نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1387)

Gully erosion is one of the most complicated and destructive kinds of watererosion. In order to prevent this erosion, the important factors of gully headadvancement must be recognized. For this case, this research has been done in one ofthe sub basins of Hable Rood drainage basin with name’s of Dehnamak in arid andsemiarid weather. Then, effective factors of gully head advancement of four models:Thompson, SCS(І), SCS(ІІ) and FAO, that are: gully head cut watershed area, claypercentage amounts, gully bottom slope percentage and other factors such as solublesalts percentage, silt percentage amounts and sand percentage amounts have beenminded. Meaning amount of each effective factor with gully head advancementamounts in stage of 95% in period of time 1956 to 2005 studied.Result of statistical studies shows, factors such as gully head cut watershed areawith correlation coefficient of 0.98, soluble salts percentage with correlationcoefficient of 0.97 and clay percentage amounts with correlation coefficient of 0.96,intermittently have a most meaning in stage of 0.95. After this, model with usingeffective factors, above mentioned, and SPSS software and two methods, Enter andBackward formed. Then, potential of gully head advancement in following years in theway of comparison estimated amounts by models and measure amounts by aerialphotos studied. Finally with regards to minute difference of 0.001% between twomethods Enter and Backward, Backward method proposed.

Tourism is the most important of activities of contemporary human, which it makesgreat transformations in the earth appearance and political, economical and culturalconditions in the societies and it transforms human's life. Rural tourism is an importantpart of tourism industry and it is counted original power in economical improvementand growth in the countryside and it causes local economic variety with making ofstrategically opportunity and it causes increase welfare surface, life standards, income,security, stability and preservation of population, prevention of irregular migration,protection of ecologic equilibrium and natural resource, protection of traditionaltexture and cultural specialtiesWith making produced job opportunities that it based on available potentials incountryside. According to this basis, the best way of rescue of countryside of social,economical and environmental problems and reach social justice and geographicaljustice is development of rural tourism.

This study have been designed to address the socio-economic, ecologic andstructural outcomes of spatial relocation of some villages in roodbar county ,after theearthquake of year 1990, and also the positive and negative effects of relocation andmerging of those villages.The results of data analysis show that the personal specifications of the samples ofthis study including their age and the number of their family members affect theirattitude toward relocation .it has also been found that relocation. It has also been foundthat relocation has made changes in socio-economic, ecologic and structuralspecification of the samples of this study. in fact, most of the samples of this studywere pleased about relocation, despite of the results of the samples of this study werepleased about relocation, despite of the results of previous related studies whichemphasized unsuccessful experiences of relocations and merging of villages in socioeconomic,ecologic and structural condition of community which has been occurreddue to the spatial relocation of the villages.Regarding the unsuccessful previous experiences of relocations or merging ofvillages, such activities should only be done in highly needed situations, withacquiring participation of target communities and providing secure socio-economic,ecologic and structural condition. In other word, success of spatial relocation projectsdepends on providing the appropriate socio-economic, ecologic and structuralcondition for the target communities.

Urbanization and globalization of cities has been an essential feature of the recentdecades. This phenomenon is significant in developing countries like Iran which hasencountered a huge growth in urbanization. This condition has make crises in urbandevelopment management and urban structures.This article investigates Tehran management system and determines challenges andopportunities in this system by investigating Tehran management system to analyzepublic traditional and multi-faceted management features in Tehran. Multi aspectmanagement, housing crisis, marginalization, ground source misuses, councils andmunicipalities are among the most important challenges of Tehran urban management.Considering such situations, management of urban development in Tehran has facedsocial-economical, managerial and incapable development plans and urbancivilization.These conditions necessitate a revelation in managerial system of urbandevelopment in Tehran which can not be accomplished easily and requires a processand “passing period”. This period involves changes in the current managerial systemtowards “planning approach paradigm” which covers progress, flexibility, andadaptability.Based on this planning approach paradigm and manipulated researches, some of themost remarkable approaches in reforming managerial system of urban development inTehran have been introduced.

Bastak Region is located in the northwest of Hormazgan Province. It is consideredas one of the poor regions of the country according to it's water resources while 7.24billion cubic meters of water run down to the sea in the form of waste water and floodsin Hormozgan each year without any further accessibility to it.Saline, alkaline and heavy ground water or the surface water flowing through thesaline formations are used for the irrigation of most agricultural territories of thisregion. However , the high level of ground water and severity of evaporation have stillreduced the soil fertility.On the other hand , the importance of water in this region increases with regard tothe dispersion of saline geological formations and improper quality of ground water.People suffer from the shortage of fresh and agricultural water most of the year. Thisregion is under the influence of two geological factors ie. The general folds of Zagrosmountaion chains and the phenomenon of diapirism.In addition to the saline and alkaline states of the soil, erosion has also largelyinfluenced on the decrease of its fertility. Therefore , this research mostly seeks for theeffective geomorphic evidence of the soil and water resources of the region while wehope to detect and offer some guidelines for it.Finally, salt domes are introdusing as one of the main factors of the salincty ofwater and soil in this region, We have used field activities and library and documentalmethods for achieving this purpose. Controling salinity plans should be implementedto prevent any further damage to the soil and water resources although manydifficulties are encountered when enforcing them due to several reasons. Thus, wehave tried to offer some reasonable suggestions base on two mechanical and biologicalstracthers for the reservation of soil and water resources according to regionalconditions.

The effects of Geography factors on human behavior are considered by researchersfrom past time. The natural factors have had considerable influences on humanbehavior and its function for ever as the natural environmental changes due to differentclimate situations can have special reaction on human behavior.In this article the author with considering to scientific experiment and the science ofGeography has tried to survey the relation between human and natural environment with aview to Geography

Every kind of Geomorphological Landscapes has a basic roll in regionaldevelopment.In Yazd province using every kind of land use projects withought consideringplaya's landscape can't Complot the chain of it's development and Constraction,because. The playa's landscape is one of the basic. Units of morphotectonic. In thisprovince. (Siah Kooh playa – Abar kooh playa Daranjir- Harat and marvast playa's andSaghand playa and….)Finding away for using, Landuse projects has a special roll in regional developmentAnd researching and recognizing this landscapes is one of the basic part of landuseproject in this province.Among of these playa's , Daranjir or bafgh playa is the thired playa (From the pointof area viwes) which it's shape like a hole (North – west to south – east).It's placed between kharanagh and bafgh. Which is in east of Yazd province.In this paper. Which is provide in base of Analytical Methodes and using a numberof digital dataes, in GIS Frame work, We can recognized different geomorphologicalaspects of this region and it's potential. In five surfaces (Convex, Concave – traces andun sustainability wind surfaces) and Conclude that: Knowing the paleo and dinamysmgeomorphology Of this region.Has an important roll in Document of Development sterategy Frame work .Because of the result of this researches. Salinization process is active in Daranjirplaya now (We can see it's effects on different part of playa).There are some Evidence of active Tectonic in the south – west of this region andanalysis of drainages show anticidence conception too.Because of above Conclusion and several other limitations we can say this region isnot suitable for development in tourism Field.The main axes of development in this area can be concentrated on mine activitiesespecially. Rare metals element which is deposite in playa

A vast part of Iran is covered with desert- semi desert area that in first glance theyare useless and it seems that any kind of investment on them will be confronted withfailure. But this unfertile region that due to its unique geographic condition prospers anunsteady ecosystem has some specification that if it's in the optimum operation, canhelp to the country development. One of the existing abilities of this area is its uniquetourism attraction that not only bright up the internal tourism but also can attract manyforeign tourists will be lead to the economic and social extension of the country.

Slope discontinuity is one of the main factors of the change of geometrical form ofthe regional reliefes. Product transportation of denudation is from the highest landsand mountains to valleys and then toward the sedimental basins.The mass movementsof the slope materials like slip and slope discontinuity cause this and of course is thereason of the movement of large amount of slope material toward the valleys. Now theroad between Ardebil-Astara is changing because of the processes of slip and slopediscontinuty.In fact the existence of the factor like Lithology, the distance from the fault,vegetation, gravity force and change in the degree of slope, loading and the totalweight of the slope material, kind, classification and thickness of the material,rainwater, melting snow and ice, watering, topography situation and directioning of theslopes,land using and human factors cause the instability and discontinuty of theslopes throught the referred aea. So the map of the classifying the area with thepotential of landslide in this region is provided by the Arcview GIS software.