نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1389)

Regarding the developing processes of rural a sees. The analysis and theidentification of the current rural conditions and inspection of the facilities and theircircumstances in different aspects was important. And to help the rural planners toassign the developed targets to specify the diplomacy and the ways to establish them.So in this research the evaluation and assessment of environmental potential of thecentral region of the mahabad city is in consideration and for this purpose and to getthe answer of the main question of this thesis effective environmental factors to searchthe rural development. Are in consideration and analysis. This thesis in addition to thenatural facilities of concerned area and property scope of the area regarding thesefacilities and possibilities is also supposed to explain the position of these factors andtheir importance in rural development area. In spite of main goal of this thesis is todetermine the degree of the indigence of the environmental abilities in central ruraldeveloping area of mahabad city, the whole researches and studies accomplished inthis area, is in order to search the main goal of this thesis and the observer has initiallyanalyzed the remote position of the region on the basis of environment and then on thebasis of that has stepped up to search-out the main points of the research.

At the present research we have studied the manner and degree of sprawl andcentralization as related to the globalization in Tehran Metropolis. We have alsostudied and compared the circumstances of the sprawl and connection with thepopulation mass and the city center. According to our studies there is an inverserelation between the mass of population and localization of the globalizationapplications. These phenomena tend to the localization outside of the business centerof the city. In relation to the centralization of the applications or their localconnectivity it may be mentioned that most of these applications tend towardconvergence (centralization) and the whole applications related to the globalizationhave a convergence and centralization attitude toward each other and the highdistribution coefficient confirms this factor.

The present study has been written to identify status and importance of urbantourism, study the concepts, process of evolutional and processes related to sustainabletourism development strategy and evaluation the relation between urban and tourismdevelopment as well as positive and negative consequences of this kind of tourism.Urban areas form most complete of human station that have been includedimportant centre of economic, scientific, recreational, and medical as well asattractions of cultural, historical and natural. Cities are the most important spaceswhich draw the attention of visitors amongst various destinations. Thus it is said mostcities are the best centres to attract tourists.This study is a descriptive analysis method in order to identify the elements withtourism and urban patterns determine sustainable development of urban tourism andstudy of actual and potential capabilities of cities in tourism development as well asprocesses of sustainable tourism development in cities. The present study has offeredproposals to tourism and urban sustainable development.

Today sustainability is a major part of the new world order. In recent years theconcept of sustainable development has been emphasized by experts and officials asthis concept is based on maintaining the future standards of living in comparison towhat we have today. Now, we know that we cannot take advantage of the environmentas we did in the past. Sustainable tourism development is a kind of tourism that resultsin the management of all resources and meets the needs of tourists and the host societywithout endangering the future generations. The city of Mashhad with a population isthe second largest city in the country and the second largest religious city in the world.Because of the blessings of the 8th Imam of Shiite Muslims whose holy shrine islocated in the centre of the city many pilgrims from all over the world visit this cityevery year. Unofficial statistics show that 20 million national and international visitorstravel to this city every year. This has resulted in the development of tourist industryand its infrastructure in addition to urban development and a flourishing economy. Inaddition to religious attractions, Mashhad has many other historical, natural, business,educational and health potentials that promote tourism and lengthen the duration ofstay of tourists. Therefore, alongside the major aim of this study which is recognizingthe place of tourism in sustainable urban development, an attempt has been made toidentify the place of tourism in Mashhad and its relationship with urban developmentand present strategies for sustainable development in religious tourism activities.The research hypotheses have been proposed according the aims of the research andquestions. An attempt has been made to address all aspects of religious tourismplanning in this city. The results show that the main urban potential of Mashhad isreligious tourism which has influenced all aspects of the city. Following sustainabilityprincipals and its standards, religious tourism can lead to urban development inMashhad in the long run and can play a role as a lasting necessity in the social,economical, cultural and environmental life of this city.

Different factors affect on road transportation safety, one of them is theenvironmental hazards, among the environmental hazards affecting on the roadtransportation safety, it can be mentioned about the avalanche, rain, snow, frost andfog phenomena. In this research, in addition to evaluating the relation between each ofenvironmental hazards as well as road transportation safety in the KARAJCHALOUSroute, it was took an action for providing the accident hazard probableplans in each environmental diffirent manners using the observed information and datain the are view. According to the obtained results, there are the most hazard probableduring the raining from the kilometer 95 to 145, while being the frost phenomenonfrom the kilometer 35 to 85, during the snowing from the km 45 to 85 as well asduring the fog from km 96 to 130 and during falling avalanches from km 56 to 70 ofthe KARAJ- CHALOUS route being shown in the plan.

Recognition of effective factor in mass movements' occurrence and land slide Hazardzonation is one of the most important measures in prevention and reduction of theirhazards. In this research mass movements hazard zonation was done in DamavandDrainage Basin with 761 km2 area, located in Southern Albours Mountains using specificinterpolation method and giving percentage to each sub factors .For doing this, first massmovements inventory map of the area which was prepared using air photos with the scaleof 1:20000 and 1:50000 and field works. (Sefidgari, 2001) was used. In this map 410landslides, 162 falls, 56 soliflucsion, 26 soliflucsion flow and the total of 654 massmovements were shown. In this research, the effective factors for mass movements'occurrence were recognized to be as follows: land use, geological formation, rainfall,slope, aspect and elevation. Then by using mass movements' inventory map andquantification of effective factor in mass movements' occurrence, mass movements'hazard zonation was done in the area as follows: first mass movements inventory map wasquantified by giving percentages to each sub factor of above-mentioned factors. Foredoing this, all the factors that were quantified, were interred in to Arc view softwareenvironment as quantified, descriptive tables. Here all 654 movements were interred in todescriptive tables according to above-mentioned factors and sub factors. Then each factorand their quantitative number for mass movements were prepared as raster map. Thisprocess was done by extensional facilities of Arc view which is called "Extension SpatialAnalyst". The raster maps of six factors with cellular resolution of. /0014 meters, for massmovements were added together, in order to obtain hazard zonation of each movement.For evaluation of hazard zonation accuracy and separation ability of the used method,mass movements hazard zonation maps were overlaid with vector maps of massmovements' inventory maps and necessary change about the kind of considered factorswere made. The privileges of this method is as follows: It uses actual data obtained fromthe field works, by using this method, effective factors in mass movements occurrencecould be identified, it can be performed in any area, and the accuracy of hazard zonation isdepended on the accuracy of information gathered in the field. ward each other and thehigh distribution coefficient confirms this factor.

The tourism industry has been developed in recent years, especially after theSecond World War, so increasingly that has taken the name of tourism revolution.Tourism today has become one of the major economic stimulants in an internationallevel, and specialists of economic issues assume that along by insurance and bankingas a major dynamic industry in the current century. Rural tourism is one of the majorcomponents of tourism industry and is the main power of improving economic growthin rural areas. It has also made a strategic chance and led to the diversity of localeconomy.Stable rural tourism revives the local and traditional rural culture, encouragescollective activities by rural people, increases the income of rural people, establishesnew economic sources for rural people, conserves the natural, cultural and socialenvironment, sustains the population, and prevents the migration and evacuation ofrural areas. The development and expansion of rural tourism will be the best strategyfor rural areas.

This thesis aims to investigate and analyze the sustainable urban Development ofcities in Yazd province concerning 92 indexed in sections. The method used in thisstudy is descriptive- analytic. To analyze data, quantitative programming models andcomputer soft wares were used. According to this study Yazd was known as the mostsustained City and Khezr Abaad was known as the least sustained city, Ranking Citiesas Sustained, semi sustained and not sustained it was recognized that Yazd andmaybod were sustained Cities, Ardakan, Mehrize, Marvast, Haraat. Zarch, AhmadAbaad, Eshgh Abaad, Aghda, Neer, Deyhook, Nodoshan and Khezr Abaad were notSustained. Using multi-Variable regression model it is shown that demographicindexes are of highest priority, economical indexes as the second priority, hygienicindexes as the third priority and economical installation or equipment form,environmental, cultural, communicative and transportation indexes in next levels ofpriority which are suggested for sustainable urban development of cities Yazdprovince respectively, from bottom to the top.

Guilan is one of the main provinces in Iran which include some exceptional featuresin the field of tounsm to attract tourists. Green Covering of plants, half- high slopesand also sea, rivers, natural, springs various shrines and tourist regions are features, ofGuilan. Studying of tounst projects was a motivation for choosing the subject and ourpurpose in the performance of the research is to prepare first material and know aboutlimitations and abilities with emphasizing economic, social and cultural situation.
Gathering information is according to the documentary evidence and the materialof libraries by using of descriptive- analytic way that is based on systematic attitude.The purpose of the project is to establish relation between tourism and other partswith developing it and providing possibilities for attaining to an economic, social andcultural balance.
We can lead tourists to Villages in where, there are tourist attractions, so that theycan gain their peace in the natural and historical sights again and also, it’s prevented toimmigrate form villages to the cities by doing the tourist projects and the potential fortourist, cultural and social attractions that exit in the region.
We plan to strengthen positive points and weaken or destroy negative ones bystudying of tourist projects.

Gaining acceptable surface of development and supplying the facilities of stable lifein all regions is one of the basic priorities of schematics statesman in over society. Inthis regard, the emphasis is on agricultural part as the most ancient pillar of economyin villages and its rollplaying in development of the Settlement club is one of the mosteffective strategies in this case. So that the thinking in the origin of shapping andsocial – economical transformations of the most part of rural part of different culturalespecially Iran is showing the positive performance in stabilishing and also providingfor facility growing and development of villages also national blowing of economy.In this research, if tryied pay attenticm to the state of agricultural part in stabilitingand development of villages from library studies for introducing the potentials anddifficulties of agricultural development in villages of Fahlian district. It also tryies tostabiliting the descriptive – analytic method and relying on assessment observation asthe potential for giving the essential method for supplying the facilities of developmentin Fahlyan villages with emphasis on economic part.

In this paper has tried transhumance as a choice to save the nomadic life ( in regard toold features of nomads as an important rule in economic, politic an social problems).As seen nomadic life (nomadism) different reason is destroyed and with regardpastoralist nomadic community since ancient times in IRAN, approximately 25% ofIRAN red meat products source are provided, by 1.8% nomads country population.The fans of transhumance belive that the nomads must have a better life for themselvesand their children, produce handicraft, … and it makes to continue the pastoralistnamodic like transhumance style. But we know that this kind of transhumance is notsuitable all over the iran's regions. Anyway regions must have it's special strategy(interview with Dr Moshiri. Rahim) And in the end some suggestions are given.