نشریه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1399)

Brazil officially the Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.The Economy of Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest by purchasing power parity. The Brazilian economy is characterized by a mixed economy that relies on import substitution to achieve economic growth. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvais a Brazilian politician and former union leader who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010. In the 8 years of the lula da silva presidency ,economic successes went hand in hand with social results this is called redistributive or inclusive growth. GDP per capita growth rates were higher in the poorer quantiles of the population, than in the richer groups. Unemployment rates declined, formal employment and average earnings increased. Income inequality (also its spatial dimension) and poverty declined. Lula da Silva by implementation of Programs Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola, Growth Acceleration Program Improved the Human Development Index in brazil.

After the 2011 revolution the Bahraini government arrested mainly Shiite leaders under various pretexts.One of these people is Ali Salman, the secretary general of the Jamiat al-Wefaq. Despite cooperating with the regime in the negotiation process and fulfilling the demands of the Bahraini regime in calming the movement, he was eventually arrested by Al-Khalifa and defended himself in court. The purpose of this study is to identify the prevailing discourse and the authority of Salman as a window to get acquainted with one of Bahrain's political discourses.This article seeks to explain and analyze Ali Salman's defense in the Bahraini court and to answer the question of what are the discourse components governing Ali Salman's defense in the Bahraini government court?Findings of this article that have been compiled using interpretive method and discourse and analytical analysis;It represents a kind of moderate and reformist discourse(as opposed to revolutionary discourse)in Salman's defense.Among the qualitative variables mentioned in the analysis of Van Dijk`s critical discourse,Salman has used the words, quotation, good interpretation and polarization the most.The hypothesis of this research is that the Al-Khalifa regime is not reformable and always tries to keep the Bahraini people away from the movement by making baseless promises

The purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the UN's international responsibility in the Yemeni crisis, which has been carried out through library methods. The main question of the article is how to explain the responsibility of the United Nations on the issue of Yemen in accordance with the rules of international law and the regulations related to the international responsibility of international organizations? The findings show that in the Yemeni war, Saudi Arabia and its allies have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Crimes other than those of the United Nations. The United Nations Security Council has not taken the necessary steps to end the war and immediately stop the violence in Yemen, to act in support of the attackers on Yemen and violators of international law, and to impose comprehensive sanctions on Yemen. It has issued a resolution, which, due to the siege and widespread sanctions, has led to horrific international crimes as well as widespread famine. In addition to maintaining international peace and security, the United Nations has a responsibility to determine the fate of the nation in Yemen, given the sensitive situation in Yemen

Given the position and effectiveness of cyberspace metropolises in all areas of collective and even individual life and its effective role in the superiority of countries in defending the interests of their nation, this research seeks To examine and analyze the role of this important and sensitive factor in the future of public diplomacy A list of cyberspace metropolises, affecting the future of public diplomacy, was designed using the futuristic methods of identifying, matrix of interaction effects.. By analyzing the data obtained with the software, it was possible to identify strategic trends and effective actors, including the promotion of artificial intelligence, increasing connections, new business models, external threats, globalization, protection of intellectual capital, global trade, political stability, discourse change. The Library of Power, Strategic Communication, Increasing Virtual Networks, Economic Communication, Cultural and Social Communication With the scenario writing technique and using the Wizard scenario software, the effects of each of the situations occurring or not occurring were identified. The results of this study indicate that seven factors are the main and effective actors in the future of public diplomacy, which were implemented in two categories of desirable scenarios, including three scenarios and undesirable, including one scenario.

In recent decades, challenges such as disease, immigration, human rights, environmental issues, digital currencies, terrorism, drug trafficking, cyberspace, etc. have led to the transition of International policy challenges to world politics. These issues are one of the most important fields of study in the field of international relations. Understanding this transition depends on formulating these challenges. The main question of this research is: How can the challenges and issues of global politics be formulated? It seems that the presentation of a new formulation of challenges and issues of global politics based on the three components of "human", "biosphere" and "human-biosphere relationship" leads to a new perspective in which the multiplicity of actors And the impact and role of each of them is explained at the level of "global politics" analysis. In the present study, an attempt is made to provide a new and specific format and understanding of world politics with a descriptive and analytical method and collection tools such as library method in order to provide a new and specific formulation compared to the existing formulations.

Among the various decision-making models, the Rational Actor Model, which is based on cost-benefit logic, provides a good framework for better understanding Trump's foreign policy behaviors that can be considered by the country's decision makers. The main premise of the rational model of decision-making is the economically rational human being who tries to choose the most desirable way to achieve the goal by following the cost-benefit logic. The main question of the research is "How can Donald Trump's foreign policy in withdrawing from international agreements and his approach to the issue of international security be analyzed in a theoretical framework?" In response to this question, the hypothesis has been put forward: "Trump's foreign policy behaviors in withdrawing from international agreements and his economy-oriented approach to the issue of international security can be explained based on the rational model of decision-making and profit maximization." In this regard, Trump's “America First” slogan, is a good example of utilitarianism in his foreign policy. This paper applies descriptive-analytical method to explain the American foreign policy from the perspective of the rational actor model. The data collection has been in the form of libraries, scientific journals and the use of reputable Internet sites.

Trump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policy Abstract Preserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and Democrats). Has made an impact.The main question of the present study is what effect has Trump's Middle East policy had on Israel's regional policy?The hypothesis underlying the descriptive-analytical approach in the context of the Copenhagen Regional Security Theory is that the US Middle East policy in the Trump administration has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive. Finally, the study concludes that Trump's Middle East policy of emphasizing radical support for Israel has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive than that of Iran, Syria, and Palestine, resulting in further tensions in the region. Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israel Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israe