نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1388)

The growth of population in cities is one of the most important challenges of urbanplanning.The lack of correct programming for fulfillment of needs of these growingpopulation follows on unessential use of the city lands and their around lands and alsoincreasing of environmental problems.In this field, the in quiry of physical growth of Malayer city and environmentalproblems resulting of the, has special importance.Therefore, The basic question of this research is«The fact reasons of emerqence ofenvironmental problems in Malayer city.»Supposing that environmental problems of Malayer city is resulting of the growthof supposing this city in recent years, growth of it’s population and different civicactivities. (civic fule and construction) .The basic inquiry of effective reasons on the city expanding and emergence of theenvironmental problems,offering the sutable approaches for eduction of environmentalproblems and making an academic viewpoint for solving the environmental problemsis one of the most important aims of this study. Therefore,with attention toenvironmental problems resulting of physical growth of Malayer city in afew recentdecade, in this research is payed to inquiry and explain of environmental problemswith help of informations, statistics, fieldwork and with use of maps, pictures, yraphsand their analysis. In this relation is considered the pollution of sources of water,thepollution arising of release of sewage on the pavements and or their discharge inabsorbing well,The problems arising of unbasic collection, burying and recycling ofrubbises, the pollution of industrial units and brik–kilns and traffic pollution speciallyin the center of city and brife approaches are offered for reduction of this pollution,welfare of citizens and arrbiyng to sustainable development.

Every week world urban areas gain another one million people. nowadays cities asthe settlements of over fifty percent of world's populations face many challenges likeair pollutions, noises, traffic congestions, stresses and so on. this trend threat bothhuman´s life quality and environment quality. ideal city for citizen´s life is sustainablecity in which improvement in the quality of human life is achieved in harmony withimproving and maintaining the health of ecological systems. In this city life isdesirable and increased quality of life, less conflicts, more effective economy, socialprogress and … are main advantages of these cities. There are many Barriers forCreating Sustainable Cities and one more important of them is weak urban transportsystems and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in cities has social, economic andecological effects. On the other hand these three factors (social, economy and ecology)are the pillars of sustainable development. therefore inadequate management of urbantransport systems so existence of traffic congestion in cities is an important barrier ofcreating sustainable city. access to sustainable city requires a shift towards sustainableurban transport. sustainable transport is a term used to describe those modes oftransport which are not primarily associated with the use of non-renewable energyresources for the transport of individuals without causing a deterioration in the qualityof urban life. Nowadays Tehran as the biggest city and Capital of our country hasmany problems and barriers to be a sustainable city . high increasing in population,centralization, uncontrolled development, Air pollution, traffic congestion, accidentsand so on are some of these problems. Air pollution is the most importantenvironmental problem of Tehran which is caused mainly by motor vehicles. Motorvehicles produce 60-80% of pollution in this city. low price of fuel, low quality ofgasoline, large number of old cars, very high price of vehicles, Tehran's geographicposition, high dependency on private passenger car, improperly enforced driving andtraffic rules and finally lack of harmonious management are the most important factorsthat caused non-sustainable transport system is used in the city and as a result Tehran is an unsuitable place for living . in order to avoid this unsuitable situation changing ofTehran to a sustainable city it is necessary to support comprehensive models ofsustainable transport that are suitable with special conditions of our country andTehran city. one of these models is mooted in this study and there is no doubt aboutthat it is impossible to achieve urban sustainability in Tehran without attention inspecial consideration associated with our country .

Security is taken account as one of the most essential factors for duration ofsovereignty. Some phenomena challenge stare sovereignty through geographicalcontext as both partially and broadly. Different form conventional challenging factors,so- called sectionalism or divergence, this new phenomenon include mostly marginalregions of the state; where territory of the state can be vertically and horizontallyrecognized and called as holes in the state.Although historically displeased form regional divergence, however, Iran territoryhas been encountered with partial problem and phenomena inside the country.Previously, because of extensive nature such phenomena or holes in the state has beenincreased and is warming more than regional divergence.In addition to recognize various kinds of holes in the state and definable variablesfor holes in the state in Iran territory that is those challenging phenomena spreading asorganized threatening for social cultural, economical as well as political aspects ofsovereignty, through this dissertation it is aim to recognize and estimate effectivenessof holes in the state and kinds of extension through various provinces based onquantitative methods and content analysis.Form findings of the study it can be indicated that the most effective and the mostextensive holes in the state in case of Iranian territory can be recognized in kind ofcultural, social and economical, respectively.Moreover, it can be distinguished that many cases of these phenomena spread frommarginal to central regions; having increasing effect and extension.

Air Pollution of cities has nowadays turned into an environmental, social problem.Population growth, asymmetric development in which scientific principles are notalways observed, physical tissue of cities, increase in tools,and polluting resourceshave jeopardized human life in some cities, there by threatening their health.As the largest city of Iran , Tehran is among the most polluted cities throughout theworld. In view of the effects caused by air pollution to the environment and humanhealth, precise identifying of pollutants and specifying of polluted scopes in order tolessen pollution are necessitated.In this research, data pertaining to carbon monoxide (Co) were extracted from 10main stations for measuring the air pollution settled by Tehran Clean Air Control Co.based on the PSI index and were specified by means of Excel software for a 10 –yearstatistic period of clean and dirty air, and 5 samples of the most serious polluted dayswere selected to be studied. Then, for scoping, some maps were provided by GIS.Investigation of the maps drawn revealed that direction and pace of wind played amajor role in movement of air pollution. Highly unhealthy scopes were observed incentral and southern areas, such as Fatemi, Bazar, Azadi, Mehrabad and Bahmanstations. In the samples studied, clean and permitted scopes existed more in northern,northwestern, and northeastern parts except for the sample of the day 04/12/2005,when no clean air existed anywhere in the city.

Tourism industry has great importance these days and because of the significantadvantages, it catches the attention of many governors and national authorities. Thisindustry contains two fundamental elements and has some types of differentclassification, which tourism is meaningless without them. The fundamental elementsof this industry are tourism attractions and also tourism facilities and services.In any research, first of all suitable and basic studying is needed and one of crucialelement in a perfect research is paying attention to theorical basics. In this part ofresearch, studying of theories, concepts, important explanations which are related tothe research subject is really necessary.However up to now, some researchers have down something about the wordtourism and its classification in our country; but most of them are very old andrepetitive, or they have great problems.So it is necessary to have a new look to tourism explanation and its classification.This paper analyzes tourism with a new look and introduces the newest and the mostcomplete classifications of it.

Tourism is a very delicate and sensitive industry especially in relation with safetyand security matters in different national,regional and international levels. Every kindof security incidents such as :crime against tourists ,war,riots and terrorism will causeirrecoverable damage to the industry.Control and providing the security of tourists and prevention of crime againstthem,not only boots their reliability but also by reducing their concerns for providingtheir physical and financial security,make them enjoy their trip and travel further.Tehran city includes one forth of urban population of the country (the mainpopulation centers) and arrival and departure place of the most incoming tourists toIran, so it is playing the main role in managing tourism destinations in the country.Therfore, security incidents and crime agaist tourists can destroy tourism industry inseveral occasions.The goal of this article is surveying security issues and crime against tourists intourism destinations.The methods of this research is descriptive- analystic and the aimis practical. the results and findings of the research shows that social andenvironmental security in Tehran city is not in proper level ,and like many othermetropolises the crime rate is high. therefore, Tehran city is not in a proper securitysituation for developing tourism industry at present time.So it seems some extrememeasures should be taken to improve tourism industry in the under study city.

One of the role of passage from economy that based in petrol to economy of unpetrol,are change in economic structures of each country , and for this changeconcrete look in economic, social, legal, manageable are very important and necessary.Meanwhile on time announcement of scientific and cultural by way of globalpropagation, can facilitation of this important subject, then can extension the variety ofcultures in the economy.One of these fields for variation in country economy with emphasis on naturalcondition and its preference are tourism industry.Most of countries that have this preference for their geographic condition , tocontained this subject in their developing programs , because for this reason evolutiontheir national development.Rural tourism that also are one of the important form of tourism, can outstandingshare in this purpose. In our age rural tourism is one of the humanity kinds of tourismindustry. Meanwhile Iran country with special geographic condition and haveimportant elements for attraction of tourism, likes natural appearance and landscape,historic works and effects, climate variety, and old ancient and civilization are thecountry that have tourism abilities, and struggle to move from mono-economic to thevarious and stability economics, and in this different kind of tourism, increase anddevelopment of rural tourism ( for natural variety and attraction of iran village ) arevery special importance.Perspective document of tourism industry, especially rural tourism in semnanprovidence with attention on special geographic conditions are very enjoying andprosperous, and with exact planning and use of special share, can activize this industrywith economic view point un this province especially in rural regions. Withcontinuation of this process in long time (sustainable rural tourism) trend of migrationfor profit of village are will reverse.

Fire fighting stations and their locations in helping and rescuing people areconsidered to be very important in cities. fire fighters can have an important role inproviding comfort and security for their citizens and economy of the cities.So, giving proper and on time Services via fire fighting stations requires them to bestationed at good locations.The main purpose of establishing fire fightings stations isto provide part of the security in cities for the purposes mentioned above. For reachingthis goal, unified systematic view function in cities ingredient in micro level anddirection cities structure in the macro level is importan whieh is achieved more eventin geographical information system .In this reserch,the main goal is to find the bestlocation for fire fighting in semnan, or to transfare some of the stations from theirpresent locations if neccessary.In this research,attempts have beenmade to find themost appropriate places for the fire fighters to be stationed at new places. Therefore,inorder to find scientific and exact places a combination of geographical informationsystem GIS and AHP has been used .After priamcary studies and gathering useful datafor setslaction in the fire fighting .The effective criteria were dividied in to six groupsand , then by means of analytical hierarchy process the weight of each criteria wasdetermind and finally was mixed by means of index overlay .The results with highflexibility were offered in six forms. After putting together the plans obtained,firstproper initial restrictions were proposed. Then the exact position of each proposedstation within this boundary was determind in a way that they are able to cover themaximum area and give services. At the end, a part from the existing stations twomore were added and five new stations were suggested.

Periodic and recurrent changing of Caspian Sea’s water level causes transformationof coast lines and damages coastal equipments and constructions. Natural dynamics ofcoastal zone of Talesh causes unstable states on the region during different period, andnatural regime of Caspian Sea from the economical and social point of view hascreated some problems in the field of local and international planning anddevelopment.Talesh province is situated in the west coast of Caspian Sea, and noticeable swellingof water level in the coastal line of Caspian Sea, and the consequent change in thecoast of Talesh province, has inflicted many damages to coastal installation, residentialbuildings, recreational areas, and farmlands, and in the time of retreat has causeddisusing of all these constructions in the region. Moreover, fluctuation of water levelof Caspian Sea has caused submersion or reveling of the neighboring lands.In this research it has been tried to survey the changes of coastal lines in the Taleshprovince through compare and survey of aerial photographs of 1346 and 1373, LANsat photographs, and Ilwis software. The results indicate the effect of advance andretreat process of coastal lines on the morphology of the inferior parts of coastal zones.Periodic fluctuations have caused some changes in the coastal landforms of theregion and increasing of water submerges broad lands in the coast of Talesh.Numerous changes of coastal lines in Caspian Sea have caused destruction of coastlines shapes and also creation of new shapes and sandy hills alongside of the shore.Fluctuation of coast line has affected under erosion areas and deposit of rivers;these shapes in the coasts of region show model of advance, retreat, and erosion in theTalesh province. Sandy fingers which are among the important geomorphologicshapes in the coasts of region have been seen in the around of big rivers of the regionsuch as Korganroud, Shafaroud, and Lisaroud which numerous changes has been seenin them.

The main reason of doing this research is to identify and introduce the effectivefactors on natural disasters such as flood, land slide, fire accident ….and also thediversity of area and time of dangers and stretching and size of them in Shafarudeaquiferous basin of Rezvanshahr town located in the west of Guilan province. Theeffect of reflection of this dangers on the social-economics condition of residents is anoticeable point that shows the importance of this research. This research has done byusing the descriptive – analyzing methods (basin system) and by using from toolssuch as topography maps from organization of army forces and the maps of geology,land using, air mapping by organization of cartography and field observation (Directobservation) and by using the G.P.S device, Excel and Auto Cad soft wares.The study results showed that: the major threatening natural disasters in this basinareLand slide , flood , fire accident drought, Thunder and lightening, animals’ bite ,plant pests, ….. in this direction, type and genus of geological structure and the severalfaults inside the basin and the Astara throughout fault in basin shallow, the differenceof height between the headline and basin shallow, the steep of slopes, rain falling, thelasting snow (about six months), the blowing of strong winds in autumn and thebeginning of spring, the thick mantle of forest in throughout the basin and ….… arethe most important and numerous natural factors causing natural disasters in basinplay an essential role such as land sliding and rock falling(in northwest, centre andsouthwest of basin) in villages- Ardah(1383), Roshandeh(1375), Dashtdaman (1383)and the flooding in Pargam(1375), Rinah (1383), Vaskah (1373) and forest firing inthe forests of south and southwest of basin ( Razah, Dashtdaman) during the recentdecade(1375-85).The events of these dangers a part from economy and socialdamages, within the investigation boundary collectively have switched theenvironment landscapes.