فهرست مطالب

هویت شهر - پیاپی 45 (بهار 1400)

فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 45 (بهار 1400)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/02/18
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • هاله حسین پور، اسفندیار زبردست*، حمید ماجدی صفحات 5-16

    وقوع رشد شهری و پیامدهایش بسیار گسترده است، در این راستا، با مروری بر مفاهیم نظری، مولفه های موثر بر رشد شهری تدوین شد، تا به عنوان چارچوب مناسب برای بررسی عوامل موثر بر رشد شهر بجنورد مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. سپس به کمکGIS و توابع مربوطه لایه های قابل سنجش به صورت کمی ارزش گذاری شد. که می توان ازمهمترین این عوامل، تراکم جمعیت، تراکم راه ها و... اشاره داشت. در ادامه از میان روش های مختلف، با توجه به اینکه روش F’ANP به دلیل استفاده از قابلیت های تحلیل عاملی در تبدیل موضوع به ابعاد مشخص و معین کردن رابطه بین ابعاد و شاخص ها، کلیه قابلیت های روش تحلیل عاملی را حفظ می نماید. نتایج بررسی نشان داد که تمایل به خانه های تک خانواری و زمین بزرگ مقیاس، تراکم راه ها، تراکم خالص جمعیت و... به ترتیب مهمترین عوامل موثر در رشد شهر بجنورد بوده اند.

    کلیدواژگان: رشد شهری، عوامل موثر بر رشد شهری، مدلسازی رشد شهری، مدل F&rsquo، ANP، شهر بجنورد
  • مریم صادقیان، اکرم حسینی* صفحات 17-34
    با افزایش محبوبیت روش های بهینه سازی در علوم مختلف، معماران نیز با اهداف گوناگون به استفاده از این روش ها در طراحیو اجرای ساختمان پرداخت هاند. نحوه ی کارکرد و ویژگی های ه رکدام، با توجه به جدید بودن آ نها در معماری، ناشناخته است.در این تحقیق، ضمن تدوین مبانی روش های بهینه سازی تکاملی، با مرور 77 مطالعه پیشین که در حوزه ی ساختمان، ازالگوریتم های بهینه سازی استفاده کرده اند؛ به بررسی میزان کارایی رو شها در دستیابی به اهداف معماری و ساخت، ب ه روشتحلیل محتوای متن اقدام م یگردد. الگوریتم های بهینه سازی با شش هدف مختلف در معماری پیاده سازی شد هاند؛ از این اهداف،بیشترین کاربرد مربوط به بهینه سازی نظام فضایی در کاربری مسکونی و بهینه سازی انرژی در ساختمان های اداری است. دربررس ی انجام شده، الگوریتم ژنتیک پرکاربردترین الگوریتم تکاملی و بهینه سازی انبوه ذرات، رایج ترین روش در تحقیقات مبتنیبر هوش جمعی است. با توجه به برخورد عمدتا نظری پژوهشگران با این موضوع، طراحان نیازمند تعاملات بین رشته ای بیش تر باسایر محققین ب هویژه متخصصین کامپیوتر جهت پیاده سازی و عملیاتی شدن کاربرد الگوریتم ها می باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: بهینه سازی، روشهای فرااکتشافی، الگوریتم های تکاملی، فرایند طراحی معماری
  • علی عمرانی پور*، محسن نیازی، سیما خزائیان صفحات 35-48

    در رابطه بین معماری، فرهنگ و مصرف، فرهنگ ب هواسطه ساختما نها، ب هعنوان یک ابزار مادی ، و مصرف ساکنین خانه ها،ب هعنوان رفتار و کنش فرهنگی، خود را بازتولید م یکند؛ زیرا معماری و مصرف، ابزارهای بازنمایی فرهنگ هستند. پرسشاصلی پژوهش، چگونگی تغییر کارکرد عناصر خانه در فرهنگ های متفاوت است که جهت بررسی آن، در مطالعه ای تطبیقی، ازروش های کیفی و میدانی استفاده م یشود. در نمونه های این مطالعه تطبیقی، ساکنین خانه های محله حاجیبافت قدیم ومحله استادان  بافت جدید  همدان، با مقایسه تشابهات و تفاو تها، مورد مطالعه قرار م یگیرد. در گردآوری اطلاعات، از روشمصاحبه، مشاهده و عکاسی و ب همنظور تحلیل داد ه ها از روش های توصیف و تفسیر مفاهیم استفاده می شود. یافته های پژوهشنشان می دهد چگونه ساختارهای فرهنگی متفاوت در دو بافت، باعث ایجاد تفاوت هایی در شیوه نگرش و ارزش گذاری ساکنینخانه ها ازجمله تفاوت در سبک چیدمان فضاهای داخلی خانه، دستشویی، آشپزخانه، فضاهای شخصی و نیز سبک های متفاوتپذیرایی از مهمان شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: معماری، فرهنگ، مصرف، همدان، بافت قدیم، بافت جدید
  • رعنا شیر محمدیان زاده، سید محمدرضا خطیبی* صفحات 49-64

    عدم وجود فضای تنفس در محلات به دلیل فشردگی ناشی از افزایش شهرنشینی در شهرها، استفاده از روش های نوین راجهت رفع این کمبود ضروری نموده است؛ بنابراین پژوهش باهدف کاربست مفهوم فضاهای تنف سگاهی ب هعنوان فضاهای سبزو باز کوچک مقیاس در بافت فشرده شهرها با تاکید بر مولفه زیست محیطی مطرح می شود. در این پژوهش برای چگونگی ایجادفضاهای تنف سگاهی در بافت-های مختلف و تاثیر آن بر کیفیت زندگی محلات، معیارهای مرتبط با فضاهای تنف سگاهی بااستفاده ازنظر متخصصان و روش دلفی مشخص شده و سپس با استفاده از روش AHP رتبه بندی می شوند؛ درنهایت معیارها را دردو محله با ویژگی های متفاوت موردبررسی قرار داده و این نتیجه حاصل شد، معیارهای ب هدست آمده از پژوهش، تاثیر مستقیم برمعیارهای کیفیت زندگی در محلات دارند و به دلیل ماهیت این فضاها، اجرای آنها در بافت های فشرده و نیاز به بهسازی-نوسازیبا اتخاذ سیاست های متناسب کاربرد دارند.

    کلیدواژگان: فضاهای تنفسگاهی، فضای سبز، فضای باز، محله بلاغی قزوین، محله جانبازان قزوین، روش AHP
  • سید مسلم سیدالحسینی*، الهام ثناگر دربانی صفحات 65-80

    پژوهش با سه هدف شناسایی مهارت های موردنیاز شهرسازان جهت ورود به حرفه، شناسایی ابعاد پاسخگویی مدیریت کیفیتفراگیر به مهارت ها و بررسی وضعیت این مهارت ها با استفاده از روش مدیریت کیفیت فراگیر است. پژوهش کاربردی و آمیختهاست. ابتدا مهارت های موردنیاز شهرسازان از مبانی نظری استخراج گردید و با روش نمونه گیری گلوله برفی و مصاحبه های عمیقتدقیق گردید. سپس در جهت سنجش میزان مدیریت کیفیت فراگیر در قالب پرسشنامه مدیریت کیفیت فراگیر موسسه فدرالآمریکا) 1990 (مورد پرسش قرار گرفت تا میزان پاسخگویی ابعاد مدیریت کیفیت فراگیر در راستای کمک به این مهار تهااستخراج شد. حجم نمونه 76 نفر از اساتید هیی تعلمی و ح قالتدریس گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد است.برای تحلیل از آزمون T-Tes t تک نمونه ای استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان م یدهد که مهارت های عمومی، مدیریتی، برنامه ریزی،ارتباطی، نظری و طراحی برای شهرسازان جهت ورود به حرفه نیاز است و در انتها، راهکارهایی در این زمینه ارایه شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت کیفیت فراگیر، مهارت، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد
  • علی شرقی*، اسماعیل ضرغامی، مهرناز رمضانپور صفحات 81-96

    نمای مسکن توسط نشانه هایی، ویژگی های ساکنین خویش را بیان م یکند. هدف یافتن ارتباط بین فاکتورهای عینی نمایمسکونی و استیگما 1 است. این تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی به صورت پیمایشی و با روش تلفیقی سه بعدی روی نماهای مسکونیمنطقه 4 تهران انجام شد. در این راستا، 40 تصویرنما، توسط 203 شهروند به روش تحلیل کیفی قضاوت شد. بعلاوه، پرسشنامه ایجهت سنجش تاثیر فاکتورهای نما بر شان ساختمان در اختیارشان قرار گرفت. طبق تحلیل عامل اکتشافی، 5 عامل موثر براعتبار نمای مسکن: طراحی نما، ابعاد ساختمان و جزییات، مصالح و بازشو، ویژگی بالکن و آشفتگی بصری. توجه به این عواملدر طراحی، می تواند ننگ ناشی از نما را کاهش داده و در ادراک افراد از طبقه اجتماعی-اقتصادی ساکنین تاثیر مثبت ایجاد کند.

    کلیدواژگان: استیگما، برچسب، مسکن، نشانه، نما
  • حمید پورحسین روشن، محمدرضا پورجعفر*، حمیدرضا صارمی صفحات 97-110

    فضاهای شهری اطراف بقاع متبرکه به دلیل ماهیت دینی- آیینی خود بستر مناسبی جهت حضور امن و آزادانه بانوان فارغاز نگرش های جنسیتی ایجاد کرده است. هدف این پژوهش تبیین کیفیات موجود در فضاهای شهری خاص)بقاع متبرکه(ومولفه های موجود در آ نها از منظر نظام ادراکی- معنایی بانوان بوده تا در این راستا به تبیین ویژگ یهایی جهت حضور مطلوببانوان در فضاهای مختلف دست یافت. روش شناسی کلی فرآیند پژوهش، «روش تحقیق کیفی » بوده است. یافته های کیفی مطالعهبا بهر هگیری از نظریه زمینه ای نشان داد که هشت مولفه ی ناظر کل، احترام به فضا، قلمرو ذهنی پنهان فضا، ترس از انجام خطا،امید به تشویق، بعد آموزش محور فضا و محرمیت ب هعنوان قدرت های موثر برافزایش حضور پذیری زنان موثرند. مقوله هسته اینبررسی نیز «بازتولید معانی ایمانی و آیینی در فضاهای مذهبی و تاثیر آن بر کیفیت حضور پذیری زنان در فضا » هست.

    کلیدواژگان: بانوان، حضور پذیری، روش تحقیق کیفی، نظریه زمینه ای، فضای شهری اطراف بقاع متبرکه
  • صدیقه غضنفریان، رضا نقدبیشی*، ندا ضیابخش صفحات 111-124
    هدف این پژوهش شناسایی عوامل ارتقاء کیفی طراحی فضاهای فرهنگی با استفاده از شاخصه های معماری میان افزا برایدست یابی به راهکارهای طراحی است. بر اساس شاخصه های موثر در شک لگیری به متغیرهای تحقیق با روش توصیفی-تحلیلیداده های حاضر به مدل سازی مفهومی حاصل از واکاوی در متغیرهای اصلی پژوهش م یپردازد. تحلیل و سنجش نمونه هایموردی در حیطه پژوهش حاضر مورد جستجو و انتخاب قرارگرفت هاند و به آزمون و کمی سازی شاخصه های منتج از مطالعات کهدر مدل مفهومی پژوهش ساختار یافته اند پرداخته و سرانجام به اولوی تبندی مولفه های موضوع از طریق کمی سازی و امتیازدهیبر اساس طیف لیکرت مورد شناسایی قرار م یگیرد. نهایتا پس از بررسی و تحلیل به شش ملاک اصلی و سی وشش زیرشاخصدست یافته و با توجه به نتایج اولویت بندی شده، راهکارهای لازم ارایه گردیده است. بر اساس نتایج، در نظر گرفتن راهکارهایمطروحه، طراح ی همگون و پایدار، فضای شهری منسجم، هویت کالبدی و فرهنگی مستمر و بافتی زنده را در پی خواهد داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری میان افزا، بافت تاریخی، زمینه گرایی، مدل سازی مفهومی
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  • Haleh Hoseinpour, Esfandiar Zebardast *, Hamid Majedi Pages 5-16

    When cities grow rapidly due to various factors such as changing economic, political, or social roles, they undergo many changes in their spatial structure. This phenomenon, especially in recent decades because of the uncontrolled growth of urban population and increasing migration to cities, is more visible in the cities of Iran compared with the past. In this process, cities are affected by multifaceted factors of urban growth, and in a short time, natural areas become urban lands. Meanwhile, some factors have a greater impact on the shape and extent of these changesincluding, population growth rate, urban road network, land usage change, government policies, and market trends. The occurrence of urban growth and its consequences have wide dimensions.The increase of medium and large cities and the spatial impact of urban growth on the surrounding lands are some of the important issues in the analysis of current urban issues. There is not any attention to the unplanned growth of these cities on the near horizon, which will lead to the transformation of medium-sized cities into large cities. Therefore, studying urban growth and explaining the factors, affecting help to identify and understand the process of urban development and test existing urban theories. The purpose of this article is to identify these factors and assessing the amount of impact of each of them in the process of urban growth by consideringBojnoord samples that had significant growth in recent years. In this regard, by reviewing the theoretical concepts related to urban growth, the factors affecting urban developmentwere codified, so asto be used as a framework for the analysis of the factors influencing the growth of Bojnoord.Then quantitatively is ratedwith the help of GIS and measurable relevant functions layers. Some of the most important factors are; population density, road density, number of amenities, distance from the town center, the development of single-family homes, faults, slope, etc. Then, from among the various methods of measurement, and quantitative assessment F’ANP keeps all the capabilities of factor analysis because F’ANPmanages to use the capability of factor analysis in converting subjects to specified dimensions and determining the relationship between indicators. Since the relationship between these extracted dimensions is objective, no problems arising from subjective judgments, and there is no effect on the results of research. The results showed that the most important factors in the growth of Bojnoord City were; tendency to single-family homes and large-scale land, the distance from the city center, the net density of the population, accordance with the desire of the city, commercial density, number of amenities, roads and population density respectively. Therefore, "density factor" indicators can be considered as the most important factors in the growth of Bojnourd city. On the other hand, the spatial study of these factors in the map of Bojnourd shows that the greatest concentration of these factors has been in the northwest (towards Golestan) and northeast of the city (towards Mashhad) in Bojnourd, which ultimately leads to the spatial form of the continuous expansion of Bojnourd.

    Keywords: Urban growth, Factors affecting urban growth, Urban growth modeling, F’ANP model, Bojnoord City
  • Maryam Sadeghian, Akram Hosseini * Pages 17-34
    The increasing popularity of the optimization approach in different sciences has led architects to use them tomachieve various objectives in designing and cons tructing buildings. However, the functions, advantages, and limitations for each of these optimization s trategies are scarcely known, due to their newness in architecture and cons truction fields Optimization algorithms are classified into three categories: determinis tic, heuris tic, and meta-heuris tic algorithms. Meta-heuris tic algorithms, are more efficient and categorized into three main groups: evolutionary computing, swarm intelligence, and physics-related algorithms. Mos t of the s tudies conducted on optimization algorithms, in this field, are on the application of one of the optimization algorithms in the design of a particular project. Limited research has been done in coordination with the subject of this s tudy, inves tigating the application of these algorithms in a specific field. After reviewing the his tory and literature of the subject, to discuss how optimization methods are used in architecture, 77 related articles and theses that used optimization methods have been reviewed through scholar works published since 1996 (the firs t publications in this field) up to now. Selected research was analyzed using the textual content analysis method to determine "the efficiency ofevolutionary optimization methods in achieving architectural and cons truction objectives" as the main research question; there were also several sub-ques tions on the way to answer the main ques tion: Which architectural objectives are mos t achievable by using optimization algorithms? Which types of optimization algorithms are appropriate for architectural objectives? Which building functions have the mos t potential for using optimization methods? Which researchers conduct and support the research of evolutionary algorithms in building issues? Optimization algorithms have been undertaken to solve design problems for six different
    objectives
    mass design and urban access, cons truction and cos t management, building’s s tructural design, energy issues, building form generation and space planning. Various design variables have been defined to search for optimal response to each of the objectives. Among these objectives, the highes t application of optimization algorithms is related to spatial planning optimization in residential buildings and energy optimization in official ones. The analysis of the publications demons trates that various methods of meta-heuris tic optimization have been used over time to solve architectural problems. Genetic Algorithm is the mos t widely used one in architectural optimization, and particle swarm optimization is the mos t common method in swarm intelligence based research. The review of s tudies indicates the predominantly theoretical attention of architectural scholars to this issue. Given the dis tance between the research and the implementation phase, architects should work more closely with researchers in other fields, especially those in computer science, to approach the implementation s tage. However, the development of each of these areas requires the improvement of previous methods and research into how other algorithms, such as swarm intelligence based ones, can be used to solve design problems in architecture. The development of user-friendly software with a graphical user interface for a better grasp of the design process and results can affect architects' usage of evolutionary algorithms as a design method.
    Keywords: Optimization, Metaheuristic Methods, Evolutionary algorithms, Architectural design process
  • Ali Omrani Pour *, Mohsen Niazi, Sima Khazaiyan Pages 35-48

    Culture, as an abstract object, is appeared by things and human behavior. Cultural values and cultural patterns are reflected in behavior, style of internal and external spaces of the houses. Houses as cultural objects are the tools for representation of culture; So, they are not only spaces, but places introduce our cultural feeling, opinion and values. The way of using, the feeling and the consumption of the spaces of houses, gives cultural meaning to the spaces. In relationship among architecture, culture and consumption, culture rehabilitate itself by buildings as a corporeal tools and consumption of residents as a behavioral and cultural action because architecture and consumption are the tools of culture representation. The research has two main questions: A) How does culture cause consumption diversity and different perception from the spaces of the houses in 2 different urban fabric in Hammedan? B) How does culture represent itself by the form of buildings and consumption behavior of the residents of these houses? In otherwise, how the building elements act in different cultures. Qualitative and field effective methods are used for investigating these questions. The samples for this survey are from the local residents of Haji (old fabric) and the local residents of Ostadan (new fabric) in the city of Hammedan. So, 14 houses were selected from the Haji and 13 houses were selected from Ostadan district as the cases of this study. This study has two main parameters:1. Architecture, as a physical and objective matter, 2. Cultural consumption which is the usual behavior and habit of people, as a human matter. The data collection methods are interview, observation and photography: Physical-spatial elements are studied by observation and usual behavior and habits such as eating, sleeping are studied by interview. The observation is developed by studying the photos taken through the inspections of internal spaces of both group of houses. The interview in this research is a deep interview with open questions from the residents of the random selected houses. Data analysis methods are used to describe concepts. Data achieved through the interviews are categorized according to abundance of the answers and conceptualized. The categories are the main and common meaning of the residents in each urban district. These data is compared with data achieved through the observation. The comparison reflects the relation among architectural spaces of the houses and the cultural consumption of the residents of these houses. The results of this study show that how different cultural structure in both new and old fabric has made differences to the way of attitude and valuation of residents such as difference in style of interior design and arrangement, guest room and the quality of reception, WC, kitchen style, having private space and different styles of house. A house is the base point and involves primary data to be seen and sensed to make meaning for human. So, a house as a sign can betoken different meanings. Many potential meanings are involved in a sign and people interpret it according to each cultural context. Culture, as an abs tract object, is appeared by things and human behavior. Cultural values and patterns are reflectedin behavior, s tyle of internal and external spaces of the houses. Houses as cultural objects are the tools forrepresentation of culture. Therefore, they are not only spaces, but places introduce our cultural feeling, opinion, andvalues. Ways to use, opportunities to the consumption of the spaces of houses, gives cultural meaning to the areas.In relationship among architecture, culture, and consumption, culture rehabilitates itself by buildings as a physicaltools and consumption of residents as a behavioral and cultural manner because architecture and consumption arethe tools of cultural representation. The research has two main ques tions: the firs t one is to know how) do culturecauses consumption diversity and different perceptions from the spaces of the houses in two different urban fabricsin Hamedan? Secondly, how does culture represent itself by the form of buildings and consumption behaviorof the residents of these houses? Otherwise, the building elements act in different cultures. Qualitative and fieldeffective methods are used for inves tigating these ques tions. The samples for this survey obtain from the residentsof Haji (old fabric) and the residents of Os tadan (new fabric) in the city of Hamedan. Consequently, as a case s tudy,14 houses were selected from the Haji and 13 houses were selected from the Os tadan. This s tudy has two mainparameters: 1. Architecture, as a physical and objective matter, 2. Cultural consumption, which is the usual behaviorand people's habit, as a human matter. The data collection methods are interviews, observation and photography.Physical-spatial elements are s tudied by observation usual behavior, and habits such as eating and sleeping s tudiedby interview. The observation is developed by s tudying the photos taken through the inspections of the internalspaces of both groups of houses. The interview in this research is a serious interview with open ques tions from theresidents of the randomly selected houses. Data analysis methods are usable description concepts. Data achievedthrough the interviews categorized according to the abundance of the answers and conceptualized. The categoriesare the main and primary meaning of the residents in each urban dis trict. This data is compared with data gainedthrough the observation. The comparison reflects the relationship among architectural spaces of the houses and thecultural consumption of the residents of these houses. As a result, this s tudy shows how different cultural s tructurein both new and old fabric has made diversities to the way of attitude and valuation of residents such as differencein s tyle of interior design and arrangement, gues t room and the quality of reception, WC, kitchen s tyle, havingprivate space and different s tyles of house. A house is the significant point and involves primary data to be seen andsensed to make meaning for humans. Thus, a house can betoken different meanings. Many potential meanings areinvolved in a sign and people interpret it to each cultural context.

    Keywords: architecture, Culture, consumption, Hammedan, old fabric, new fabric
  • Rana Shirmohammadianzade, Seyed Mohammadreza Khatibi * Pages 49-64

    The lack of breathing space in neighborhoods, due to the congestion caused by the increasing urbanization of cities, has necessitated the use of new approaches to address this shortage. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the concept of breathing spaces that are small and open-green spaces in compact cities texture with an emphasis on the environmental dimension. In this study, the criteria for the creation of breathing spaces in different fabrics and their effects on the quality of life of the neighborhoods are determined by using the consensus of experts and the Delphi method and then ranked by the AHP method. Finally, the criteria studied in two neighborhoods with different characteristics. It concluded, the criteria obtained from the research have a direct effect on the quality of life criteria in the neighborhoods. This is because of the nature of these spaces, their implementation in compact fabrics and rehabilitation's need and renovation is more applicable by adopting appropriate policies.In this paper, based on the mentioned methods, four criteria and eight sub-criteria were selected to achieve the research goal and to answer this challenge and then ranked by using the AHP method. According to the results, the criteria were prioritized into four sections. 1. Land use with vegetation criterion has two sub-criteria: greenspaces and green levels. 2. Wastelands and open spaces criterion have two sub-criteria: natural and human production. 3. Environmental criterion has two sub-criteria: Biological and physical. 4. Localscale criterion has two sub-criteria: socio-cultural and functional-operational. Sub-criteria were prioritized: greenspace, natural of open space, green levels, and biological characteristics of the environment, human production of open space, socio-cultural characteristics of the local scale, physical characteristics of the environment and functional-operational characteristics of the local scale. Then, to better understand the subject under study and to evaluate the criteria obtained from different research methods, selected two neighborhoods of Qazvin city as samples of this research. One of them is Bolaghi, which is the old neighborhood. Another is the new one that called Janbazan. They were compared by matching. Finally, the criteria were studied in two neighborhoods with different characteristics historical and modern neighborhoods. The results of the survey of the neighborhoods based on the criteria and sub-criteria indicate that none of them has enough open spaces and wastelands and land use with vegetation. Regarding environmental criteria, it can be said that the physical sub-criterion of Janbazan neighborhood is better than the Bolaghi neighborhood because the fabric of the Janbazan neighborhood is planned. In general, little attention has been paid to this criterion and its sub-criteria in both neighborhoods. The only difference between the two neighborhoods is the social-cultural aspect at the local scale criterion. This is because the original inhabitants of the Bolaghi neighborhood have a greater sense of belonging and social interaction than the Janbazan neighborhood. Therefore, it is necessary to create breathing spaces in these neighborhoods to improve their qualification. Furthermore, these spaces are effective in reducing a variety of contaminants and natural hazards.

    Keywords: Breathing spaces, green space, Open Space, Qazvin Bolaghi neighborhood, Qazvin Janbazan neighborhood, AHP method
  • Seyed Moslem Seyedolhosseini *, Elham Sanagar Darbani Pages 65-80

    Providing superior quality and keeping peoples satisfied are rapidly becoming the ways construction companies differentiate themselves from competitors. Many companies are, however, frustrated in their efforts to improve quality and customer satisfaction through the implementation of total quality management (TQM).Total quality management (TQM) was first introduced as a business management approach in the post-World War II era when Deming and others successfully reinvented the Japanese economy. Beginning in the early 1980s, American business leaders looked to the philosophy, principles, and TQM tools to improve the economy. More recently, education leaders have begun to recognize the potential for TQM applied to educational organizations especially in university. Quality management provides a connection between outcomes and the process by which outcomes are achieved. If, as many people realize, the cause of failures in education is a problem in design, quality management may be regarded as an ideal systemic process for managing change in public education. There has been some reluctance to apply quality practices to education, yet central to Deming’s methods and management philosophy is an insistence that anything can be made or done better. Americans have steadfastly held the belief that education is the fortification against poverty and social unrest. There exists, however, a subtle pessimistic attitude that people are doing the best they can with what they have. The message appears to be that education can only be successful with certain students. Deming (1992, 6) writes that with its “underuse, misuse, and abuse of skill and knowledge...the United States may be the most underdeveloped nation in the world.” Improvement with all levels of students must be viewed as not only possible but also essential. The highest level of quality principles is in learning. This is where it impacts the classroom. To achieve the desired results, educators must question their core teaching and learning processes and methods. The main aim of this study is to find required skills of urban planner to enter to work and assess status of achieving these skills be using total quality management method. Firstly, skills requirements were found by using literature reviews and with depth interviews from faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. The next step was to evaluate TQM to understand how much it can response to skills. It was evaluated by questionnaire, which was produced by American Federal Institute (1990) with 8 criteria and a total of 48 items. To obtain TQM accountability response to help with these skills. The method of paper is practical and descriptive and number of sample is 76 of faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. To analysis questionnaires a single-sample of T-Test method was used. Findings show that status of TQM is lower than standard average and there is also a vague understanding of the eighth principles of TQM items in faculty members. It is suggested to boost this status, it is necessary to increase level of participation of experienced, motivated and activated professors and assistant professors to have interaction between management and department of education. Providing superior quality and keeping peoples satisfied are rapidly becoming the ways cons truction companiesdifferentiate themselves from competitors. Many companies are, however, frus trated in their efforts to improvequality and cus tomer satisfaction through the implementation of total quality management (TQM).Total qualitymanagement (TQM) was firs t introduced as a business management approach in the pos t-World War II era whenDeming and others successfully reinvented the Japanese economy. Beginning in the early 1980s, Americanbusiness leaders looked to the philosophy, principles, and TQM tools to improve the economy. More recently,education leaders have begun to recognize the potential for TQM applied to educational organizations especially inuniversity. Quality management provides a connection between outcomes and the process by which outcomes areachieved. If, as many people realize, the cause of failures in education is a problem in design, quality managementmay be regarded as an ideal sys temic process for managing change in public education. There has been somereluctance to apply quality practices to education, yet central to Deming’s methods and management philosophy isan insis tence that anything can be made or done better. Americans have s teadfas tly held the belief that education isthe fortification agains t poverty and social unres t. There exis ts, however, a subtle pessimis tic attitude that peopleare doing the bes t they can with what they have. The message appears to be that education can only be successfulwith certain s tudents. Deming (1992) writes that with its “underuse, misuse, and abuse of skill and knowledgethe United S tates may be the mos t underdeveloped nation in the world”. Improvement with all levels of s tudentsmus t be viewed as not only possible but also essential. The highes t level of quality principles is in learning. Thisis where it impacts the classroom. To achieve the desired results, educators mus t ques tion their core teachingand learning processes and methods. The main aim of this s tudy is to find the required skills of urban planners toenter to work and assess the s tatus of achieving these skills be using total quality management methods. Firs tly,skills requirements were found by using literature reviews and with depth interviews from faculty members ofthe Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. The next s tep was to evaluate TQM to unders tand how much it canrespond to skills. It was evaluated by a ques tionnaire, which was produced by American Federal Ins titute (1990)with 8 criteria and a total of 48 items. To obtain a TQM accountability response to help with these skills. Themethod of paper is practical and descriptive and a number of samples are 76 of faculty members of Islamic AzadUniversity of Mashhad. To analysis, the ques tionnaires, a single-sample of the T-Tes t method was used. Findingsshow that the s tatus of TQM is lower than the s tandard average and there is also a vague unders tanding of theeighth principles of TQM items in faculty members. It is sugges ted to boos t this s tatus, it is necessary to increaselevel of participation of experienced motivated and activated professors and assis tant professors to have interactionbetween management and department of education.

    Keywords: Total Quality Management, skills, urbanism department, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
  • Ali Sharghi *, Esmail Zarghami, Mehrnaz Ramzanpour Pages 81-96

    The housing facade shows the social, economic, and cultural characteristics of its inhabitants through the complex system of "signs" and it forms a stereotyped image in the audience`s mind. On the other hand, people with lower socioeconomic status are constantly being stigmatized. This study aims to find the relationship between the objective factors of the residential facade and the stigma. In this regard, residential facades of Tehran's District 4 were investigated using a compound research method. First, theoretical bases and the conceptual framework of the research were compiled by the library method. Then, using a survey method, 40 residential facade images were judged in terms of the perception of the income group of their inhabitants by 203 citizens. Also, a questionnaire containing residential facade visual factors was presented to the citizens to assess their impact on the perception of the prestige of the building. The factor analysis of the data provided five effective factors in the perceived prestige of the house facade: 1)    Design of the Facade: This is the factor that determines the first and determines the perceived validity of the residential view. It can be defined as follows: The design factorsare the design of the walls of the building, the lighting of the facade and the design of the balcony. With these three faces, they upgrade a residential prestige in terms of design. 2)    Building Dimensions and Detail of facade: One of the value aspects of housing is the dimensions and details of the facade, due to the decorations and details of the materials, the width of the facade (the ground) and its height and cleanliness. The facade is provided. It is deduced that clearness is due to its influence on the perception of details of materials and decorations in this group. Therefore, to be considered a housing facade of residents of high socio-economic class, attention to the dimensions and details of the facade and its elements is necessary. 3)    Material and Opening: This factor is obtained through the shape of the window, the color of the glass, the shape of the input, and the kind of the material. Therefore, the materials and shapes of openings play an important role in shaping the perceived value of a home. 4)    Balcony feature: This factor is provided with the presence of the balcony and its dimensions and the darkness and illumination of the materials. So, for facade accreditation, attention should also be paid to the balcony features. 5)    Visual disturbance: Visual disturbance is achieved by factors such as window count, imbalance, and artificial adjoining elements. This factor is the last in shaping the perceived credibility of a viewpoint that has been taken into consideration by citizens in value judgments. The images were also categorized into five faces by the respondents, thereafter a final analysis and strategies for reducing the stigma of the lower group housing were presented. This research can be a step in creating social interactions between different income groups in heterogeneous neighborhoods.

    Keywords: stigma, labeling, Prestige, signs, Facade
  • Hamid Pour Hosein Roshan, MohammadReza Pourjafar *, HamidReza Saremi Pages 97-110

    Public spaces are a place for meeting everyday needs and public life in cities. These spaces change over time, based on socioeconomic and cultural conditions. The suitability of the urban spaces depends on the ability of them to respond on the needs of their users. Despite the fact that women consist half the city's population, does not pay attention to the design and construction of urban spaces. It is necessary is to explain the intellectual definitions of women in relation to urban spaces so that can be extracted the factors that increase the quality of women's presence in these spaces. Urban spaces around the holy shrines because of its religious nature have created a good bed for the free and secure presence of women without gender-based attitudes. This research has tried to explain the qualities of special urban spaces (the space around holy shrines) from the Perceptual-Semantic System of Women so answer the reasons for the presence of women in different spaces. Since the purpose of this research is the semantic perception of women from urban spaces, qualitative methodology has been selected as the dominant methodology and ethnographic research method for conducting research operations and the basis theory method for analyzing data. The participants comprise thirty-five women from Rasht's Sagharizan and Lahijan's Gaabune neighborhood. A targeted sampling method was used to select the participants. The data in this study were collected using open observation, participatory observation and interviewing.  In this research, the field theory approach, which is one of the methods for analyzing qualitative data, is used to analyze the data. The findings of this study were based on the frameworks presented in the qualitative method and the underlying theory. The textual data and interviews were collected from 35 women in urban spaces Around Holy Shrines in order to open the line for extracting the initial coding concepts. Qualitative findings using the Grounded theory showed that the eight factors of the total observer, respect for space, hidden mental territory, fear of fault, hope for encouragement, educational dimension of space and privacy as essential powers are effective in increasing the presence of women. The obtained findings can be generalized in urban spaces in the following cases: Observer: In the components of observer women, lady's directors, and family presence and ... the ability to represent. Hidden Space Matter: Creating educational and promotional dimensions in a set to change the realm of space users will prepare women and men for space presence .Encourage good behaviors in space: Such a kind of perspective and management will provide a strong pivotal education, especially for lower age groups. Education axis space: Urban space is required to emphasize the proper behaviors of the space .Fear of mistake: Using management and control rules to deal with inappropriate behaviors and hidden cybercrime in space. Participation in space change: the presence of women in space change and change. In this way , the body and space behavior will be corrected, and the requirements of all the groups will be present.

    Keywords: Women- Presence, Qualitative research -Grounded Theory - Urban Space around Holy Shrines
  • Sedigheh Ghazanfarian, Reza Naghdbishi *, Neda Ziabakhsh Pages 111-124
    Neglecting to urban texture and current context by recent unidentified constructions has made image distress of the cities and caused the visual rupture. In modernism, the sight of mono-building got the priority and caring about its affiliation with context has paled and forgotten. Hence cities have visual chaos and these unfamiliar contradictions express the textures anonymity. Empty spaces or worthless rusty buildings need to be replaced with new buildings that are homogeneous with architecture and cultural identity of texture. Infill buildings should be designed according to the context components to be a part of the context in addition to being independent. Appropriate use of these spaces in historical texture and creation of cultural and social uses will cause the revival, preservation and deployment of region identity, eke cultural and economic interaction continuity of habitation. Identification of promotion factors of qualitative in the design of cultural spaces by using the indicators of infill architecture due to achievement of the designing solution is the aim of this study. Lead to proceed the conceptual modelling resulted from analysis in principal variables of research according to effective indicators on the formation of the research variables by descriptive-analytical method from gathered data. Then, it proceeds analyzing and evaluating the case studies that are searched and selected specifically in the field of this research, then testing; and quantifying of resulted indicators from studies that are structured in conceptual model of research; and eventually, prioritize the components of subject are identified through the quantifying and scoring based on Likert scale. Finally, after survey and analysis, six principal criterions and thirty-six sub-indicators are achieved; which required solutions according to prioritized results are presented. Among the most important indicators of infill architecture can mention such as social and cultural uses, multifunctional space, proper orientation, consonance of form and unifying lines, and eke creation of multipurpose space, spatial diversity, pause space and hierarchy. These results will considerably help to the achievement process of desirable solutions. The presented designing solutions are adoptable with the condition of a customizable context, expansion and optimization; which are specifically for this study and if the context design changes, prioritization and solutions also would be changed. Studying in this field can identify the influential component of designing procedure valuable contexts considering the context condition and also intended usage, and create a link between scientific theories and designing category. This study considers the solutions for variable of infill architecture, to reach the design to a standard result (form and function); and also designing solutions for variables of cultural spaces, to reach the utmost cultural desirable space according to present site location. Based on the results, considering the mentioned solutions will follow the identifying and use of components of infill architecture moreover its solutions for designing, for quality promotion of cultural spaces, and eke, attainment to the standard design and stable form, coherent structure consonant with the texture, and likewise, creation a desirable urban image, continuous cultural and local identity, more active economic and safety in the texture.
    Keywords: Infill architecture, Historical Texture, contextualism, conceptual modeling