نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1389)

The present article emphasizes that Iran deserves to play an active role in establishment of a regional confederation and should do it because of its peculiar characteristics of form and nature of post-Revolutionary political system, geopolitics weight and dynamic politician. However, presence of foreign powers and the conflict between their interests and those of Iran have created obstacle laying foundations for such other regional players as Saudi Arabia. While doctrine of Iranian foreign policy is sensitive to Muslim world's affairs because of its religious nature, dominant situation of the Persian Gulf which has imposed geopolitical pressure on Iran and that Iran can not be insensitive to Palestine conflict have led Iran to ensure its presence in East Mediterranean region. Iranian strong presence in that region originates from the energy that it gained from Revolution. With a deep look at Iranian structure can see a portrait of miniature Islamic world with a little shortage. If Iran takes Islam-wanting policy instead of Shiiat- wanting, reasonable ratio of presence of Arabs, Kurd, Blouchs and other ethnic groups should be seen in higher levels of authority and government. In foreign affairs, Egypt has come to be a key to open up new scenes. It seeks to play a different role among Arab countries of Middle East which renders impossible without Iranian help. Participation of Egypt assisted by Iran can result in balance of Saudi ideologies stances and pushing Iranians to their true status.

starting of economic in rurals shuld be known as the result of the making of Human Development is a new concept which was replaced with percapita and internal gross production as development standard by UN organization. It reminds that income is not the whole life and development can not measured only by income. The main objective of development is to benfit haman and develop life quality . Based on this idea, the human has been the axis of development and the main focus is on human dimensions of Development. This caused United Nations organization to introduce a new method for measuring the development as ''Human Development Index '' which indicate the average achievement of three main dimensions of Human development (Education, Hygiene, and economy). The present study aimed at recognizing and measuring human development indices and promoting them in the rural areas of the country. This was a case . Study warried out in Bahmaee city. Bahmaee is on the west of kohgluye Buyer-Ahmad pvorice and adjacent to Khuzestan. It is located on the southern hills of zagross mountains. Not unlike the other deprived rural areas, it has alway been ignored by policy maker`s civil plannings and studies .

Rasht city with population of 557366 in 2006 and bearing the half of citizens of the provinc enjoys a special situation as the most important regional macro city. Due to different and extended social and eccnomic function, this city enjoys a superior regional and with regard to services, in addirion to multilateral dominance in its civic region over its suburb cities duch as Khomam, Koochesfahan. Lasht nesha, Sangar and Khoshkbijar, it also is highly influential in civic and rural centers all over the province. On the one hand, the city with its spatial and frame development propels population and its economic activities into marginal regions and on the other hand, by attracting the possibilities of suburb cities and regional spaces, it creates glorious changes in its civic frame. In this way, Rasht city has created different reflexes in relation to population density and concentration, vertical and discordant growth and development, state of occupation, residence, quantity and quality of current interchanges, pollution in environment, making use of civic lands, procedure of occupying agricultural lands, and civic management. Rasht macro city, instead of optimized distribution of capital and possibilities at the levels of peripheral regions considerably tends to centralization. Dependence of suburd cities on Rasht city has caused lack of economic and social varieties in them and has denied these cities of internal consistency and dynamism, and sedpite bearing population and civic services has changed them into dormitory centers for people of little income. Lack of dynamism in case of peripheral cities is influenced more by unequal and bilateral relations of Rasht macro city with peripheral cities than that of the absence of technical knowledge or capital, and these relations are always to mother–city advantages and suburb city disadvantages.

After the age of Euosen, the plain of Ardabil has been appeared like a subsidence hole, by faults (Neuor, Hir, Anbaran …) and the sediments wich are sensitive to Quaternaring erison have covered them. also From beginning of the middle age of Oligocene mountains of the reigion have been elevated and the next age of erosion has started. the orogency of Pasadenian causes faulting mild thrust and region elevation. The existence of congolomerate with fragile cement and volcanic pieces in the southen part of Ardabil in Peleo- Quaternary are the sings  of  havy rain fall in the beginning of Quaternary. The new alluvium of Quaternary(Holocene) have been  carried through by mountaion waterway to the Ardabil plain and his process is done by the region water ways at the present time. The Alluvial terraces, alluvial con and … are signs of instability of the western slops of Talesh mountains and its morphological effects on filled plain of Ardabil.

Human in cultural,s evolution,has created special settlement in every age.The earliest settlement shape of early hunter humanities have being "Cave dug of stone".Next activity of first human,was changing the shape of jungles and creating shanties from pipe and tent and finally,preferred until grouply settles in villages and rurals.With population increase,villages also extended and gradgually,in during one of process,greater villages changed shapes and converted to cities and small towns.Finally,cities converted to metropolises.City during physical,s development during the time ,developed village limites and the first effect of  that was threat of agriculture activities and production decrease and following that decreased size agriculture lands and gardens.In fact , It could be said that cities developments whether local or social aspect ,provided negative change and excellent in rural economy and created preparation many of shortages and rural migrations that is observable in many of developing countries and specially Iran.

Since the occurrence of  frost has been caused much damage to agriculture and horticulture production in the city of Karaj. Therefore the city authorities' attention to recognition of  frost circumstances accurance, can prevent conditions in which severe damages would force to farmers. So recognizing conditions in frosty must be considered by authorities of this city to prevent intense damages.it has been used 25 year meteorology synoptic least temperature of Karaj to determine the date of the first frosty in autumn and the last frosty in spring In this research, the zero threshold has generally been used at first date of the first autumn frosty with two or three days duration and the last frosty of the spring in each farming year were determined, Then were studied these values aspect of occurrence probabilities and different statistical distribution for beginning frosty in autumn and the last frosts in spring. According to performed studies were known over 6 probability function, log Pearson III distribution on data of autumn and two parametric Gama distribution on data of spring with the least deviation square average the best estimation. According to results of this research the probability of the first frost of autumn before 7 Dec and before 20 Nov is 20 percentage also the probability of the last frosty of spring after 11 April and before 17 March is 20 percentage. According to obtained results in this research the best period for wheat cultivation based on thermal needs of autumn wheat to start germination(370 degree – days) in Karaj city is 20 to 27 Oct. Based on the obtained information in this research the spring frosty (at time of germination and flowering ) on performance of wheat has important influence but in autumn frosty despite delay in growing plant it has not important influence on plant performance and the damage of plant relates to time of cultivation and frost intensity and the coincidence of germination and cold.

Iran has got extensive environmental potentialities to increase and develop tourism activities . these tourist attractions are divided into two groups:One is the natural attractions and the other is memorial and historical attractions which are of so many varieties .Natural morphological condition of villages are important features to attract tourists. In addition living styles, foods, clothes, custom, festivals, mourning, architecture, residences, building made of mud, stone and wood, pergola, temporary houses, garden, mosques, holy places, and various handicrafts as well as dairy and garden products, medicinal and decorative plants, springheads, channels, aqueduct, etc. all and all are different features of villages in which many people are interested. Siyahkal and Deylaman with these extensive potentialities are big assets of Iran and because of this have special value to develop tourist industry.This paper attempts to show the tourist attraction of these regions. to do this informational sources and materials are gathered through field and library research to introduce the available potentialities of the region and in this way tries to save landscapes and cultural heritage and to promote this region to attract national tourists as much as possible.

starting of economic in rurals shuld be known as the result of the making of agriealture in fact agriealture had and has a much role in tgeir economic tissue. Although rural societies don,t adjust this activities but the agricultural  role in human settlement, system of economic production , patter of feeding and many ordinary aspect of population in rural cannot be denied.in this research that is a bout the importance of agricultural in economic system and is a bout the importance of agricultural in economic system and livelihood of rural society, one of the bourdary of rodbar township( guilan  province) has been searched . collecting and processing of information has been used in the processof current research and the role of agriculture in the system of income and livelihood of the area of rurals has been evaluated and the necessary soulotion for removing the existing problem has presented.The result of this research show that there is a strong realationchip between the index of population of rural regions and the value of economic production of  agricultural, meanwhile operation from the potential area could creat an expectation that in the economic operation of area, agriculture can have a better position than present