فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

The aim of this research was to examine the influence of brand equity and fan's team identification on the brand extension of Esteghlal and Persepolis Football teams. This research was a kind of descriptive and survey. The statistical population consisted of fans of Esteghlal and Persepolis football teams. The statistical sample consisted of spectators of matches between two teams on 23 November 2014. Sampling was random and based on the Morgan table, 400 questionnaires were distributed between spectators and 340 complete questionnaires were gathered. The research tool was a questionnaire with 3 parts: Brand equity, Fan's Team Identification, and Brand extension. Before performing, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were reviewed and approved. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity and the structural equations Model in Lisrel software was used for examining the relationships and offering the research model. The model test results showed that the Model fit with data was good and the Impact coefficients of brand equity on fan's team identification (0.74), brand equity on brand extension (0.54), and fan's team identification on a brand extension of Esteghlal and Persepolis football teams (0.46) was significant. Totally it can be said that brand equity and fan's team identification are two important factors influence brand extension that club managers should have tried to improve for the success of brand extension.

Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue that modulates metabolic homeostasis with metabolic cross-talk caused by various myokines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance, Endurance, and concurrent training on the levels of Myostatin, Follistatin, Irisin, and insulin resistance in obese men. 40 sedentary, obese men (BMI≥30) were randomly divided into 4 groups: resisting, endurance, concurrent training and control. The training groups performed special exercises for 8 weeks and three sessions a week. Serum levels of myostatin, Follistatin, and erosion were measured by ELISA method. There was a significant difference between the study groups after 8 weeks of training, myostatin (P = 0.041, F = 3.048), follistatin (P = 0.003, F = 5.661) and irisin (P = 0.002, F= 6.261). Results of the LSD post hoc test showed that resistance training significantly decreased myostatin compared to control group (P = 0.006).However, resistance training (P = 0.006) and aerobic training (P = 0.001) significantly increased folistatin compared to the control group. Also, resistance (P = 0.031), aerobic (P = 0.003) and Concurrent training (P = 0.001) significantly increased irisin compared to the control group. It seems that factors involved in muscle atrophy such as Mayostatin, which are under the influence of resistance training, are less effective in controlling the metabolic degradation of insulin resistance. However, factors involved in muscle hypertrophy such as follistatin and irisin, which affected by both aerobic and resistance exercise training, have better control over obesity-related degradation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the adherence of sports journalists and Sports Reporters to the ethics of journalism from the perspective of journalists - reporters and sports experts. The research Methodology was descriptive- comparison, the procedure was survey, and the type of research was practical. The statistical population consisted of two groups of journalists- sports reporters and sports experts and around 400 people. The statistical sample consisted of 248 subjects (160 journalists and sports reporters and 88 sports experts). The result indicated that there was a significant difference between the views of sports experts and journalists-reporters about the situation of the amount of adherence of journalists- sports reporters to the professional ethics of journalism (principle of freedom of the press, the principle of social responsibility, the principle of national sovereignty, the principle of respecting to confidential secrets and human dignity, the principle of independence and professional integrity, the principle of objectivity, the principle of the duty of guarding against ill wills of government, the principle of general guidance) for the principle of freedom of the press the result indicated that there was no significant difference. According to the findings of this hypothesis, we can realize the difference of opinion between sports expert opinions and journalists-sports reporters about the current situation of the amount of adherence of journalists- sports reporters to the professional ethics of journalists.

The decrease in performance during weight-bearing exercise is observed in older adults. It is also important to guarantee the health of women considering their social roles. However, prescribing physical activity in older women requires special consideration. One of the best ways is to use aquatic exercises. The aim of the present study was to compare the two types of aquatic and land-based exercise rehabilitation on some cardiovascular and lipid profile parameters in sedentary elderly women. Thirty-six elderly women were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups including aquatic training, land-based exercise, and control groups. Twelve weeks of aquatic and land-based exercise rehabilitation (treadmill walking) (3 sessions, 60 minutes each session) were performed in the range of 70-80% of peak heart rate. Aerobic power, anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and heart rate), and lipid profiles were assessed before and after interventions. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Post-test values ​​showed a significant improvement for all variables in the water and land-based training groups (P≤0. 05). Changes in all measured variables were significantly different among the studied groups compared to the control group (P=0.001). However, there was no difference between the aquatic and land-based training method. The same efficacy of both types of exercise showed that aquatic training can replace on land-based training. This issue is more important due to the weight-bearing, especially in older women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of change management and the use of information technology on performance of the Iranian Football Premier League judges and developing of the model. The method of this research was descriptive correlational. The statistical population consisted of 200 judges who worked in the first level of football in Iran in 2017 The sample was equal to the population (census sampling method). The readiness for change Questionnaire, the acceptance of information technology (A researcher made questionnaire) and the sheet of monitoring and evaluation of the performance of the judges were used to collect data. Multivariate regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the results and provide a template using SPSS and Amos software. The significance level was considered as p

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two concurrent training (resistance training + high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) with different orders on inflammation caused by diabetes, inflammation-induced muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and body composition in women with type 2 diabetes. 24 nonathletic 45-65 year-old women with type 2 diabetes voluntarily participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: control group, type I, and type II exercise. Both groups of exercises performed concurrent training for 8 weeks. The first group had both exercises on the same day in the form of resistance-HIIT and the second group had the same volume of exercise on separated days. Cardiovascular evaluation and body composition analysis were measured before and after the training period. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last session of concurrent training to measure glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, IGF1, and IL1β. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for comparison between groups and the results of post-test analysis of covariance showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance in both training groups compared to the control group. IL1β decreased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group and there was no significant difference between the two orders. The increase in IGF1 and fat-free mass were significant in both training groups compared to the control group and a significant difference was observed between type I and type II exercise (p < /em><0.05). The results of this study showed that concurrent training with two different orders can be an important factor in decreasing insulin resistance and inflammation caused by diabetes and increasing IGF1 growth factor while exercise on separated days had more beneficial effects on boosting muscle growth.

Information Technology as a new infrastructure has attracted much attention to its impact on sports organizations. Today, sports and sports organizations need to develop technology infrastructure for effective participation in fields of sport, economics, and society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce a Tree model for information technology development of sports organizations from physical education and sports expertise's point of view. The research method was qualitative and in terms of data collection, it was phenomenological which was carried out in-depth interview approaches. The study population consisted of a group that has a good command of the issue, including sports experts (active individuals in the sports information technology field, university professors, technology contributors and entrepreneurs, and sports infrastructure organizations); data was collected using the snowball sampling method and it achieved theoretical saturation using the viewpoints of 15 experts. The results of the in-depth interviews were converted into the tree model of information infrastructure in sport organizations using the open, axial, and selective coding methods. findings show that IT personnel competency, Scalability Continuity, adaptability, connectivity, technology speed, Modularity, Facility and technology Modernity are the main pillars of these infrastructures, to ensure the consistency of the encoding factors, MAXQDA Software (Version 12) was used with two expert codifiers and the coefficient of agreement of 81 % was obtained. It seems the relevant model may be able to develop the technology infrastructure in sports and sports organizations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on the lower limb muscle electromyography frequency spectrum in teen weightlifters during the snatch and the clean and jerk move. This study was semi-experimental. 15 teen weightlifters with an age range of 12 to 17 years with purposive sampling were selected in coordination with the Ardabil province weightlifting board. A wireless electromyography system with 8 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes used to record the electromyography activity of lower limb muscles during the running (sample rate: 1000 Hz). For doing functional fatigue, each subject performed squat motion as much as possible to load equal to 50% of body weight. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results showed that the median frequency of vastus medialis muscle during snatch after fatigue protocol was greater than before it (P=0.023; large effect size). Moreover, the median frequency of semitendinosus muscle during snatch was greater than clean and jerk (P=0.047; Medium effect size). Also, the median frequency of rectus femoris (P=0.021; medium effect size) and biceps femoris (P=0.033; medium effect size) during clean and jerk increased significantly after fatigue compared to before fatigue. The results showed that the frequency spectrum of the lower limb muscles has different responses in two movements of clean and jerk and snatch before and after fatigue. For this reason, the necessity of performing special exercises for each muscle is necessary for various techniques.

Today, spending leisure time and planning for it, is one of the developing indexes’ in society. This study had done for the purpose of developing a model for students’ leisure time. the research method was qualitative with a grounded theory approach. To collect data, a deep interview with leisure time professionals’ was conducted. The samples were selected purposefully using sequential chains (until theoretical adequacy of data). The interpretative analysis approach was used to analyze the content of the interviews using open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the interviews by reviewing and refining the findings and the reliability of the interviews by audit process (documentation) and intra-subject agreement (0.86) were confirmed. The content analysis of the interviews led to the identification of 62 key concepts that were integrated into 8 categories. Regarding leisure activities as a central issue, six factors including drivers, individual factors, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and challenges affect the selection of leisure activities. Leisure time and how it passes through is influenced by several factors. In order to improve students’ leisure activities, should consider individual factors, drivers, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and existing challenges.

Adiponectin, a cytokine secreted from adipose tissue, is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training with high intensity on the levels of plasma adiponectin, insulin, insulin resistance, and glucose in overweight young men. This study has a semi-experimental design, subjects were 20 overweight young men with Average age (22.95 ± 1.32) and BMI between 25 to 30 kg/m2 that purposefully selected and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, with 90% percent of the maximum heart beat. Research variables were measured before and after exercise. The Data were analyzed by the dependent t - test and covariance analysis at p < 0.05. The result indicated that 8 weeks of intensive interval training led to the increase of serum adiponectin level (F=88.47, P=0.03) and a Significant decrease in Insulin (F=48.38, P=0.004), insulin resistance (F=61.08, P=0.001), glucose (F=58.33, P=0.027), body mass index (F=75.12 , P=0.04),  body weight (F=56.09 , P=0.02), and body fat percent (F=50.03, P=0.001) (p < 0.05). But no significant difference was observed (F=1.79, P=0.073) in the waist to hip ratio. It seems that 8 weeks of high interval training as a non-invasive treatment can increase adiponectin levels while Reduce some glycemic and anthropometric indexes related to obesity or overweight.

Federations are the world's leading sports organizers and a sufficient source of funding plays a significant role in achieving the goals of the federations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status quo and identify strategies for developing financial resources and income generation of sports federations in Iran. For this purpose, a qualitative research method was conducted. the statistical sample included 47 qualitative interviews with experts, executive managers, and faculty members who were selected using the theoretical sampling method and the snowball method. The research instrument for collecting data in this research was basics and scientific documentation and interviews. To analyze the data, including interviews, the theme analysis method, which is widely used in qualitative research, was used. In this method, the interviews were first recorded on the tape and the contents of the interview were implemented and completed using the notes taken during the interviews. Research findings of the coding method in three stages are the determination of verbal statements, open coding, and coding. Ninety-two badges were identified in open coding which was categorized into 20 categories and identified for the purposes of research and data analysis, current income conditions, barriers, and strategies. The study indicated that the categories in the form of strategies are not rooted solely in the dependence of the government's inadequate assistance and the deterrents have an effective role to play in this regard. Government assistance and sponsors are the most significant current source of income, legal vacuum and management role as the major barriers as well as legal reforms, the formulation of a strategic and economic plan, observance of the principles of management, and continuous restoration of the stadiums are identified as the most important solutions in this study. Therefore, due to the lack of financial resources of the federations, the strategic economic approach to the development of income generation may be strengthening and expansion of sports fields in gyms.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of milk and Chocolate milk consumption on rehydration and endurance performance in futsal players. For this purpose, after completing the health questionnaire among eligible individuals from the Azadegan Athletic Club eight Futsal players (age 25.62 ± 1.06 years, height 175.63 ± 2.92 cm and weight 66.12 ± 4.85 kg) were randomly selected. Subjects performed three test sessions, each with a week interval in the morning. At first, the yo-yo 2 test was performed to achieve weight loss of 1.8% of body weight. Then they consumed the different recovery beverages which were separated into four equal amounts and were given to the participants every 15 minutes during the recovery period. Urine output and net fluid balance was determined during 4 hours of recovery. They rested for three hours after drinking and in this period of time Urine output was collected. Before each Urine output NAS questionnaire was done. At the end of the recovery period a shuttle run test was done. Results of repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant increase in exhaustion time in chocolate milk group (p≤ 0.05), but there was not any significant difference between the milk and chocolate milk group in rehydration. As a result, it seems that chocolate milk may have an ergogenic effect on the endurance performance of futsal players.

When misconducts outside the playing field occur by stakeholders of sport, penalties and fines are usually intended by sports clubs. However, if punitive actions were imposed by more formal entities such as the League organization or the Disciplinary Committee, it is likely that these votes will be challenged by the media. In recent years, more stringent disciplinary regulations have been introduced by the world's most prestigious sports leagues for the inappropriate behavior of athletes outside the field of sports and the number and severity of fines for offenders have increased. These punishments are considered with goals such as keeping a healthy environment, the development of healthy communication among sport stakeholders, support for professional ethics, educating good behaviors, providing a positive moral image of sports stakeholders, preventing league losses, and improving the reputation of the league and often beyond the framework of the players' contracts. However, factors such as the lack of defined hearing procedures, the reliance on public opinion in punishment, the magnitude of the misconduct of players, and the large difference in penalties in different leagues have raised questions about the competence and authority of professional sports leagues to punish players for abuse. This article analyzes how to punish misconducts of athletes outside the field of sports in the four major US sports leagues (including National Basketball, Basketball, Hockey, and Soccer), and with Iran’s Premier Football league and in particular, The way things are solved by the Football Federation's Ethics Committee is being compared and adapted.