نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1386)

Stable development in general, and «Stable Urban Development» in Specific, areamong the most significant issues of Urban societies related to the present and futurequestions of the environment and cities. Along with the increasing concentration andorientation toward the Stable development at a universal level, understanding this issueand more emphasis at the national level, considering the development of the urban lifein the country as well as steps to be taken for the materialization of such adevelopment has been given attention to. What the present study accomplishes is toconsider the related concepts, trends, and events as well as to describe the evolutionaryhistory of «Stable Urban Development». Also the study is meant to reveal theoreticaland practical acpects of what is presently known as stable Urban Development in aglobal level. Therefore, first the concept and conception of Stable Urban Development(SUD) would be surveyed between 1960, to 1990, and the influential factors affectingit will be rec:ognized spacio-temporally, which are the result of individual and groupattempts at global conferences. Next, there would be a discussion on the differentaspects of urban life in the present world and its future perspective, which containproblems and difficulties that the public encounter. Another section of the article isdedicated to the materialization and the emergence of SUD and the related steps takenin this regard. In this section, the important events taking place in connection with thedevelopment of SUD during the second half of 1970, up to the present, would beconsidered via a similar viewpoint. In this connection, therefore, the importance ofcitizens and the vital role of Urban management and local states in the development ofurban life would be highlighted and the necessity of locally–oriented action toovercome global issues was stressed.Mentioned issues, the study sets forth a description on major terminologies andexpressions utilized within the body of article as well as a comprehensive list ofreferences.

Informal settlement in the city of Ghom (Case of study in shadgholi) is the themeof this paper.Shadgholi was a village in the west of Ghom and it is a district in Ghom.The scientific methods of this study are comprised of the desk and the surveyresearches.These consequences are:- Rural migration to adjacent district had Shadgholi joined the informal settlement ofGhom- Immigrants in Shadgholi are (fifteen percent) the less because they (Khalaj) aresaving the lands for male children. Their male children will need an individualhousing to have their own married life.- The first priority in Shadgholi is Informal Sector Employment.

The advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes on the earth. These changes in half second 20th century which werealong with the destruction of ozone, vast extinction of vital species, strong destructionof herbaceous strong reduction of natural resources caused Environmental crises.From the beginning, governments reacted against these events like other crises.They tried to restrain from much Environmental crises in national, regional anduniversal term by international meeting, manifesto issuance and different convention.These crises were so deep and vast that in addition to governments, parties and Nongovernmentorganizations such as "Green peace parties" were made all over the world.Near the end 20th century they could control the governments in some of the industrialcountries with expanding their activities and national acceptability.The aim of this essay is explaining the concepts of Environmental geopolitics anddiscovering whether these environmental crises will change to conflicts and crisesamong the nations of a country, in region countries and finally the universal areas.Also how Geopolitics and Environmental researchers can suggest guidelines to thegovernments and Non- Government organization in order to restrain from changingEnvironmental crises to security crises.The results of the research show that Environmental crises and strong reduction ofnatural resources will be the source of many national and regional confects in thefuture. More relations, consideration, national, regional and universal conflicts basedon these crises will come to existence.

Climate affects all military activities specially military sites and equipments. Thisresearch is undergone to analyse the impact of the climate on the military equipmentsin Iran. For this purpose the daily climatic elements were obtained for 117 weatherstations during 1982-2004 period. The daily temperature, relative humidity, rainfalland wind were analysed according to the climatic thresholds of the major militarymaterials. The weather elements variations over the country were weighted accordingAHP model. Finally the stations were grouped according to their suitability formilitary equipments into three good, moderate, and weak regions. Stations such asMinab showed highest rate of suitability of 98 % and stations such as Jusk showed thelowest suitability rate of 66%.

In order to investigate and analyze the synoptic patterns in relation to heavysummer rain happening in the northern areas of Khorasan Province during 2001-2002,the earth surface pressure maps and the 500 mb ones were examined .The most significant patterns that were in coordination with the real flood happeningwere as follows:High pressure of the Caspian Sea, the higher atmosphere level trough, Kavir plainlow pressure, combination of polar and subtropical jet stream. Out of 18 cases understudy, 44.4 % including 8 cases, were about high pressure of the Caspian Sea andnorth flows over this sea, 27.7% including 5 cases, were concerned with higheratmosphere level trough, 11.1% including 2 cases, were related to Kavir plain lowpressure, and 16.2% including 3 cases, were due to a combination of polar andsubtropical jet stream .The patterns related to high pressure of the Caspian Sea and Kavir plain lowpressure have happened in the hottest summer days and higher atmosphere leveltrough with a combination of polar and subtropical jet stream occurred in spring .

Rainfall is one of the most important natural sources of water used by mankind foragricultural and industrial applications. Because of the difficulty of rainfall monitoring,which has high spatial and temporal variability, our knowledge of both the its synopticand climatological distribution over most of the country is not well known.Climatological investigations in Iran lack adequate meteorological observations tounderstand and interpret diverse climatic features. In the country as a whole, theground observation network is not dense enough to provide the detailed informationrequired, especially in rugged regions. Combined with this is the problem of pooraccessibility to the mountainous regions, which has resulted in the areal distribution ofrainfall being poorly known. In addition, the data collected by the existingmeteorological stations, with a few exceptions, are mostly discontinuous, nonhomogenousand short period observations. Such limited data sets, make it difficult toboth accurately delimit different climatic regimes across the country and identifysignificant departures from normal conditions, whereas many climatologicalapplications and investigations should ideally be based on the data collected at givenpoints over long periods and should have a good spatial and temporal coverage.Perhaps the most urgent problem facing rainfall measurement at the present time isdata collection - one of the most costly areas in meteorology and hydrology.In this paper, the central aim is to investigate the potential of GeographicalInformation System for monitoring Fars province’s rainfall with special reference toKriging and IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting), to describe pre-processingapproaches, including relative calibration, and to examine various techniques for bothrainfall monitoring.Analyses of the GIS techniques provided very useful information on both thespatial and temporal distributions of rainfall over regional space, although datacollected by Kriging technique showed more accurate than IDW technique. In order toexplore the appropriate method, the accuracy of the obtained results from differentmethods using RMS was examined. The results showed that among different usedkriging methods, the circular and exponential ordinary had lowest error.

This article deals with the social theories and analysis of the theoreticiansconcerning the global changes and the foundations of global system and the new worldorder. It also deals with different phases in the theories of future thoughts and thederived mechanism and analyses the urban space as a key issue in social order in theheart of social theories. It also depicts the theories of great theoreticians such asWallerstein , Lerner, Castells, Giddens on the cites emerging in the world community.

Landslide is one of the natural disasters that causes loss of life, financial damages,slide mass into rivers and other problems. Recognition of the factors and processes thatcontinuously influenced on the amplitudes and made them tend towards instability, caneffectively help to reduce these damaes. This research has been carried out in SafaroudBasin, Ramsar, to determine effective factors in landslide hazard, classify the factors,determine the weight or rate that indicate the functions of these factors in occuringlandslides. This research is evaluated the factors of lithology, fault, hight, Slope,direction, rainfall, channel, soil, vegetation, ramp and villages of area and GIS hasbeen used for preparing and integrating thematic layers and evaluating all of thefactors, weighting and combining them. It is used to weighting the criteria by AHP.The criterion of weighting of the existing elements in each layer has been based ont he most effective role played in the layer and in landslide. The obtained results showt hat the effective factors in the landslide hazards of the area are systematically relatedt o each other and wherever a man has more interfered and the role of effective factorshas been more, the landslide hazard has been more.