پژوهشنامه حلال
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The correct and accurate understanding of any meaning or concept in its first step requires the decoding of a vocabulary that has the task of transferring that meaning to others. The lack of proper understanding of the vocabulary of a science leads to an incorrect interpretation of it, and the exact recognition of that vocabulary has a significant contribution to the precise and complete understanding of the problems of that science. In this research, the semantic-historical evolution of the term "Halal" has been studied in various religions and sects and discussed etymologically; the history of Halal and Haram from Adam's creation and in the religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Abrahamic religions have been discussed. In addition, by giving a detailed and precise picture of this term as well as the expression of its history, it has provided a way for researchers in this vast field. The word "Halal" literally means opening, relief and comfort. In terms of jurisprudence, "Halal" is a Ruling of Situation (al-hukm al-wazie) not a Ruling of General (al-hukm al-taklifi). Other words in the religious literature and today's usages have been used in the same sense; for example, the words pure (Tayyib), green, Islamic, healthy, clean, pleasant and pleasing, but the most comprehensive and most common is the word "Halal." From the Islamic viewpoint, Halal is not just an order that should be obeyed, but also entails the benefit, pleasure, and calm of the generations of humanity in various aspects such as physical, mental, and psychological aspects. Furthermore, the use of the halal products brings health and happiness together. This paper is a fundamental research using a descriptive-analytical method in a library way.

In this study, the amount of alcohol was measured and evaluated by drinks, such as malt extract (domestic and imported production), kefir, orange juice and sparkling wine, using distillation methods, spectrophotometer and gas chromatography (GC) during 15 days of storage in the refrigerator after opening the door. The results showed that using the distillation method, there was no significant difference in the change in alcohol values ​​during storage only in the tri-Horses sample, while the rest of the samples showed a significant difference in alcohol values ​​in the time (P <0.05). The results of GC method showed that the amounts of alcohol in these specimens were zero, while the samples by distillation and spectrophotometer had 0.036 ± 0.03 0 and 0.019 ± 0.001 percent alcohol, respectively. By comparing the results obtained using different methods, it can be concluded that the distillation method today as the only method for detecting alcohol in food samples is not a suitable method for measuring alcohol and can cause doubt about the Halal of the product and the sensitivity of this method is low.

Thinking and pondering over the Qur'anic verses have caused different theological issues in the Islamic world and the improvement of theological topics, such as foundation of the two great sects of the Ash'arites and Mu'tazilites. The mentioned groups referred to the only theological question posed by Islamic scholars on two concepts of Haram and Halal in relation to Sustenance, while the Mu'tazilites confine it to Halal matters and the Ash'arites extended it to Haram, too. In this study, it is examined critically Abdul Jabbar Mu'tazili and Fakhr Razi's ideas -the two major representatives of these schools- about the topic and proved that although Allah is the provider and sustainer of all human beings, he only permits us to provide and eat Halal foods.

Today, most people experience heartburn for a variety of reasons. A pain that can affect most of their lives. According to statistics, 92% of the reasons for this pain are due to the type of diet and inappropriate nutritional behavior. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship between proper nutritional behaviors from the point of view of Islam and heartburn. In this descriptive-analytical study, 196 students of Neyshabour Medical University were selected by random sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. To determine its validity, visual and content validity and its reliability were determined using internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Statistical tests showed a meaningful relationship between heartburn and proper nutritional behaviors of drinking water slowly, avoiding eating while walking, eating breakfast and washing hands before and after meals. There was a significant direct relationship between gender and Study course variables with nutritional behaviors. Regarding the significance of nutritional behaviors with the problem of heartburn, it is necessary to pay nutritional behaviors and proper education about them.

Permissibility or prohibition of some of the Halal products is, in many cases, doubtable. It is because there is no ruling or there is an ambiguous judgment or a conflict between two rulings which is called as al-shubhat al-hukmiyah or as a result of confusion in external instances, which is named as al-shubhat al-misdaqiyah."The rule of permissibility (Hell)" in such cases can be regarded as the primary principle for determining Permissibility or prohibition ruling of General Obligation (al-hukm al-taklifi) or even ruling of Situation (al-hukm al-Wazie) in these cases. The author of this paper explains this principle and examines its differences with other jurisprudential rules, such as "the principle of exemption" (al-baraah) and "the continuity of permissibility" (al-istishab). Then explains its contradiction with other practical principles. Finally it is considered carefully the reasons for this rule and its scope.

After the spread of tobacco among Muslims, Islamic scholars have discussed its ruling; some Shiite jurists, such as Sheikh Horr Amoli, Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi etc. and many other Sunni scholars, have forbidden smoking. This study, which is done by descriptive and analytical method, shows that one of the reasons for this group of scholars is the verses of the Qur'an, which have been referred to in jurisprudential and interpretive sources. Comparing Shiite and Sunni scholars' views on these verses shows that there is a difference in how to prohibit people from smoking; because some scholars consider it as a minor sin, and some others believe that it has as the same punishment as drinking wine. Hence, they differed about the justice of the person who uses tobacco and the possibility of saying prayer as an Imam. Analyzing the Qur'anic absolute verses about the prohibition of killing others and himself, wasting the blessings of God, the ugliness of lavishness, using of evil things, etc. can be used for prohibiting on tobacco use.

Food is one of the topics that have always been discussed by scientists, because it is an essential requirement for human well-being. This study investigates the relationship between non-Halal food and gluttony in the staff of some organizations in 1396. In this descriptive-correlational study, 950 employees of several organizations and large companies were selected by simple random sampling. Out of the distributed questionnaires, 647 questionnaires were returned to the researcher (with a return rate of 68.1 percent) and formed the sample of this research. The two factors of "non-Halal eating" and " gluttony" separately, were used as a data collection tool in questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study showed a significant positive relationship between non-Halal eating and gluttony (r = 0.32, p <0.001).