مجله بلور شناسی و کانی شناسی ایران
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 82، زمستان 1399)

The Geysour area is located east of Gonabad and is a part of the northern Lut block. The rocks in this area include granitoid and metamorphic rocks. Based on field and mineralogical evidence, the protolith of amphibolite rocks are calc-silicate. The metamorphic rocks of this region are divided into metapelites and amphibolites. Textures, such as post-tectonic garnet and random amphiboles, are indicative of contact metamorphism in amphibolites. Garnets behave from ideal to non-ideal. The end members of the garnet are varied in these rocks and include Al-schorlomite, uvarovite, spessartine, pyrope, almandine, grossular, andradite, morimotoite, and majorite, but their profile patterns are flat. The amphibole is of the ferrohornblende type to the ferrochermakite and chermakite, and has zoning. Biotite has converted to chlorite. The presence of titanite, hematite and epidote are an indication of the effect of oxygen fugacity. Temperature and pressure were calculated in the range of 534-609 oC and 2-<4 Kbar, respectively.  Geysour amphibolites have progressed to the mid-amphibolite facies in the metamorphic aureole. Also, these rocks were undergone a retrograde metamorphism where the temperature and pressure were 489oC and 2.8 kbar, respectively, and the chloritizied biotites exhibit temperatures below 150 oC.

The Shotorkhosb kaolin deposit is located about 7 km southeast of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran. This deposit is a part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan metallogenic zone. Field observations and laboratory studies indicate that this deposit is a product of alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks.  In this study, different analytical techniques, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA, were used to evaluate the characterization of the studied kaolin samples. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, quartz, alunite, jarosite, natrojarosite, albite, muscovite, hematite, pyrite, gypsum, rutile, galena and barite are the most mineral phases in this deposit. Halloysite is a type 7 angstrom in this deposit and can be seen in the form of tubes and plate. Alunites have pseducubic and rhombuhedral forms. The distribution pattern of rare earth elements (REEs) and investigation of lanthanide ratios imply the effective role of pH and temperature changes in the development of this deposit. The correlation coefficients between elements reveal the effective role of clays, hematite, rutile and phosphorus-bearing minerals in the concentration of lanthanides. The decrease of Ce anomaly in the kaolin samples relative to the andesitic precursor rock  implies a decrease in oxygen fugacity during the development of kaolinitization processes in the Shotorkhosb deposit.

Shahneshin area is located in southwest of Zanjan at the border between Zanjan and Kurdestan provinces. Based on petrographic investigation, Shahneshin basic schists could be divided into actinolite schist, actinolite pyroxene schist, actinolite pyroxene garnet schist and actinolite epidote schist. Actinolite schists are the most abundant rocks among basic schists and are composed of amphibole, muscovite, chlorite and albite as major minerals. Amphiboles occurred in two different fabric including inclined and parallel to the main schistosity. Optical characters of amphibole changes from core towards rim in which birefringence and extinction angle decrease and ppl color changes from green-blue to the pale green. In the other hand, chemical analysis of the same amphibole from core towards rim shows that core has richerite-winchite composition while rim has actinolite composition. Therefore, there is clear relation between optical and chemical characters in which reverse glaucophane substitution (CaM4 MgOctAlOct) and plagioclase substitution (CaM4 AlT) occurred. P-T calculation using chemical composition of amphibole cores show that they formed under 14 kbar pressure and 440 OC temperature while their rims formed under pressure of 4 kbar and temperature of 520 OC. Thus optical and chemical zoning observed in amphiboles in Shahneshin basic schists could be formed due to changes in pressure and temperature of the metamorphism.

The Oligo-Miocene intrusive masses of northern Sarduieh are located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone and the lithology is composed of granitoids include quartzdiorite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite and granophyre. Mineral chemistery studies showed that the amphibole minerals in diorite and granodiorites are calcic in composition and range from actinolite to magnesio-hornblende.  Geochemical and mineralogical results revealed that these bodies have been generated in the lower part of the lower crust at a temperature of 700 to 750 °C, with an oxygen fugacity of -13.57 to -15.76 and a low pressure of 1 to 3 kb. These amphiboles are subduction-related and in accordance to the tectono-magmatic features seen in these massifs, they show characteristics of subduction and active continental margin environments.

Kuh-e-Shuru prospect area is located in the southern Ferdows, South Khorasan Province, and is one of the vein-type mineralization, related to the Tertiary magmatic activities of Lut block. Mineralization, as epigenetic, is formed in host rocks of shale-siltstone (Jurassic), dacite, and diorite porphyry (Tertiary). Mineralization with open space filling, breccia, and replacment textures is formed in fault zones and can be divided into two main stage including: 1. Quartz-galena-pyrite-realgare with argillic-sericitic alteration and 2. Quartz-stibnite-pyrite-realgar with silicified alteration. Maximum geochemical anomalies in veins are for antimony with 14%, lead 293 ppm, arcenic 98 ppm, and zinc 168 ppm. Microthermometric measurements show quartz-sulfide veins are formed from a fluid with temperature of 160 to 224ºC and salinity of 13.7 to 22.8 NaCl wt. % equivalent. The mixing of hot and brine magmatic ore fluid with cold and low salinity meteoric fluid and boiling can be casued metal deposition. Based on geological studies, mineralogy, texture and structure, geochemistry, and fluid inclusion data, Kuh-e-Shuru prospect area can be classified as epithermal deposits.

Mashkan copper prospect area is located in northeastern Sabzevar and southern Ghochan-Sabzevar magmatic belt. Geology of the area includes Eocene volcanic unit (hornblende andesite) and sedimentary units (conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale and sandy limestone). Copper mineralization, as vein-type, mostly occurs with northeast-southwest trend in sedimentary units. Primary minerals include quartz, barite, pyrite, chalcocite, and bornite, which are oxidized to malachite, azurite, chalcocite, covellite, goethite, and hematite. Maximum geochemical anomalies in veins are 4.6% Cu (with an average of 2.1%), 100 ppm As (with an average 55.1 ppm), and 65 Sb ppm (with average 28.6 ppm). On the basis of fluid inclusion studies of quartz and barite, minimum formation temperature for mineralization is 170 to 240ºC with salinity of 10.7 to 13.51 NaCl wt. % equivalent. Decreasing temperature and dilution by meteoric water can be the most important factors for sulfide deposition. Structural control of mineralization, limited alteration to vein margin, low temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions and simple mineralogy are similar to epithermal-type deposit.

Tarazoj-Soushab tectonic window is located between Tarazoj and Soushab villages at the upper corner of the northeast of 1:100,000 Hashjin sheet. This area is a part of the West Alborz Tertiary magmatic belt. Mafic igneous rocks include basaltic pillow lava and gabbro bodies and felsic igneous rocks include granite and trachytic flows. The main minerals of the gabbroic and basaltic rocks are plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene and the main minerals of the granitic rocks include plagioclase, orthoclase and quartz, and the trachyte consists mainly of potassium feldspar. Gabbroic and basaltic rocks show calc-alkaline nature and granitic and trachytic rocks have shoshonitic nature. Examination of chondrite and primitive-mantle normalized spider diagrams in basalts and gabbros indicates enrichment of LREEs relative to HREEs. The LILE and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion in the pattern may indicate low melting rate, high fugacity of CO2/H2O in the magma formation environment or high depth of generation of basaltic and gabbroic magma. Examination of chondrite and ORG-normalized spider diagrams in granites and trachytes indicate enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and incompatible elements relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE). These patterns show a marked depletion of Eu (especially in granites). Gabbroic and basaltic rocks are located in an oceanic environment with E-MORB basalts tendency and the granites and trachites associated with this assemblage belong to anorogenic granitoids (A-type) and subgroup A1. These features indicate that the studied outcrops in the Tarazoj-Soushab tectonic window belong to the rift-related magmatism and opening of the Paleo-Tethys ocean (Paleo-Tethys II) in the northwest of Iran.

Bidook deposit is located about 10 km southeast of Bajistan, Khorasan Razavi Province, in the northern part of Lut Block. Geology of the area includes andesite and pyroclastic units. Alterations in these rock units include propylitic, silicic and argillic. Mineralizations were formed as veins of quartz sulfide  that are cut through andesitic and pyroclastic rocks. These veins have massive texture and pyrite is the primary sulfide mineral that is often weathered to iron oxides, so veins have orange to yellow appearance. Litho-geochemical studies of alteration and mineralization veins revealed anomalies of gold element (between 3 to 201 mg/t and even in one of samples it is up to 1173 mg/t).  One type of fluid inclusion as liquied rich, on the basis of fluid inclusion assemblage in quartz at quartz- fe oxide veins, has been identified. Thermometric analysis on two-phase primary (L+V) fluid inclusions shows that temperature of mineralization ranges between 202 ͦ C to 273 ͦ C and salinity in the range 15.76 to 19.99 wt% of NaCl equivalent. Host rock composition, mineralogy, formation temperature, alterations and geochemistry data of the Bidook area make it similar to epithermal deposits.

The mineralogical composition and geothermobarometry of the peridotites from the Marivan-Kamyaran ophiolitic complex, as a part of the Neo-Tethyian ophiolites in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran, are investigated. The studied samples are belonged to mantle and crustal peridotite types. Results of electron probe microanalysis in peridotites indicate that olivine is forsterite (Fo87-Fo92), clinopyroxene is augite-diopside (En48-56Fs3-6Wo39-49) and orthopyroxene is enstatite (En90-91). Cr-number (Cr#) and Al-number (Al#) in spinels of the mantle peridotites are 33-59 and 41-67, respectively. The same values in spinels of the crustal peridotites are 67-98 and 2-32, respectively. Geothermobarometry calculations for the mantle peridotites show average temperature of ~1104°C and average pressure of ~14 kbar. The crustal peridotites are formed at ~900 °C and ~7 kbar. Two distinct mineral chemistry of the mantle peridotites indicate existence of two types of mantle peridotites in the area, suggesting the possibility of the influence of melt-rock interaction on the chemical composition of the mantle peridotites in the area.

The Zamin Hossein district is located about 170 km southeast of Kerman city in the Dehaj-Sarduieh metallogenic belt, SE Iran. Interaction of hydrothermal fluids with volcanic rocks (mainly andesite) of the Lower Eocene age in this district accompanied with occurrence of an extensive alteration system. The hydrothermal alteration system of the district includes argillic, phyllic and propylitic alteration zones. On the basis of microscopic observations, chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, hematite, goethite, malachite and azurite are the most important minerals in the mineralized veins and veinlets of the argillic alteration zone. Mineralogical studies indicate that the argillic alteration zone contains minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, montmorillonite, muscovite-illite, jarosite, hematite, goethite, albite, orthoclase and calcite. Calculations of the mass changes of trace elements, assuming Al as the monitor immobile element, show that the process of conversion of andesitic rocks into argillic alteration zone accompanied with enrichment of elements such as U, Ba, Nb, Ga, Tl, Sr, Sc, Ta, Th and Mo, and depletion of elements such as Th, Co, Cs, Rb, V, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn. Other trace elements, such as Hf, Y, Zr, and REEs, have undergone both leaching and fixation processes during development of the argillic alteration zone. The distribution pattern of normalized REEs to chondrite implies difererntiation and enrichment of LREEs ratio to HREEs and occurrence of weak negative Eu anomaly during development of the argillic alteration zone. Combination of the obtained results from mineralogical studies, geochemistry of mass changes, and investigation of correlation coefficients between elements reveal that the behavior of trace elements during the development of argillic alteration zone in the Zamin Hossein district is a function of factors such as changes in temperature and chemistry of solutions involved in alteration, differences in alteration intensity, adsorption by clay minerals, scavenging by metallic oxides and hydroxides, and fixation in the neomorph mineral phases.

The Upper Triassic gabbroic bodies of Dehsard is located in southwest of Kerman in the southern parts of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. According to field observation and petrographic studies, the mafic bodies consist of hornblende gabbro. The studied gabbroic bodies are composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, titanite, apatite, epidote and chlorite. Mineral chemistry studies reveal that the composition of plagioclase is albite-oligoclase and clinopyroxenes have diopsidic composition. The clinopyroxenes are classified as Ca-Mg and Fe clinopyroxenes. The amphiboles belong to calcic amphiboles group (magnesio-hornblende and actinolite). The geothermometry studies of the clinopyroxene and amphibole of the studied hornblende gabbro display that these rocks have crystalized at temperature of 1000 to 1200°C. The geobarometry of studied clinopyroxene estimate the crystallization of gabbroic rocks occurred in 2.05-5.58 kb, equivalent 14 km depth. The chemical compositions of the clinopyroxene and the amphiboles show the minerals have crystallized from a subalkaline- calcalkaline magma. The tectonic setting of these magmas are volcanic arc that are derived from the subduction zone.

The Miardan gold deposit is located near the Miardan village, 15 km west of the Bostan Abad town in the East Azarbaidjan Province. The main rock units in the area include andesitic tuffs and lavas of Eocene age, which host vein-type gold mineralization. The orebody is formed within the altered, crushed and sheared andesitic rocks, in contact with porphyry diorite stock. These rocks have been subjected to siliceous and sericitic alteration by hydrothermal fluids and converted to quartzite and hornfels under the metasomatism related to the intrusive body. Gold mineralization within these rocks occurs as almost vertical sulfide-bearing silicic zones and quartz veins with N300W to N320W trend. Chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams of trace and rare earth elements indicate differentiation of LREE from HREE and enrichment of LREEs. Geochemical indices, such as TiO2 and (Ce+Y+La)-(Ba + Sr), show that supergene fluid played the most important role in the development of alteration zones and mineralization in this area.

Afsoo area is located in northeastern Iran. Limestone and shale are the main host mineralization and monzonite and pyroclastic rocks are exposed in this area. Barite and galena mineralization occurred mainly as veins and veinlets within the limestone or shale and limestone boundaries. Galena with bented triangular cleavage and barite with compressive and polysynthetic twinning are observed. The highest amounts of barium oxide present is about of 57.4%, strontium oxide 4.8%, lead oxide 3.3%, copper oxide 1.2% and zinc oxide 0.1% in ore containing barite and galena. Concentrations of Rare Earth Elements in barite, galena and exposed rocks in this area are different and indicate at least part of the ore-bearing fluid have originated from deeper sources. The Amount of all rare earth elements in the barite samples from the study area is very low and about 1 to 1.8 g/t that can be a sign of crystallization from a fluid that has originated far away. The low Al2O3 and the high Sr content in the deposit are also indicative of the origin from low temperature hydrothermal-type ore-bearing fluid. Comparison of the distribution pattern of these elements with the patterns presented globally indicates that most of the samples fall within the range of barites from low temperature hydrothermal fluids.

The volcanic rocks in the north of Kaboudarahang consist of andesite-tracky andesite with the Eocene age have been exposed in the Uromieh-Dokhtar zone. These andesite are scattered as prasmatic columns. Petrographic studies show that these rocks consist of amphibole and plagioclase with porphyritic, glomoroporphyritic and microlitic tetures. Geochemical studies show that these rocks belong to the calc alkaline magmatic series. In terms of tectonic environment, they are located in the active continental margin associated with subduction zone. Trace element patern shows the enrichment of LREE to HREE. Amphibole mineral chemistry shows that they are belonging to the calcic group of magnesium hornblend and chermackit types. These amphiboles belong to active continental margin that consistent with the results of host andesite. Based on thermobarometric methods, these amphiboles are formed at a temperature of 815.5 ° C and a pressure of 6.35 kbar. The high fugacity obtained for these rocks indicates the oxidant conditions in the formation of these rocks and evidence of their formation at the boundary of convergent plates.

Boroujerd plutonic complex (granodiorite, quartz-diorite, and granite) is located in northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. In this study, abundance of trace elements in clinopyroxene and amphibole from the quartz-diorite is measured and then composition of the parental melt of the minerals calculated. The melts are chemically compared with: 1- whole rock composition of the host quartz-diorite, and 2- quartz-diorite and ultramafic rock from the neighboring Aligoodarz plutonic complex. Geochemical modelings indicate that a melt chemically comparable with Aligoodarz quartz-diorite, affected by concurrent ultramafic rock assimilation and fractional crystallization to generate a new evolved melt from which pyroxene and amphibole crystallized. Then this melt mixed with Aligoodarz quartz-dioritic melt to generate a new melt that is comparable with Boroujerd quartz-diorite. The role that ultramafic rocks played in genesis of the Boroujerd quartz-diorite indicates that despite scarcity of ultramafic rocks on the surface, they are much more voluminous at depth.

In this study, new coordination polymer was synthesized by the reaction of ZnCl2 and LNPI carboxamide, (N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide) as well as characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The results revealed that the compound [ZnCl2 (LNPI)]n, as a one-dimensional zig-zag polymeric chain, was crystallized in “orthorhombic” crystalline system with the space group Pca21. The study of intermolecular interactions and hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the Zn-Cl∙∙∙H-N hydrogen bond plays an important role in the stability of the polymeric chains in the crystal packing structure. To get more insight about molecular structure and electronic properties of ligand and complex structures, theoretical studies using density functional theory (DFT) method were performed.

In this study, CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskite thin films were prepared on different substrates, Glass, FTO, and mesoporous TiO2 by easy and cheap thermal evaporation method in one step. Then, structural, morphology and optical properties of the layers were investigated. The XRD patterns and Raman spectra showed that all samples have α-phase tetragonal Perovskite structures and crystallinity, as well as the morphology of the samples significantly changes as the substrates changes. Investigation of the optical properties of the samples showed that despite small thickness of the layers (about 200 nm), the absorption coefficient of the layers (specially the layer grown on FTO substrate) is significantly large (in order of 105 cm-1). This result with the values of the bandgap of the layers (1.28-1.53 eV) show that the synthesized CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskite thin films are a very good candidate for using in solar cells as absorber layers.

MoS2/Ag2S nanocomposite is synthesized by hydrothermal method without using inert atmosphere from green synthesized Ag nanoparticle. The synthesized samples were characterized and studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmision Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis. The optical properties of the samples were investigated by using UV-Vis absorption spectra. Also the formation of Ag nanoparticles via Sesbania sesban extract is confirmed by UV-Vis spectra. The hexagonal crystal structure of MoS2 and the monoclinic structure of Ag2S nanoparticles was confirmed by the result of X-ray diffraction pattern. SEM and TEM images showed the morphology and loading Ag2S on MoS2 structures. The photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite against of the methyl orange and methylene blue colors was evaluated by UV light. The results showed that the MoS2/Ag2S nanocomposite is a good destructive dye of methyl orange and to some extent methylene blue with UV light.