نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 5 (بهار 1384)

From the view point of applied geography, the programming of the “rural sustainabledevelopment” is a process through wich all the environmental, economic, social andphysical factors are so internally integrated and adaptable with the climatic conditions.Having this perspective in mind, we can claim that the rural regions lake thesustainability needed for geographical zones. Therefore, it is considered essential that athorough and extensive programming for sustainable development should be designedand well accomplished with regards to both regional biological factors and also thesystematic concepts toghether with environmental-conceptual and behavioralgeography.In this respect, an analytical essay has been complied and prepared focusing on theexisting sustainable rural developments throughout the country (IRAN), with somecertain case studies of certain regions.In addition, in this extract several guidelines and recommentation of methods ofsustainable rural developments.

Socio-economic changes have important effects in rural regions and life. These effectsdiffer per environmental characteristics, economic systems and social institutes and insome instances, they play positive roles in rural life while in other times, they serve assource of challenges and contradictions in rural areas.This paper discusses challe--nges, which have appeared in Fomanat rural area in WestGuilan as consequences of socio-economic changes of the region.The data of research has been collected through literature review and field studies. Thecollected data have been analyzed based on "principal component /factor analysis "and has computed the degree of facilities of different villages.The results show that recent socio-economic changes have exposed villages to challengesand conflicts. In conclusion, challenges have been analyzed; accordingly.

Rural landscapes cover a vast area of territory of Iran as they accommodate aboutForty percent of the population of the whole country. In order to develop landuseplanning, rural landscapes have obtained special significance and value and they play akey role. Rural development results in urbanism . In developing countries, develop ofservice and industry section, depend on agricultural development and to developAgriculture, primary emphasis is on rural development. Rural areas in Iran areaccounted for the most important activity field which face ill-designed andunorganized strategies and suffer from the lack of an institutional framework andregional development plans. This witnesses the lack of landuse planning in rural areas.It seems to be obvious that this controversial issue exists in different natural, social,economical and of mountainous, hilly and plain villges (areas).The results of this paper imply significantly the lack of Transformation changeand dynamism in some components and elements of landscape (Geographical bases)in relation to the time and place which accounted for the reason of undeveloped ruralareas. Every kind of villages (mountainous, hilly and plain) do not have any changesand dynamism which lead to malfunction in the whole system (rural landscape). Inorder to develop the rural landscape the emphasis in this research is to findout andrecognize these components and elements and also create transformation change,reconstruction and reorganization.

Rivers ranges widely, in channel form, and in their degree of dynamism. A wide rangeof geomorphic river classification schemes have been proposed since the late 19thcentury, reflecting the variety of environmental settings. In this paper, using withRosgen classification system and based on geomorphic variables includingentrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and channel material sizeexamined for Babol and Talar rivers in the Caspian coastal plain zone. In this riversrecognized in two major groups (D and F) along the longitudinal gradient of river. TheD type streams have braided pattern and flow on the alluvial fans and the F typestreams have meander pattern and flow on the coastal plain. Also, this research showsthat substituting predictions from a classification system for real fluvial investigationscould lead to counterproductive management schemes.

Having prepared “Land use” and “regional planning” , it is basically referred to “arealplans” or “country comprehensive plan”. these plans are provided according to thelaws regarding the use of lands. Building constructions and foundation outside thelegal restriction and city exclusion stipulated on 12 may 1976 followed by anappendage on 24 January 1995. Improvement of human activity system in areal spacein order to use lands as appropriately as possible, or in other words, spatialamelioration of settlement as well as activities within the framework of area spacestructure is the ultimate purpose of such plans.The assessments made based on the Relational Planning model signify littlesuccess in souch plans. Meanwhile, the following approaches should be emphasizedand given priorities: improvement of planning levels relationship -the procedure ofprovision and compilation – approaches and attitudes toward the application of nativeknowledge as well as geographical basis reinforcement of relational system amongrelevant and influential elements since the procedure of provision till implementation.

The long-term forecasting and monitoring of Climatological parameters depends onidentification of all effective factors that are affects on this phenomenon. One of theseparameters in the weather signal. These signals are the determinable and specificpattern and occur in the distinguished regions in the world, but its effects areworldwide. One of the famous signals is ENSO phenomenon, which have two phases.In this paper with using annual and seasonal correlations between SouthernOscillation Index (SOI) and temperature data, the effective amounts of ENSO phaseson the differences of these factors was studied in the all regions of Khorasan provincein I.R.of Iran, then for more comprehensive study the classification maps in relation ofENSO and variability of temperature were drown. It was concluded that the mentionedparameter in the whole of the province especially in central and north strip have shownsignificant action to ENSO,in other word the average of temperature correlationindices are negative annually and seasonally ,it means when SOI amounts areincreased the temperature in Khorasan province will be decreased. With regard toincreasing the above weather parameters in all regions of Khorasan province at thetime of ENSO's negative phases (El Nino condition) variation of temperature could berelated to the changes of pattern of occurrences this phenomenon (ENSO) due toclimatic change around the world.

The decamping tribes of Iran, widespread and with a long history have Played animportant role in the production cycle. That is why, an attempt must be made toconsider the role of this ''third society'', in addition to urban and rural societies. That iswhy, it is essential to fill in the gap between this third society, on the one hand, andrural and urban societies on the other.Decamping tribes , on the contrary to stuble societies, live in a vast area , moving fromone area to another on the basis of climatic conditiones. To be more specific they moveto winter – quarters in the winter, summer – quarters in the summer spring & autumnqnarters in these two season. And the realm of decamping tribes in Asalem is the Est –west pivot.A significant feature is the short time it takes for these tribes to move to winterquarters, summer quarters and spring and autumn quarters in these two season. It isworth mentioning that 95 percent of the members of these tribes move onmotorvehicles. On the other hand, 99 percent of domestic animal are transferred usingtraditional methods.