غرب و شمال غرب کشور  متوسط دمای سالانه دارای روند افزایشی به میزان 2 درجه سانتی گراد، و همچنین متوسط بارندگی ها سالانه دارای روند کاهشی به میزان 38 درصد می باشد. در ادامه هم با کوچک مقیاس سازی آماری داده های خروجی مدل CCSM4 به وسیله نرم افزار LARS WG ، پارامترهای اقلیمی بیشینه دما، کمینه دما و بارندگی منطقه تحت سناریوی RCP4.5 در افق سال های 2019 تا 2039 شبیه سازی شد. سپس پیش بینی طول مرحله گل دهی و میزان عملکرد با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون چندگانه خطی بدست آمد انتخاب مدل براساس شاخص R-Square  بود که شاخص(R-Square) یا ضریب تبیین مدل برای پیش بینی عملکرد 83 ٪ بوده و ضریب تبیین (R-Square) مدل برای پیش بینی فنولوژی 94 ٪ بود. یافته ها نشان داد که در غرب و شمال غرب کشور دوره آتی، متوسط درجه حرارت در تمامی ماه های سال افزایشی بین 5/2 تا 5/3 درجه سانتیگراد تا پایان سال 2039 خواهد داشت. همچنین تحت شرایط تغییر اقلیم در آینده طول مرحله گل دهی 18 روز کوتاه تر خواهد شد و عملکرد دانه گندم 35 درصد افزایش خواهد یافت.

    کلیدواژگان: تغییر اقلیم، رگرسیون چندگانه خطی، فنولوژی، عملکرد، گندم
  • امیررضا خاکسار، سید مجید مفیدی شمیرانی*، محمود نیکخواه شهمیرزادی صفحات 171-189

    اقلیم را می توان یکی از مهم ترین موضوعات مرتبط با معماری دانست که اطلاعات آن قبل از طراحی می تواند در جهت ایجاد آسایش حرارتی کمک شایانی کند. از تبعات عدم توجه به اقلیم در معماری، بناهای نامناسب از لحاظ تامین آسایش حرارتی می باشد که می بایستی در آن از سوخت فسیلی استفاده شود. همچنین عدم ایستگاه های همدید و هواسنجی جهت شناخت اقلیم یک منطقه خاص از دیگر مسایلی است که نمی توان میزان تطابق معماری با اقلیم مورد نظر را بطور دقیق بررسی نمود. در پژوهش حاضر ساخت و شناخت اقلیم یک منطقه از طریق نرم افزار و میزان همسازی معماری و اقلیم آن، دغدغه پژوهش می باشد. بنابراین بررسی میزان انطباق بناهای خاک پناه میمند از اقلیم خود مساله اصلی مقاله تلقی گردید. همچنین شناسایی تاثیرگذارترین متغیرهای اقلیمی بر شکل گیری بناهای روستای میمند از لحاظ آسایش حرارتی به عنوان هدف اصلی پژوهش انتخاب شد. برای تحقق هدف، از روش تحقیق پژوهش موردی بر پایه اندازه گیری های میدانی کمک گرفته شد و از نرم افزار تخصصی به عنوان روش جمع آوری اطلاعات استفاده گردید. همچنین از نمودارهای حاصله از نرم افزار به عنوان ابزار تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها استفاده گردید. لازم به ذکر است که روستای میمند به عنوان نمونه موردی انتخاب شد و مطالعات میدانی در روزهای 11، 12 و 13 مرداد سال 1398 انجام گرفت. متغیرهای درجه حرارت و رطوبت نسبی توسط دستگاه ثبت داده حصول یافت و سپس اقلیم روستای میمند در طی دوره آماری 1991-2019 در نرم افزار متانورم ساخته شد. سپس خروجی آن و بطور خاص اطلاعات درجه حرارت و رطوبت نسبی با داده های کلی ایستگاه همدید شهر بابک و همچنین خروجی دستگاه ثبت داده جهت صحت سنجی مقایسه و کنترل شد. پس از صحت سنجی اطلاعات نرم افزار متانورم، فایل EPW اقلیم روستای میمند وارد نرم افزار کلایمیت کانسولتنت گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین متغیر تاثیرگذار اقلیمی بر شکل گیری بناهای خاک پناه میمند، مولفه درجه حرارت می باشد و حداکثر تطابق معماری روستای میمند با اقلیم آن از نظر آسایش حرارتی در بخش های شکل پلان و تناسبات، شاکله بنا، مصالح و جرم حرارتی، نسبت بازشو به دیوار، ضخامت جداره ها و سایه بان های قابی شکل بود. کمترین میزان توجه در جهت گیری بناها نسبت به تابش خورشید بود که احتمالا به دلایل بافت طبیعی روستا شکل گرفته است. همچنین بناهایی که بطور همزمان دارای جهت گیری جنوبی و یا جنوب شرقی نسبت به تابش خورشید، قرارگیری در تراز ارتفاعی میانی توپوگرافی، شاکله مربعی پلان و عمق حداکثری نفوذ بنا در خاک بودند، به عنوان همسازترین بناها با اقلیم از نظر آسایش حرارتی انتخاب شدند. به عنوان یک نتیجه گیری کلی می توان اذعان نمود که بناهای خاک پناه روستای میمند از جنبه های متعددی با اقلیم خود مطابقت دارد که نتیجه آن آسایش حرارتی در دوره های زمانی سال می باشد و در نهایت راهکارهای معماری همساز با اقلیم آن می تواند الگویی برای معماری معاصر دیگر مناطق مشابه اقلیم میمند باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: اقلیم، آسایش حرارتی، بناهای خاک پناه میمند، نرم افزار، صحت سنجی
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  • Fahimeh Mohammadi, Hassan Lashkari * Pages 1-14
    Introduction

    The Sudan low pressure is regarded as a system influencing the rainfall during the cold season, in the South and Southwest of Iran. Often in the cold season these systems have crossed Ethiopia, Sudan, and the Red Sea and then on its way entered the country from the south and southwest of Iran and it is causing rain in these areas. According to El-Fandy (1948), the history of recognizing the Sudan low in the Middle East and the Red Sea region goes back to about 80 years ago when Ashbel (1938) first described the eastern Mediterranean rainfall. Ashbel concluded that the rainfall in the area was affected by a system which he called the “Red Sea low pressure”. Based on the evidence, Olfat (1968) was the first one who studied Sudan low in the context of Iran. Olfat refers to low pressures which are formed in northeastern Africa and the Red Sea and then pass Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf, and finally, enter Iran and cause rainfall. The purpose of this study is the Investigation of dynamic fluctuations of Sudan low In May rainfall performance over the course of 60 years.

    Materials and methods

    The study period is from1957 to 2017. May was considered as a symbol of the poor performance of the Sudan low in the south and southwest of Iran (Lashkari & Mohammadi, 2019). The study period with long-term variations was considered from 9.5 to 11 years based on solar cycle. In this regard, the daily precipitation data of 42 stations of the south and southwest of the country were prepared by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. Rainfall days were extracted in May using the daily rainfall data of 42 synoptic stations. For these days, sea level pressure (SLP) and geopotential (hgt) data at 1000 hPa with 2.5 × 2.5◦ spatial resolution were obtained from the dataset of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project. Additionally, the frame of the reference was provided in 0-100◦ E and 10-55◦ N latitude belt in GrADS software. The visual analysis of high and low altitude cores and geopotential height at 1000 hPa pressure level (El-Fandy, 1950a; Lashkari, 1996; 2002) were considered based on the aim of the study. Accordingly, the approximate locations of activity centers, as well as the range of the formation and displacement of the Sudan system were initially identified based on the location of the formation of low and high-pressure cores. Then, the rainy days due to the Sudan system in May were separated from the precipitation of the other atmospheric systems (i.e., Sudan-Mediterranean and Mediterranean systems). For these days, SLP, hgt, specific humidity, zonal and meridional wind data at the levels of 1000, 850, 700, and 500 hPa with 2.5 × 2.5◦ spatial resolution were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR dataset. Using the GrADS software, the numerical values of these parameters were calculated at synoptic stations with the highest statistical data over six decades. In addition, for the sum of the days of Sudan low rainfall in each decade, the daily composites of the anomalies of these variables were provided from NCEP/NCAR dataset.

    Results and discussion

    Analysis of sea level pressure changes Examination of sea level pressure (SLP) revealed that during the first to sixth decades SLP has declined relative to its long-term average in southwestern of Iran (-1 to -3 hPa). But in the south of Iran during the first to second decades, the SLP decreased slightly and remained constant in the third decade and then increased during the fourth to sixth decades (+1 hPa).Analysis of Geopotential height Changes Examination of Geopotential height (hgt) changes over the level of 1000hpa to the 500hpa showed that the height of the Sudan low was reduced Compared to its long-term average, during the first decade to the sixth decade in southwest of Iran but the size of its hgt reduction, was reduced from the first decade (-70 m) to in the sixth decade (–30m). The height of the Sudan low was decreased from the first decade to the third decade in the southern part of Iran (-10m to -30m). But the height of the Sudan low was increased during the fourth to sixth decades (+10 to +15 meters).Analysis of specific humidity Changes Examine the specific humidity (Shum) values at 1000,850 and 700hpa showed that moisture change was reduced during the first to the second decade in southwestern Iran (about 2 gr/kg), and it was constant with a slight swing from the second decade to the sixth decade (4 gr/kg). In the south of Iran Shum status was accompanied by decreasing and increasing with a swing during the first decade to the third decade and it was almost fixed from the fourth through the sixth decades (2.5-3 gr/kg). Specific humidity values increased to some extent at 850 and 700hPa during the last decade.Analysis of vector wind and vorticity ChangesSurvey of vector wind and vorticity at 850hpa level showed that Sudan Cyclone deployed in northeast Saudi Arabia and the southern coast of the Persian Gulf and on other hands, Anticyclone (Arabian subtropical High Pressure) Stationed on southern Iran. Soduring the decades of climate, the Barotropic and Baroclinic Atmosphere is ruler on the south and southwest of Iran, respectively.

    Conclusion

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of a compressive structure, humidity and other dynamic parameters of systems due to Sudan low in May of south and southwest of Iran. The climate decades were regulated by solar cycles over 60 years (1957-2017). The results made it clear that changing the dynamic parameters of Sudan low system has strengthened and weakened in the southwest and south of Iran respectively, over the decades. Also, Investigation of the average of decidedly precipitation rate due to Sudan low showed the values of rainfall in May, increasing in the south and southwest of Iran over the past decades until now in a long historical trend.

    Keywords: Sudan low, solar cycle, Anomaly, south, southwest of Iran
  • MohammadReza Salari Fanoodi, Mahmood Khosravi *, Taghi Tavousi, Mohsen Hamidian Pour Pages 15-32
    Introduction

    South East of Iran will yearly receive part of its water requirements from the summer precipitation, which is mostly due to the monsoon expansion. These precipitations are related to the temperature changes in the Indian Ocean level (Aramash et al., 2016: 2). Producing the accurate climate data is one of the main goals of the forecasting and modeling centers. Among the most important advantages of this data can mention the following: better estimation of the climatic variables in the regions which have no station, possibility to study the climate more appropriately and evaluate the fluctuations and changes of climate elements (Forsythe et al., 2015).

    Data and Methods

    In this research, we used daily precipitation data of 6 synoptic stations and the outputs of various CORDEX models in the South Asia during the statistical period of 30 years (2005-1976) in the studied region.

    Results and Discussion

    Evaluation of the accuracy of the global models' output on the basis of the downscaling of the studied regional model on a daily basis during the monsoon period (June, July, August and September) in (1976-2005) indicated that according to the different indicators the CanESM2, CSIRO and NorESM1 models have respectively more accurate estimation of precipitation values at most studied stations than other models. The correlation coefficient of none of the models has a good relationship. The observed and estimated precipitation values of the studied models in the form of the average activity months of the monsoon system showed the accuracy of the investigated models at each station is different but, in general, the three models CanESM2, CSIRO and NorESM1 are more appropriate in the estimation at the most stations than other models. A number of macro criteria must be considered to select the proper model; the 500 HPA Geo-potential height and the sea level pressure have been used in this research for this purpose. In fact, investigating the model's ability to simulate the 500 height as well as the earth is preferable over precipitation and temperature.

    Conclusion

    The results have suggested that the accuracy of the studied models at a variety of stations is different but, totally and at most of the stations, the three models CanESM2, CSIRO and NorESM1 have respectively better estimation of monsoon precipitation values than the other models. We cannot definitely prefer one model over the others according to the error estimation criteria as well as the comparison of different models with each other. We have shown in this research that the large scale variables such as Geo-potential height and pressure are more predictable than the precipitation and CanESM2, CSIRO-Mk, IPSL-CM2A-MR, MIROC2 and MPI ESM-LR models can be introduced as suitable models to simulate and predict climatic parameters of sea level pressure and 500 HPA Geo-potential in the monsoon system activity governing on the South East of Iran.

    Keywords: Precipitation, climate change, Downscaling, Monsoon, CORDEX
  • Ghasem Azizi *, Elaheh Ghasemi Karakani, Naser Ezadi Pages 33-54
    Introduction

    The RST is a large-scale subtropical–tropical thermal low-pressure and synoptic system regarded to an extension of the African monsoon trough, northward over the Red Sea region toward the Eastern Mediterranean (El-Fandy 1948; Vries et al, 2013). The RST is attributed to the local topography and thermal forcing factors (Krichak et al., 1997a). Synoptically, the position of the RST is strongly influenced by the Siberian and Azores high systems (Baseer et al., 2019). The RST is associated with hot and dry weather, resulting from an East-Southeasterly flow in the lower troposphere. Such conditions correspond to a ‘‘nonactive’’ RST (Kahana et al. 2002). In some cases, the RST is investigating to be accompanied by an upper-tropospheric trough extending from the north over the EM. These conditions are associated with unstable stratification, favoring the development of mesoscale convective systems. This kind of RST has been defined as an ‘‘active’’ RST (Tsvieli and Zangvil 2005). ARST events usually lead to reasonably intense precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean; in some rare situations, they are associated with heavy, torrential rains and devastating floods. It can occur in late autumn and to a lesser incidence in early winter and spring. The ARST is a rare climate phenomenon that is the main cause of floods in the arid and semi-arid region of eastern and southern of Mediterranean (Kahana et al. 2004; Krichak et al., 2012; Vries et al, 2013). Some researches show the ARST preference for autumn by coinciding favorable latitudinal positions of the African Monsoon and the subtropical jet (STJ) stream (Dayan et al. 2001). Based on Conceptual model of ARST and algorithm for its identification by Krichak et al., 2012, According to the new algorithm for ARSTs, the occurrence of ARST events is defined to have taken place when:The CAPE or PRWT exceed particular threshold values over a target area that covers the EM (28°–32°N, 32°–38°E).1) A northward-oriented 1000-hPa trough (H1000) extends from northeastern Africa to the EM within a target area of (22.5°–32.5°N, 25°–45°E).2) A mid-tropospheric 500hPa trough is detected over one of the following two target areas (25°–30°N,158–35°E or 30°–35°N, 25°–40°E).The ARST is associated with extreme precipitation, in the Middle East (ME) and some region in the west and southwest of Iran. Generally, it causes flood events in some years, many studies, focused on these cases and most of them explained western cyclones and RST are the main cause of them. On 25 November 2009, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) was dramatically hit by heavy precipitation and consequent flash floods and on 21 November, 2011this event occurred in Lilac-Behbahan. In this research attempted extract difference between these two ARST synoptic patterns also, we review previous literature addressing ARST associated dynamics.

    Data and Methods

    We tried to investigate the extreme precipitation events over the Jeddah region on 25 November 2009, southwestern Iran (Lilac-Behbahan) on 21 November 2011. To perform this research, we used ERA-Interim reanalysis data and precipitation observations. 6-hourly gridded data from the multiyear dataset of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF- ERA-Interim) are employed for 2009 and 2011. We utilize the daily mean and 6 hourly analysis and forecasted variables at pressure and surface levels, as well as vertically integrated quantities derived from pressure levels. The ERA-Interim data are available for the entire globe with 0.5˚ * 0.5˚ spatial resolution and 6-h temporal resolution. Precipitation observational data from stations of Iran are collected from Meteorological Organization and data of 30 stations of Saudi Arabia are available via http://www.meteomanz.com. We followed these ARST events by these dynamical factors (de Vries et al., 2013):1) A low-level trough; the Red Sea Trough (RST).
    2) An anticyclone over the Arabian Peninsula; the Arabian Anticyclone (AA).3) A transient midlatitude upper trough.4) An intensified subtropical jet stream. 5) Moisture transport pathways, and6) Strong ascent resulting from tropospheric instability and the synoptic-scale dynamical forcing.

    Result and Discussion

    The result shows the spatial extent of Arabian Anticyclone is one major reason for the distribution of precipitation in Saudi Arabia and the southwest of Iran. Also, the position of the axis of upper trough and its rotation is another reason and it's oriented to lower latitude, as whatever southward leading of upper trough to lower latitude is greater and wavelength of the trough is more, accordingly, the possibility of precipitation increased in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the location of a stream jet can be effective on extreme precipitation. On the other hand, a streak of subtropical jet extended southeast of upper trough, and this status is so significant.

    Keywords: Red Sea Trough, Synoptic, Precipitation, Iran, Saudi Arabia
  • Forough Rahimi, Nosrat Riahinia, Hamzehali Nourmohammadi *, Hajar Sotudeh, Gholamabbas Fallah Pages 55-72
    Introduction

    Considering the development of social web, its capacities in publishing research findings, researchers’ tendency in utilizing social web to increase their visibility, beside the importance to answer the question of how to measure the research social impact, the present study attempts to provide new insights into the amount of scientific and social users' attention to climate variability articles and do co-occurrence analysis of the key terms. This is to provide scholars with a knowledge visualization in the field and help them identify central or neglected issues.

    Materials and methods

    The current applied research was conducted through altmetrics method along with the use of co-word analysis. The climate variability articles analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics in Excel, VoS viewer and SPSS version 20.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that a number of 2755 articles in the field received 89129 citations over the past 41 years. The most cited article published in 2000, received 1458 citations. The growth rate of the publications in the field was 2366 percent with the largest number of annual publications in 2017. The United States, China and Germany contributed the largest number of articles, respectively, while Iran ranked 43. From among 2556 articles with DOIs, a number of 1447 items were available from Altmetric explorer and received a total of 8832 social citations in 14 social Medias. Mendeley (92358 reads) and Twitter (6480 tweets) were the most used social media, respectively, followed by news outlet, blogs, and policy documents. The most active users of Twitter, Facebook, news media and policy documents are from the US. The altmetrics attention score of the most influential papers is 651 and for an Iranian paper was 82, published in 2016 and 2015 respectively. Spearman test showed that there was a significant though weak relationship between citation and altmetric score. The most productive, most socially and academic cited subject categories was multidisciplinary sciences. Visualizing climate variability articles revealed that sea surface temperature, global warming, southern oscillation, and El Niño were the most frequently used key terms in the articles.

    Conclusion

    The value of this research lies in providing a picture of four decades of research in the field and in the clarification of the extent to which social network users pay attention to climate variability issues and how much is the power of altmetrics in showing the impact of science on society and research evaluation.

    Keywords: Climate Variability, Scientometric, Altmetrics, Social Media, Co-word Analysis
  • Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust, Mehdi Asadi *, Hassan Hajmohammadi Pages 73-86

    To study the atmospheric structure at the time of Thunder storm occurrence in Kermanshah province, were used the transmitted codes from synoptic stations of the province. To study the atmospheric structure, the sea level pressure parameters, geopotential heights, specific humidity, Uwnd and Vwnd were obtained from the NCEP / NCAR Web site, and Radio sonde data was used for intermediate studies. To illustrate this phenomenon, the WRF model was used with a resolution of 15 km. Finally, in order to evaluate the model output in the rainfall section, the estimated rainfall values of the TRMM sensor. The results showed that the cold weather and the formation of a deep cave on the west of Iran, the emergence of severe pressure gradient in the northwest and west of the country and the formation of a cold front in the region, were the main synoptic factors during the storm. Also, the role of the Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf can be mentioned in providing rain water resources. On the other hand, extreme climbs of the air have played a major role in the formation of bubble clouds and hailstones. The review and evaluation of the WRF model output (Estimated precipitation is 18 mm) and TRMM sensor (Estimated precipitation is 19 mm) compared to reported rainfall from stations (Estimated precipitation is 17 mm) showed that this model with RMSE=1 mm is suitable for exploring the structure of atmosphere in the region to dynamically visualize intermediate scale phenomena such as thunder storms.

    Keywords: Thunderstorm, Synoptic, WRF Model, TRMM sensor, Kermanshah province
  • Mohammad Asghari, Amirhossein Meshkatee *, Abbas Ranjbar, Mohammad Moradi Pages 87-98

    Since dust phenomenon has become one of the major problems in many parts of the world, a large number of models have been developed in order to predict the concentration of dust particles in the atmosphere. In the east and southeast of Iran, the occurrence of dust phenomenon causes severe financial, human and environmental losses every year. Therefore, accurate forecasting in order to provide the necessary warnings can reduce the damage as much as possible. From 11 to 13 August 2018 the report of the current weather code 07, 30, 31 and 32 in the synoptic stations of southeastern Iran, including Zabol, Zahedan, Nehbandan and Iranshahr, indicates the occurrence of storms and the horizontal visibility of the region during the storm occurred less than 1000 meters. In this study, ERA5 (ECMWF) reanalysis data set was used to obtain the required fields including sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature and relative vorticity at 500 hPa, and geopotential height and temperature at the 850 hPa level. The vertical cross section of the wind speed from the ground level to the level of 400 hPa along with the vertical velocity are also plotted and analyzed for latitude 31 degrees north and longitude 53 to 63° E. Moreover, weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) with three emission schemes, GOCART, AFWA and SHAO1,SHAO2,SHAO3, were used to simulate the dust load and amount of particulate matter (PM10) and its transportation over the studied region. The initial and lateral boundary conditions of the model simulations are provided by Global Forecast System (GFS) data with the horizontal resolution of 0.5°. Atmospheric pattern analysis shows that during the storm (120-day winds in warm season), with high pressure around the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan and on the other hand intensified seasonal thermal low pressure on the southeast of Iran, India and Pakistan and cool air advection from the north and then strong gradients of temperature and pressure lead to strong winds. Storm simulations showed that the implementation of the model clearly showed the beginning of dust from the southeast and its emission to the east. In general, the output of the model in terms of scale and temporal variations gave a reasonable estimate of dust particles in the study area. The AFWA and GOCART emission schemes of the WRF-Chem model simulate very similar the emission source and dust storm concentration changes of 11 to 13 August 2018. However, the simulation results of SHAO schemas, especially SHAO1 and SHAO2, are completely different and have a significant error. Quantitative comparison of the model output for different emission schemas with the observational data of Zabol station shows that the AFWA scheme simulated the dust concentration more than the observations, but the trend of its changes is acceptable. The dust concentration predicted by the GOCART scheme is lower in quantity than observed. Simulation of hurricane dust particles in eastern Iran, Zabol region, Zahedan and southern regions of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan province (Kahnooj, Regan, Nikshahr and Qasrgand), Zahedan, Zabol (consecutive report weather code 07 of these stations) and east part of Hormozgan porivence (Jask and Minab) as the main source dust of the region. In terms of compliance at the time of the occurrence of severe dust, it has an acceptable compliance with the PM10 data of Zabol station. The simulated concentrations showed good validity of the temporal and spatial distribution of dust concentrations with respect to satellite RGB images and observation data. Synoptic analysis in the warm season indicates the presence and intensification of seasonal thermal low pressure in Pakistan, Afghanistan and east and southeast of Iran and on the other hand high pressure in Turkmenistan in the north of the Caspian Sea and in the cold season of Siberian high pressure and dynamic low pressure in eastern and southeastern part of Iran. The activity of low-level jets (severe northern currents) near Zabol region and alternating vertical motion are other effective factors in the instability of the region and the occurrence of dust storms and have provided favorable conditions for dust formation. The dry bed of Lake Hamoon, the low rainfall of recent decades, is also a very important factor in the occurrence of dust in east and southeast of Iran.

    Keywords: Dust Storm, emission scheme, WRF-Chem, Simulation, Zabol
  • AmirHoushang Ehsani *, Mostafa Bigdeli Pages 99-108
    Introduction

    One of the major air pollutants, in particular particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), remains as a pervasive problem in spite of outstanding efforts to reduce and control it.Satellite-based measurement is used in many studies. A commonly used satellite product to estimate the ground concentration of PM2.5 is aerosol optical depth (AOD). AOD is an optical measurement method that describes the frequency of aerosol and their extinction factors in an integrated column in the atmosphere, which is commonly obtained from satellites and ground instrumentation. Regression statistical methods such as simple linear regressions to complex multivariate regressions (including boundary height elevation, temperature, relative humidity and wind) have been used to establish a relationship between AOD and PM2.5 in literature.In particular, the Advanced Sensor MODIS is used to obtain aerosol optical depth on a global scale for long-term. Many studies have been using MODIS AOD products to achieve particulate matter concentrations.The purpose of this study is to estimate the annual mass concentrations of PM2.5 particles using regression and satellite data, investigate the seasonal variation trend of the aerosol optical depth on Tehran and the concentration of PM2.5 particles measured by the air quality monitoring station of the Air Quality Control Company during one year.

    Materials & Methods

    The amount of PM2.5 concentration in Tehran in recent years, especially in the late fall and early winter, is in many cases above the standard limit, which sometimes provoked a warning and even a dangerous situation.In this study, the MOD04_L2 product (Collection 6.1 level 2) of MODIS on the Terra satellite at 550 nm (https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov) with spatial resolution 3 × 3 km was used. AOD data were retrieved from 8:30 to 10:30 (corresponding to 12-14 local time) for a one-year period (from 22/6/2017 to 21/6/2018). By extracting the AOD values for Tehran (and also extracting the same latitude and longitude optical depths as well as each ground air pollution measurement station), the amount of daily optical depth of each station was determined. In this study, PM2.5 mass concentrations (in micrograms per cubic meter) were used which measured by the BAM device at the Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) stations for the one-year period. It should be noted that the 12 to 14 measured concentrations were used to correspond with the satellite's time from the study area. The rest of the monitoring stations of the air quality control company had not any data during the study period.Also, by using an Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method at a 12 km radius around each air pollution monitoring station, the concentration of PM2.5 was predicted in other parts of Tehran without a station.AOD and PM2.5 daily data (during the one-year period) were used to determine regression relations for each station. In this method, which was applied independently to each of the stations, the data for one month were discarded from each station, and the regression equation was established between the remaining 11 months data. Then, the PM concentration values for the separated moon were predicted by the obtained regression relationship to determine the ability of the relationship to estimate the concentrations that were not used in the regression equation. Finally, the annual concentrations of each station were obtained by averaging the estimated daily values. This operation was repeated for all stations individually to predict the average annual concentration of particulate matters in all stations. It should be noted that for determining the regression equations for each month (at each station), the AOD and PM2.5 data were used when the two parameters had a value.

    Results and Discussion

    The annual AOD value of the total stations with average of 0.23 and standard deviation of 0.01 varied from 0.20 to 0.25, which was the highest average (0.24) for the autumn between all seasons. Also, the maximum and minimum values of AOD (0.29 and 0.06, respectively) were related to spring. The PM2.5 annual concentration of all stations with a mean of 27.09 μg/m3 and a standard deviation (SD) of 5.16 ranging from 20.10 to 36.14 μg/m3, which was the highest average among the seasons (34.95 μg/m3) in fall. The highest (71 μg/m3) and the lowest (4.33 μg/m3) PM2.5 measured concentration were for autumn and spring, respectively. The maximum average amount of AOD and PM2.5 data measured (among all stations) was related to fall.As stated above, the average annual PM2.5 concentration was predicted for areas in Tehran without a station using an IDW interpolation method at a 12 km radius around each air pollution monitoring station. Accordingly, the areas around the stations Aqdisiyeh, Municipality of District 2 and Golbarg with a concentration of up to 22 μg/m3, had the lowest concentrations (due to higher altitudes than other stations and the probability of having higher wind speed and precipitation rates) and the areas around the stations Shad Abad, Sharif University, Municipality of District 11 and Sadr Highway (up to 36.14 μg/m3), which may be due to the heavy traffic of vehicles from this highway or to carry out bridge repairs had the highest average annual concentration of PM2.5. As described before, regression equations were obtained between AOD and PM2.5 data for each month at each station. Then, by placing the AOD data in the equations, the PM2.5 concentrations were estimated. A good correlation was observed between the mean annual values of measured and estimated PM2.5 of stations with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.99).

    Conclusions

    Considering the acceptable ability of the regression method to estimate the average annual concentration of particulate matters, it can be used for areas with similar topographical, climatic, stationary and moving pollutant sources (including desert, semi-desert areas and having heavy traffic) conditions. In order to accelerate the prediction (with acceptable accuracy) of the average concentration of PM2.5, the use of satellite remote sensing can be an economical and low cost alternative in comparison to ground pollution monitoring stations, which are usually dispersed and located far from each other.

    Keywords: Satellite Data, Air pollution, PM2.5, AOD, MODIS
  • Ahmad Alizadeh *, Iman Babaeian, Hamid Nouri, MohammadAli Najatian Pages 109-126
    introduction

    The purpose of this articleCheck it outThe effects are wider on temperature and rainfall parameters AlsoIf any of these islamic parameters qualifyGrapesWhite seed in Golmkan area of Khorasan Razavi. One of the major effects of climate change is its impact on the quality of agricultural products. Grapes are also one of the strategic agricultural horticultural products.And the semi-arid climate of Iran is highly vulnerable to future climate change, so it is an appropriate and low-cost alternative to this type of study to achieve grape crop responses to climate change by developing modeling techniques.Golmakan, a city of Golbahar section of Chenaran city in Razavi Khorasan province, 45 kilometers from Mashhad, covers an area of 2000 thousand hectares and is 1176 meters in height at 36, 29 and 59.17 meters in height. According to the Cold Desert dry climate, the climate is also classified as Cold Dry by climate.

    Materials and methods

    Currently the customer is producing equipment for the three-phase circulation converter of the Air-Ocean Circuit.What are the rules (provided by mathematical relations).Headcm3 model, designed and studied in the country by Ngelis and the Hadley Center Institute.And 360 days suitable for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios.Daily temperature and precipitation values based on Hadcm3 models in baseline and future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios. in a more complete way, the DownscalingWith the use of the change factor approach for Golmakan region, were scaled And using station data, scaled Downscaling to baseline quality by Perceptron Neural Network in A2019 Content for the Future.Multilayer neural network approach was used in this study. Multilayer neural networks have three input, middle and output segments. The middle layer corresponds to constraints. The first layer is removed from the middle section, extra data or out of the dataset; in the second layer, the data is normalized using operational definition.After defining variables and intermediate layers, the quality data is input to the neural network through the input layer and after performing the middle layer corrections, using the function definition, they exit the neural network output layer.This output consists of two parts: the first part teaching (or learning) and the second part exam. In this study, 70% of the data were used in the training section and 30% in the default test section. Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.In both sections, there was a significant relationship between the quality variables and the quantitative variables.Therefore, descriptive tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.These tests included the Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests.After knowing the positive relationship between grape quality variables and basic meteorological data, the simulation process continues.

    Results and Discussion

    Climate models increasing temperature and decreasing rainfIn the future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios Shows the ratio to the baseline period.The maximum temperature increased by 3.9 and 4.7 ° C, respectively, while the minimum temperature increased by 3.8 and 4.4 ° C, respectively, and the rainfall decreased by 0.3 and 0.8%, respectively.Pearson test showed a significant relationship between the variables.That is, each of the independent variables included min, max temperature, and precipitation Each of the dependent variables represented tree age, sugar content, panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, acidity, pH and TSS. Both scenarios represented panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, sugar, HP, TSS, Brix, acidity and weight of berries. It is predicted to decrease.In RCP8.5, the change rate is greater than in RCP4.5. Features: Juice color, meat color, fruit flavor, warehousing, marketability and transportation are unchanged in two scenarios.T-test for most variables: pH, sugar, acidity, panicle weight, fruit length and panicle length were significant in two scenarios.In the variables of berry weight and fruit width in two scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, cluster size of scenario 8.5 and length in berry scenario 4.5 were not significant.

    Conclusion

    The results show that as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall in the future climate, some components of grape quality will change in the future.Such studies provide the opportunity for agricultural managers and practitioners in the relevant agencies to take appropriate measures, such as the proper location of gardens, to determine appropriate and appropriate future climate patterns to mitigate the potential adverse effects of new methods and practices. Provide adaptation to new and changing climate conditions.

    Keywords: HADCM3 Model, IPCC Scenario, Network Neural
  • Neda Marufi, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad *, Hossein Moradinasab Pages 127-142
    Introduction

    The “window form” is a determining factor in the transmission of “daylight” into the interior of educational classrooms. Studies show that the use of daylight affects students' physical health and mental well-being. Therefore, in the design standards of educational spaces, the necessity of using daylight has been emphasized. On the other hand, increasing the brightness of the student's desk can cause glare. It is necessary for classroom to gain natural light and visual communication with outside as a matter of “visual comfort”. Literature review and recent major advances show that the most efficient window form in Khorramabad of classroom is “horizontal”. The current debates show that southern classroom needs a canopy to provide adequate daylight and to eliminate glare and reduce eyestrain. The significant gaps in the field might be the form of the window and the effect of daylight in the education classroom.The research hypothesis emphasize that horizontal-rectangular windows in classrooms do not satisfy “sense of beauty” of the students. It seems that the amount of light that enters the classroom through the horizontal-rectangular windows is suitable for the classroom. It is predicted that during the teaching hours, due to the high amount of light radiation and sometimes due to the lack of sufficient light in the classroom, students feel bored and drowsy.

    Materials and methods

    The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of window form on the quality of light absorption of educational spaces in BWk climate. A sample classroom in Semnan is selected as the case study of the research to examine the impacts of the window form. The research question is: What is the relationship between the window form (including shape and dimension) and the quality of natural daylight (the brightness of the daylight factor)?According to the research methodology, the independent variables are "dimensions" and "window form"; and “brightness” and “pleasant atmosphere inside the classroom” are dependent variables of the research which might be estimated based on 1- the daylight glare probability (DGP), 2- The Annual Sun Exposure (ASE), 3- the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), 4- The daylight factor (DF) and 5- The Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI). The research is to consider window materials, floor height, window OKB from floor, interior wall type and window glass type as controlled variables.The research enjoys qualitative-quantitative approach. The simulated environment in this study is a classroom with windows facing south in the city of Semnan. The dimensions of the examined classroom, in terms of length, width and height, have been selected according to the criteria of the Organization for Development, Renovation and Equipping of Schools (DRES). In the next step, students and professors use a questionnaire to express their opinion about the quality of daylight. For analytical simulation, a three-dimensional model of a “sample classroom” is simulated in commercially available software. Analyzes of daylight and well-being have been simulated in the Ladybug and Honeybee-Plus Tools, and the questionnaires have been analyzed by the means of SPSS Statistics.

    Results and discussion

    It was DGP that shows challenging behavior in the case study of the research in spring, autumn, winter at 11 AM in the 15th day of each month. ASE examined in order to calculate how much of space gets direct sunlight more than standard levels which might be the case of glare (visual discomfort) or more energy consumption for cooling loads. ASE as a dynamic indicator shows risk of glare which is dependent on the window of the classroom dimensions directly. According to the dynamic indicator of sDA, the research is going to answer “is there enough daylight in the classroom and examines whether the classroom receives enough daylight during standard operating hours or not”? The results indicate that the model umber 4, is in the best condition and about 50% of the hypothetical points in the class absorb at least 300 Lux of sufficient natural light to provide light for other spaces. Those that absorb relatively less light require artificial light. DF analysis, which is a static indicator, according to the form of common windows in the country, the light absorption conditions in the cloudy sky are such that it has the desired light absorption in the middle part of the classroom and in the third part of the class. It has been concluded that the provision of lighting by artificial sources such as ceiling lamps, etc. is an integral element of the class, but it is recommended to provide energy for optimal use of artificial light. UDI is to be between 100 and 2000 Lux. The case study simulation shows that in the first, second and fourth samples of the space under the window, less than 10% of the daylight hours will receive useful daylight lighting.According to the results of the questionnaire provided to the students, 80% have felt drowsy because of the poor lighting conditions in the classroom. 66% of the pupils consider their priority to choose the light source and lighting to achieve a sense of comfort, the natural light entering the classroom through the windows along with the light supply through the lamp

    Conclusion

    The results concluded that the efficient height of the classroom window is 180 cm. Other dimensions might be result in glare and visual discomfort in BWk climate. Based on visual discomfort of direct sunlight, window overhangs might be great solution for the case as well as passive shading. The simulations endorse adoption of an awning or an overhang above the window of the classroom. The results emphasizes that the standard classroom which has been promoted by the Organization for Development, Renovation and Equipping of Schools (DRES) is not good enough to be used in BWk climate schools.

    Keywords: Classroom, BWk climate, window form, natural light, glare
  • Kiyoumars Roushangar *, Mohsen Moghaddas, Roghayeh Ghasempour Pages 143-158

    Precipitation is one of the important climatic elements and is one of the factors affecting the hydrological cycle. Temporal-spatial variations of precipitation in a watershed can have numerous effects on the engineering, management and planning of water resources. Many researchers have been studied precipitation variations. Most hydrological time series are non-stationary, trendy, or with seasonal fluctuations. Wavelet analysis is one the commonly applied approaches by researchers. It has been utilized as a common tool to break down and excavate complex, periodic, and irregular hydrological and geophysical time series, especially in recent years. On the other hand, clustering techniques can be used to identify structure in an unlabeled precipitation data set by objectively organizing data into homogeneous groups where the within-group-object dissimilarity is minimized and the between-group-object dissimilarity is maximized. Clustering analysis is similar to the homogeneity test. Considering the dynamic characteristics and non-uniform distribution of precipitation data and due to the need for identifying of homogeneous precipitation regions in water resources management, a temporal-spatial model is proposed to investigate the characteristics of precipitation. The time series of the precipitation were decomposed using MODWT mothod and the energy of sub-series was culculated. MODWT is a mathematical technique which transforms a signal into multilevel wavelet and scaling coefficients. Maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) is similar to the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in that low-pass and high-pass filters are applied to the input signal at each level. However, the MODWT does not decimate the coefficients and the number of wavelet and scaling coefficients is same as the number of sample observation at every level of the transform. In other words, MODWT coefficients consider the result of a simple changing in the pyramid algorithm used in computing DWT coefficients through not down sampling the output at each scale and inserting zeros among coefficients in the scaling and wavelet filters. Clustering is the process of partitioning or grouping a given set of patterns into disjoint clusters. This is done such that patterns in the same cluster are alike and patterns belonging to two different clusters are different. k-means clustering is a method of vector quantization, originally from signal processing, that is popular for cluster analysis in data mining. k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. RBF methods have their origins in techniques for performing the exact interpolation of a set of data points in a multi-dimensional space. RBF mappings provide an interpolating function which passes exactly through every data point. In the present study, the classical and proposed methods were used to investigate the monthly rainfall characteristics of 30 stations in the southeastern of United States during 1968- 2018. In the proposed method, the time series pre-processing method including MODWT discrete wavelet transform and K-means clustering were used. At first the monthly precipitation time series of the stations were districted into several sub-series using MODWT method and db mother wavelet. Then, the energy of sub-series was calculated and used as input for K-means and RBF methods. The optimum number of clusters for the stations in both classical and proposed methods was five clusters. In order to use the data as the input of the RBF method, the correlation of the data was evaluated by variogram and covariance graphs. Then Spline with Tension method was selected in RBF model and zoning maps were drawn. In order to evaluate the temporal-spatial characteristics of monthly rainfall of 30 selected stations, two classical and proposed methods were used. At first the monthly precipitation time series of the stations were districted into several sub-series using MODWT method and db mother wavelet. Then, the energy of sub-series was calculated and used as input for K-means and RBF methods. The optimum number of clusters for the stations in both classical and proposed methods was five clusters. In order to use the data as the input of the RBF method, the correlation of the data was evaluated by variagram and covariance graphs. Based on the results of clustering and in accordance with the latitude and longitude variations of the stations, it was found that with increasing the energy of the clusters, the amount of precipitation in the stations decreased and vice versa. Silhouette coefficient of clustering in classical method was 0.3 and in proposed method was 0.8, which indicates better clustering of studied stations in the proposed method.

    Keywords: Clustering, Precipitation, MODWT, RBF, Spatial variation
  • Elham Mohammadi *, Saeed Movahedi, Reza Mohammadi, Saber Golgari Pages 159-170

    Introduction:

    Climate change will affect all sectors of the economy to some extent, but the agricultural sector may be the most sensitive and most vulnerable part because agricultural products are highly dependent on climate resources, And according to scientific evidence, future climate change, especially the combined effects of elevated temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, will have a significant impact on crops (droughts, floods, frosts) on crops( Chiottioud ,1995). The general effects of climate change on crop development vary depending on the plant and study area (Rawlins, 1991), and commenting on the response of different species to climate change requires case studies.

    Materials and Methods

    area of study The study area includes west and northwest of the country Uncovering Climate Change in Past Times Climatic data of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, 30-year historical rainfall (1988-2008) were obtained from 23 stations in the west and northwest of the country And Using two nonparametric tests Mann-Kendall and Estimator slop sen, the trend of precipitation and temperature changes was investigated in order to detect climate change phenomenon in the region. Generating climate scenarios in future periods To assess future climate change in the west and northwest of the country, the CCSM4 general circulation model under RCP4.5 scenario is one of a number of new RCP emission scenarios that the Climate Change Intervention Board will develop in its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) as representative of the linesVarious concentrations of greenhouse gases have been used Predictive model of wheat phenology and yield unctional and phenological data for three years (90-93) with 40 climatic parameters (Table 2) from seven stations (Zanjan, Arak, Sararood, Maragheh, Ghamloo, Ardabil and Orumieh) containing performance and phenology data Was prepared Then, using these data, performance and phenology in the baseline and future period were predicted through simple linear regression, multiple regression. The results consisted of 20 regression models The best model was selected based on R-squard index using RMSE.

    Results and discussion

    February, March, September, and the year are at 99 percent confidence levels, while January, June, July and August are at 95 percent confidence levels. As well as total rainfall, both the upward and downward trends have a significant and decreasing trend at 95% confidence level only in January and March. Changes in temperature and rainfall in the coming period The results of climate change assessment at each of the stations in the future climate show that the mean maximum temperature in the future climate has increased at 14 stations compared to the previous climate and decreased at the other stations. The mean minimum temperature in the future climate has increased in all the stations except for Ghamloo and Sanandaj stations compared to the previous climate. Average temperature also increased at all stations except Ahar, Zarineh, Sarab and Ghomloo stations in all stations compared to past climates Average mean precipitation in all stations excluding sarpolzahab station in future climates It increases with the past climate Impact of Climate Change on Phenology nder the climate change, the length of the flowering stage of the wheat in the future climate will be shorter than in the previous climate, so that the flowering stage length in all the studied stations with the exception of Zarrineh station in the next period (2039-2018 ) Is shorter than the average long-term flowering stage of wheat. he mean flowering stage duration in the basal climate is 136 days, whereas the mean flowering stage duration in the future climate is 118 days, ie the average flowering stage duration in the future climate is 18 days short. Increasingly, the shortening of the flowering stage in future climates is due to the increase in average temperature in May and April and average maximum temperature in December. Impact of Climate Change on PerformanceUnder climate change, wheat grain yields will increase in future climates than in the past, so that at all stations with the exception of Mahabad station, wheat grain yield is higher than the long-term average in the past. verage wheat yield in the past climate was 1863.3 kg / ha but in the future climate it would be 2529.9 kg / ha. Wheat yields are up 35 percent due to the favorable future climate in the region.

    Conclusion

    tudies show that precipitation in the west and northwest region of the country during the past period has been decreasing and the temperature is increasing in most months of the year. And in the coming period the temperature in all months of the year until the end of 2039 shows an increase of 2.5 to 3.5 ° C. The flowering period is also 136 days for the previous period but 118 days for the next period shortening of flowering stage of wheat plant is due to increase in average temperature in May and April and average maximum temperature in December as well as increase in precipitation in December and February. Comparison of wheat grain yields of the current and past periods showed that wheat grain yields will increase by 35% in the future, due to the increase in average March and April temperatures and average January and March minimum temperatures. It also saw an increase in the average precipitation of February and March in the next period compared to the previous period.

    Keywords: climate change, Multiple linear regression, Phenology, Yield, Wheat
  • Amirreza Khaksar, Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani *, Mahmoud Nikkhah Shahmirzadi Pages 171-189

    Climate is one of the most important issues related to architecture that having it pre-designed can help with thermal comfort. Knowing the climate of a place can play an important role in reducing fossil fuel consumption. Contemporary architecture, irrespective of the climatic and environmental features of a place, causes severe damage to the environment that cannot be reversed. also. Consequences of not paying attention to climate in architecture are inadequate buildings in terms of thermal comfort where fossil fuels should be used. . In the present study, the research and construction of a region's climate through software and the degree of integration of its architecture and climate is a research concern. Therefore, the study of the degree of adaptation of Meymand Earthsheltered buildings was considered as the main issue of the paper. Also, identifying the most influential climatic variables on the formation of thermal comfort in Meymand village was selected as the main objective of the study. To achieve this goal, case study method based on field measurements was used and specialized software was used as data collection method. The village of Meymand is selected as a case study. Meymand village climate was first constructed in the meteonorm software during the period 1991-2019 in EPW format. The output is then obtained in the Claimate Consultant software, and for the validity and accuracy of the meteonorm software data, the data obtained from the software are in conjunction with the general data of the Babak City Synoptic Station as well as the output data. The data logger is compared and controlled. The temperature and relative humidity data of Meymand village on 11, 12 and 13 August 1398 are measured by field recorders using a data logger. The data from the data logger is controlled with the data from the Babak Synoptic Station and after the accuracy of the data logger, the software output is finally compared with the data logger. The results confirm the accuracy of the software and, after the meteonorm climatic output accuracy, the Meymand village climate EPW file is entered into the Climate consultant software for analysis and analysis. Be. Charts were also used as data analysis software. The results showed that the most influential climatic variable on the formation of Meymand EarthSheltered structures is the temperature component. And the thermal mass was the ratio of the opening to the wall, the thickness of the walls and the shades of the shapes. The least attention was paid to the orientation of the buildings towards sunlight, probably due to the natural texture of the village. Also, buildings with simultaneous south or southeast orientation with respect to sunlight, topographic midline elevation, planar square shaft and maximum soil penetration depth were selected as the most climate-friendly buildings in terms of thermal comfort. It was found that the climatic element of temperature was considered to be the most influential component on the formation of Meymand Earthsheltered structures. Therefore, after reviewing the architecture of the village of Meymand, it was found that most of the buildings in Meymand are in accordance with the climatic conditions of using heat mass to delay heat and cold at different times of the year, the square shape of the plan and finally the cubic fit. As it creates compact forms and helps to accelerate cold and warming of the space, the extruder shells make the extruder easy to contact, with a good ratio of the opening to the wall surface which minimizes It is possible and plays an important role in the thermal stability of the interior, the thickness of the walls, sometimes the walls between the two buildings. Considering the climate variables of temperature, radiation, precipitation, wind and relative humidity, it can be said that most architecture corresponds to climate with buildings with south-eastern and southern orientation towards sunlight, mid-level alignment. Topographies, with dense square shapes and cubic proportions, and ultimately with soil penetration depth, are most likely to result in thermal comfort at different times of the year. In summary, it can be said that the rate of compliance of the Earthsheltered structures of the village of Meymand with its climate is acceptable and this has caused that despite its thousands of years of construction, it is still stable and thermally desirable.

    Keywords: climate, Thermal Comfort, Meymand's Earthsheltered buildings, Software, Validation