نشریه اندیشه حقوقی معاصر
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1399)

According to Article 661 of the Civil Code, if the power of attorney is absolute, it will only be related to the management of the client's property.  A power of attorney that is for absolute possession and for a specific belonging is called absolute power of attorney, but a power of attorney that is for general possession and for absolute possession is called general power of attorney.  In this article, the jurisprudential roots of absolute and general advocacy are explained.  The books of jurists and reliable jurists will be used to clarify the matter.  At the same time, although we are facing a severe shortage of resources on the subject, it is hoped that the present work will become a new loophole for future authors and researchers.

The aim of this study wasis to investigate the civil liability arising from the production and sale of transgenic products. The research method was library and the data collection method was fisheries. The results of the study showed that in many countries of the world, such as the European Union, Japan and Malaysia, guidelines for the use and trade of these products have been developed and implemented. Although Iran is not yet officially one of the producers of these products, it is expected to join its producers and consumers in the next few years. That is, the need for rules for transgenic crops and the responsibility of producers and sellers, and the main discussion is how to compensate for the losses caused by the consumption of these products. Seen in front of t Validators and vendors, who often have more social maneuvering and power, make it necessary to compensate for risk-based losses.

Attracting foreign investment has long been one of the most vital factors in all countries of the world, which has been effective in economic development and employment. Attracting foreign financial resources in different types and forms is one of the most important priorities of countries in the world and has become one of the priorities for achieving their development goals. Among different methods of foreign financing, foreign direct investment method is one of the most efficient methods. In addition to the flaws and drawbacks to this method, the existence of many positive effects such as access to new export markets, promotion of competitiveness, transfer of technical and new management knowledge to the host firm and creating economic security, reforming the management system, exchanging new economic experiences, technology and technology are not hidden to anyone. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the rights of foreign investment in international commercial contracts in accordance with Iran's trade law. This paper, which has been conducted based on library studies, is a descriptive-analytical research and during this research, we are looking for answers to the main question of how and with what standards can be balanced between investor's rights and the host country in international trade contracts? The results of this study indicate that the failure of existing commercial laws and regulations in Iran, the failure of the laws and rules governing international trade, different interpretations of some principles of the constitution and the existence of disagreements of opinion are among the barriers to investment in the form of commercial contracts in the country. Also, factors such as Iran’s non-membership in the International Center for Resolving Disputes a resulting from foreign investment, the necessity of resolving disputes between the Iranian government and foreign investors regarding bilateral commitments by Iranian courts, ambiguities in the text of the law regarding errors lead to the lack of trust in foreign investment and the impact of misconduct on international transactions and treaties.

Criminal justice is achieved when the principles, rules and regulations of criminal justice are properly observed in all stages of preliminary and judicial research and there is no flaw in this process. The Iranian criminal justice system after many changes and adherence to other system, with the approval of the Criminal Procedure Code adopted in 1392 and its amendments in 1394, the district court, which is basically run by the head of the department or alternate judge alone. Slowly, the person in charge of prosecuting the accused has been investigated, tried, sentenced and executed, whereas if the same accused had committed the same crime in the nearest city of that district, the situation would have been different. One of the pillars of criminal justice is to observe the principle of impartiality, which is mandatory in all stages of the trial, but the single person who first encounters the accused in the position of prosecution is faced with various mentalities until the end of the preliminary investigation and trial, in the stage the issuance of a sentence is likely to impair the observance of the principle of neutrality in terms of creating a special mental state, which this article seeks to state the rights of the accused in state of wavering the principle of neutrality.

Fair Trial is the resolution of disputes in a legal, impartial, independent and observing all rights of the parties. In other words, the principles and rules of fair trial are fined in domestic law and international documents, including the Charter of Human Rights, the International Civil and Political Law Treaty, and other international documents. The presumption of innocence as the most fundamental principle, the principle of legality of crimes and punishments, the principle of equality of persons before the law and the principle of arms equality are among the most important principles of due process. Also, for the detention phase, the right to an interpreter, the right to be aware of the causes of arrest, the right to object to detention, the request for compensation resulting from false detention and other rights are the requirements of the proceedings at this stage. The most important conditions of fair trial in the preliminary investigations are the rights which be protected from the lawyer and the right to silence. In the trial phase, the lack of impartiality, independence and non-affiliation, documentation of rulings, equality between persons, presentation of evidence by both parties, publicity of the proceedings, the right to a lawyer, the right to appear in court, the right to question witnesses, the right to appeal and other rights should be guaranteed in order for a fair trial to be achieved. The Criminal Procedure Code of 2013 has made great progress in aligning and coordinating with international and regional documents in comparison with the former Criminal Procedure Code, although there are still flaws and gaps in it.

Crimes against chastity are a broad term that includes many crimes .Among them is the illegitimate relationship subject to Article 637 of the Penal Code, passed in 1996. The legislature defines zena (adultery) in Articles 221 and 222 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 2013. But it does not provide a clear definition of the crime of illicit intercourse and immorality other than adultery. Failure to specify the limits and limitations has led to ambiguity regarding the determination of contradictory and contradictory examples and opinions regarding similar matters in Article 637 And the judiciary has not been the same in dealing with the perpetrators of this phenomenon It seems that in the absence of marriage (either permanent or temporary), sexual relations between men and women should be punishable.. And did not consider non-physical communication in accordance with Article 637 of the Penal Code. And a distinction was made between what is forbidden and what is a crime.