فهرست مطالب
Journal of Health Reports and Technology
Volume:7 Issue: 2, Apr 2021
- تاریخ انتشار: 1400/04/12
- تعداد عناوین: 8
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Page 1
Context:
The transmission of COVID-19 was reported to have started at a Seafood Market in Wuhan, China predominantly through droplets from coughing and sneezing. Gatherings like schools, religious and worship centers as well as market places are usually densely populated and congested thereby facilitating the spread of the virus via droplets. This research aims to explore the transmission of COVID-19 in schools, religious gatherings and markets.
Evidence Acquisition:
Literature search of available evidences was conducted on biomedical databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords, and articles that met inclusion criteria were selected.
ResultsResults show that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been recorded in schools, religious centres and market places in different countries and regions. Transmission was found to be less prevalent among school children unlike in influenza outbreaks due to some notable factors highlighted in the articles. Numerous evidences stated cases of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 linked to intimacy and close contacts in religious gatherings. Transmission in market place marked the genesis of the pandemic at Huanan Seafood Wholesales Market, Wuhan although only limited evidences are available about transmission in other market places in the world.
ConclusionsAlthough these gatherings are seen to be vital to our daily lives, they are risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. It is important for government to ensure strict compliance to the COVID-19 protocols in order mitigate the spread of the virus causing the current pandemic.
Keywords: School, Transmission, Market, SARS-CoV-2, Religious Gathering -
Page 2
Childhood malnutrition, a disorder broadly classified into overnutrition and undernutrition, is highly prevalent globally, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Several studies have highlighted the bidirectional relationship between this disorder and HIV/AIDS, another disease with a high global prevalence. This relationship is quite complex. Links have been established between the disease entities on the individual, family and household level. Opportunistic infections and diseases associated with HIV, antiretroviral therapy and its adverse effects have also been implicated in this relationship. The key implicated variables includes frequency of disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality rate, and disease transmission rate. This paper reviews existing literatures on the subject matter, identifies key knowledge gaps, and recommends the need for further study of this complex relationship in order to close the gaps and inform decisions in healthcare.
Keywords: Childhood, Malnutrition, HIV, AIDS, Undernutrition, Overnutrition -
Page 3Background
Journal club (JC) is an accepted method to improve the knowledge of researchers by reviewing and discussing scientific texts and could also be effective in enhancing the quality of teaching and research in educational settings.
ObjectivesThe present study aimed to evaluate JC meetings from the perspective of postgraduate students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) in Kermanshah, Iran based on the CIPP evaluation model.
MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 62 postgraduate students selected from the schools of health, nutritional sciences, and food industry of KUMS in 2019. The participants were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlation, one-way ANOVA, and t-test.
ResultsPositive, significant correlations were observed between the CIPP domains. In addition, the grade point average of the students had positive, significant correlations with the input and process domains. The items of the input domain regarding the relevance of the papers regarding the current issues of the field of study, appropriateness of the time of the event, and need to participate in JC meetings received the lowest average percentage of the maximum achievable score.
ConclusionsAccording to the results, careful planning is required for the implementation of JC meetings by taking into account the relevant papers regarding the current issues of the field of study and time of the event.
Keywords: Education, Students, Program Evaluation -
Page 4Background
Drug use among students is a public health problem and the academic consequences cannot be overemphasized.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and the pattern of drug use among undergraduate students in Maiduguri and to identify the predictors.
MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among students of tertiary institutions in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. Data were collected using the WHO Student Drug Use questionnaire. The data collected with the survey instrument included sex, age, studentship, and job status in the past 12-months and various drugs used. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and standard deviation were initially used to describe the study data. Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to test for significant difference, while multivariate logistic regression was used to identify determinants of drug use with a P-value < 0.05 taken as significant
ResultsThe overall prevalence of the past 12-months drug use was 14.3%. Tobacco (9.6%) followed by alcohol (8.1%) was the most frequently used drug. Being a university students (odds ratio = 1.88 [1.23 - 2.89]) compared to polytechnic students, being a male (1.55 [1.04 - 2.31]) compared to female, aged 26 - 35 years (1.48 [0.95 - 2.31]) compared to 18 - 25 years were significantly more likely to use drugs. Additionally, being a part-time student in the past 12-months (2.16 [1.11 - 4.21]) compared to no studentship status in the past 12 months, and having a paid part-time jobs in the past 12-months (2.11 [1.36 - 3.27]) compared to none were significantly more likely to use drugs.
ConclusionsOur study revealed that a considerable proportion of students of higher education institutions in Nigeria use drugs. Drug use has grave implications for these students and may result in mental health disorders and poor academic performance. This highlights the importance of an effective drug prevention policy in higher education institutions.
Keywords: Nigeria, Undergraduates, Drug Use, Maiduguri -
Page 6Background
Determining and recognizing solid waste composition can be considered as the first and main step in planning and developing waste management processes in an area.
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the production and determination of waste composition in Kermanshah School of Public Health, and evaluate the challenges ahead and present practical suggestions based on results for better solid waste management.
MethodsCollection, separation, and weight measurement of solid wastes in the school of Public Health, and departments such as self-service, laboratories, buffet, office, and yard, were done during a working week from Saturday to Wednesday. Then the results and data were analyzed using Excel software version 2019.
ResultsThe results of data analysis, after collecting, separating, and weighing each solid waste component revealed that food waste accounts for 48% of the total solid waste production. Also, other waste components include 32% plastic, 14% paper and cardboard, 6% garden waste, and nearly 0% glass and metals, together comprising an average amount of waste produced daily from Saturday to Wednesday during a week. It was also found that the generated waste per capita was 104.29 grams per person per day. The highest and lowest amount of generated waste per capita was related to food waste with 49.45 grams per day and metal waste with 0.17 grams per day, respectively.
ConclusionsDue to the predominant percentage of organic matter and the small portion of the glass and metal waste in the composition of waste produced in the school, the application of compost production methods seems to be a justifiable and economical way to dispose of the waste generated in the School of Public Health. Also, the presence of paper, cardboard, and plastic in the mentioned quantities warns us to pay attention to the recycling programs from the source.
Keywords: Solid Waste, Recycling, Solid Waste Production, Solid Waste Management -
Page 7
Background &
ObjectiveUtilizing optimal accreditation methods in pharmacies could improve quality and safety. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality and safety indicators of Iranian pharmacies based on the global models of pharmacy accreditation.
MethodsThe first phase of the study was exploratory, followed by descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional, analytical stages using the structural equation modeling technique. A regular search was conducted in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, websites of other reputable organizations (WHO), and pharmacy accreditation organizations using various keywords, including accreditation program, pharmacy, quality, safety, model, and their Persian equivalents. In total, 1,217 sources and studies were identified, 199 of which were relevant to the research subject. Based on the objectives of the study, the identified sources were refined, and 10 models were finally analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. In addition, exploratory factor analysis was performed in SPSS, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed in the AMOS software. The validity and reliability of the model were evaluated for the sample size of 300.
ResultsThe quality and safety indicators were determined to be professional ethics, correct principles of medication, quality improvement programs, monitoring of quality improvement programs and improvement of the results, safety programs, error reporting, and monitoring of safety programs.
ConclusionsOur study could be considered a tool to improve the performance of pharmacies.
Keywords: Pharmacy, Safety, Model, Quality, Accreditation Program -
Page 8Background
The high incidence of COVID-19 has provided a challenge for healthcare systems in Iran, and may result in some psychological problems.
ObjectivesThe study aims at describing depression, death anxiety, and the related factors in nurses caring for COVID-19 Patients at Kosar Hospital, Semnan, Iran.
MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 89 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients were selected in October 2020 via the census method. A demographic questionnaire, Beck’s Depression inventory, and Templer Death Anxiety scale were used to collect the required data. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.
ResultsThe mean scores of death anxiety and depression among nurses were 7.32 ± 1.75 and 10.82 ± 8.50 respectively. The results of the Pearson’s correlation-coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between death anxiety and depression (P = 0.05), death anxiety and nurses’ age (P < 0.05), death anxiety, and nurses’ work experience (P < 0.05).
ConclusionsThe findings of the study revealed that nurses caring for COVID-19 patients are at high risk of death anxiety and depression. Thus, there is a need to identify these problems to prevent or reduce them with effective interventions.
Keywords: Nurses, Depression, Death Anxiety, COVID-19