نشریه مدیریت آب در کشاورزی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Due to importance of potato plant, simulating its yield under water stress using plant growth simulation models helps researchers to better plan for irrigation. So, this study was conducted to evaluate water driven (AquaCrop) and carbon driven (WOFOST) to simulate potato yield under different water deficit during various cropping stages. To do this end, data collected from a research station in ChaharTakhteh, Shahrekord, during two years (1998-1999) was used. The data was consisted of water stress at five levels (E0, E1, E2, E3, and E4 indicating 100, 85, 70, 50, and 30 percent of crop water needed, respectively) in three time (T1, T2, and T3 indicating 50, 100, and 150 days after sowing, respectively). RMSE values for simulation of yield using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 1.5 and 2.2 ton.ha-1, respectively. Model efficiencies based on EF values were 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. According to MBE and NRMSE values, AquaCrop accuracy was better than WOFOST. In both calibration and validation period, AquaCrop suffered from under estimate error and WOFOST suffered from over-estimate error. Regarding the results, it is recommended to use AquaCrop for simulation potato yield since it needs less data, have better precision and easier calibration.

In this study, the potential development of a pressurized irrigation system in the irrigation and drainage network of Qazvin plain investigated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The hierarchical analysis structure consisted of five technical, economic, socio-political, environmental, and managerial dimensions, each of which had several sub-criteria. Experts completed eighteen questionnaires. After completing the questionnaires, the results analyzed using Expert Choice software. The calculated incompatibility rate was 0.084, which was less than the maximum allowable (0.1). Examination of the final weighting of each of the sub-criteria showed that firstly, the technical dimension is the most critical factor influencing the development of pressurized irrigation systems. Secondly, the sub-criterion of the water supply of the plant with 0.129 weight, water delivery with 0.099 weight, and cultivation pattern with 0.088 weight, all of them from technical dimension; these most important factors have received special attention from experts and specialists. In other words, of the top six sub-criteria, five were the technical dimension, and only one was the economic dimension. Sensitivity analysis results also showed the overall weight of technical, economic, socio-political, managerial, and environmental criteria equal to 0.43, 0.2, 0.18, 0.11, and 0.08, respectively, indicating greater technical dimension effectiveness and consensus of different researchers. Also, the effect of different network water supply scenarios on cultivation pattern by ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms confirmed the results of AHP.

Drought in Iran is a climatic fact, and due to the growing water demand for the various sectors, the water scarcity problem will become more severe in the coming years. Due to the lack of water resources and proper use it, the importance of research on wheat irrigation by drip irrigation technique, has been increased in recent years. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of drip lateral distances and amount of net irrigation water on wheat crop water productivity in drip irrigation (tape) in two farms located in the Mashhad (MHD) and the Torbat-e-Heydariyeh(Jolgeh-Rokh) (RKH) with loam and clay loam soil texture respectively. The results of this study showed that the highest final net income was obtained in Mashhad (18183222 Rials) and in Torbat Heydariyeh (Rokh plain section) (15828426 Rials) from the treatment of 100 cm strip distance (drip method) with subsidies in mind. Therefore, tape distance of 100 cm was the most economical treatment in this study.

The Internet of Things is a new technology that is conceived as a global network of machines and devices that can interact with each other. The Internet of Things is also known as one of the most important fields of technology of the future and has been considered by many industries. This system mimics the characteristics of emotion, intelligence, and the ability to think, memorize, make decisions, and react to the physical environment from the human brain. Also, from three parts of different types of sensors, the communication network of information processing units and intelligent and data management and processing units have been formed. The study, conducted using a large library study and using credible international information, traces the IoT from the background to applications and examines all the small to large components of this on-farm approach. Then the application of this concept in irrigation, especially in automation and intelligent irrigation systems in the field was investigated. Finally, common tools such as in-field sensors, wireless sensor networks, satellites, and the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a means to achieve the goal of communication between the Internet of Things and intelligent farm irrigation systems, were introduced. Finally, the benefits, applications, and challenges of the present and future of the Internet of Things in irrigation were outlined.

Given that one of the main and limiting factors of agricultural development is water input, identifying methods of water resources management and formulating the right policies in this sector is inevitable. This study investigated the smart making of agricultural wells and its role for saving water consumption in Dehgolan and Ghorve counties of Kurdistan province. The data set was collected by completing questionnaires in 2017-18. According to the objectives of the study, various indicators of efficiency (technical, allocative and economic) and total and partial productivity of farmers' production factors have been studied. The results showed that only 23.8% and 11.4% of the smart and non-smart groups have the technical efficiency. The results of allocation and economic efficiency are 3.1% and 2.9% of the smart and non-smart groups, respectively. The most of the farmers have not an inappropriate production scale. The results showed that on average, there is no significant difference between total factor productivity in the two groups. If the smart making is emphasized on goals of saving water resources, it is necessary to consider its impact on the productivity of production inputs and the reduction of other costs except water input or on product sales (for example, the prioritization of guaranteed purchase of these products). Or, by actualizing water price for farmers outside the smart making, it is necessary that they pay tax for extra use of the water resources. According to the results, amount of water consumption per hectare for farmers with smart wells compared with other farmers decreased 12.48 percent but in long term because of this fact that not only smart wells have not suitable benefit but also have losses in farmers' activity, this water saving according to the moral hazard can't be guaranteed.

Irrigation scheduling is necessary to obtain more crop yield per water. Irrigation scheduling gives the start and the end time of irrigation more accurate and scientific. Fars province is one the main potato cultivation area in Iran. In the present study, a simple and applicable irrigation schedule was obtained for the potato farms in three Fars province cities, Abadeh, Khorrambid, and Eghlid. The potato water requirement and the irrigation time were estimated using physical soil properties, drip irrigation systems properties and FAO Pennman-Montieth equation for 2009-2019. For a loamy soil texture, and supposing an irrigation efficiency of 70 percent, dripper distance of 30 centimeters, dripper flow rate of 2.4 liter per hour, the irrigation time will be 124 minutes. The irrigation frequency for Eghlid, Khorrambid and Abadeh will be 6, 6, and 7 times per a week, respectively. The four irrigation program tables can help farmers and engineers to obtain a suitable potato yield and decrease the used water.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of irrigation regimes and drip-line installation depth on Rapeseed water productivity. The results showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes (I) on all studied traits in Rapeseed (grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of pods, pod length, number of branches) and water productivity had a significant effect (P <0.01). Increasing the drip-line depth had a negative effect on the Rapeseed yield, yield components and water productivity. So that, the highest amount of each of the mentioned traits was observed at a depth of D1 (30 cm). Differences of 21 and 59% in the first year and 22 and 58.8% in the second year between I2 and I3 treatments with I1 treatment indicate this superiority. The highest water productivity in each of the drip-line depth was allocated to the I2 treatment. It seems that despite the lower consumption of water in the I2 treatment, the performance obtained from this treatment has increased the water productivity compared to the I1 treatment. The interaction effects of different irrigation regimes and drip-line depth showed no significant effect on yield, yield components and water productivity. Considering that the drip-line depth of 30 and 40 cm did not have much effect on the studied traits, however, it is a better choice considering that by placing irrigation pipes at a depth of 40 cm, plowing operations can be extended to depths.

Predicting crop yields before harvest using simulation models and remote sensing technology is very important in sustainable agricultural management. The objective of this study was to use Sentinel 2 satellite images to improve the accuracy of SWAP model to simulate Hashemi rice yield in one of the research farms at the Rice Research Institute of Iran. For this purpose, LAI, NDVI and SAVI indices were derived from satellite images for growth period of plant. Also, leaf area index was measured directly and weekly at the field level and compared with indices derived from satellite images to provide the best equation for estimating the amount of dry matter. Then, using multivariate linear regression equation, the amount of dry matter was estimated from satellite images and given as the input parameter in the SWAP model. Finally, the measured yield was compared with the simulated values by the SWAP model with and without using satellite imagery. The results showed, when measured dry matter was as the model input, the error of model was 3.93% equal to 396.88 kg/ha and the model accuracy was acceptable (R2=0.95). but when the estimated dry matter from the satellite imagery was modeled as input, the model simulated the yield value of paddy with R2 equal to 0.99 and an error of 2.04% equal to 241.20 kg/ha. Finally, based on the obtained results, updating the SWAP model using satellite imagery improved the simulation accuracy and the model was able to simulate rice yield with higher accuracy.

Water scarcity has always been a serious challenge for agriculture and food security, Therefore, agricultural water saving is the most important strategy to overcoming water resource scarcity. Solutions to overcoming the water crisis by looking at the agricultural sector are not simple and the lack of attention and awareness of the water cycle has led to incomplete and incorrect definitions and sometimes overshadowing planning and investment. The main challenge in this regard is the lack of access to sufficient and real information in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, obtaining measured observations of real water savings requires extensive data collection. Some evidence shown that assumed water savings at the local level are in reality often limited at a basin scale context or even increased water consumption. Therefore, using any kind of simple and pragmatic tools to evaluate the impact of interventions used on the farm scale and larger scales can have significant effects on our behavior towards water resources and its consumption. The REWAS (Real Water Savings) tool is developed to undertake a quick impact assessment of detailed field scale experiments (either by models or pilot plots) on basin-scale potential water savings. REWAS is based on proven concepts of water accounting, water productivity and the appropriate water terminology, as promoted by FAO.

In this study, five qualities of water are evaluated on morphological properties and water productivity of Quinoa (CV. Titicaca). The research was done based on a completely randomized design, including 3 replications as pot planting in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Greenhouse conditions, during 2017-2018. In this study, five irrigation regimes existed (freshwater, saline water, alternate saline water, and freshwater, a mixture of 50:50 saline and freshwater, subsurface irrigation of saline water). The seeds of Quinoa were planted at a depth of 2.5 centimeters in the soil of each pot and were irrigated with tap water. Plants harvested after 70 days, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, plant height, SPAD index, leaf area, branch number, stem diameter, and water productivity were measured. The obtained data analyzed using statistical software of SAS (Ver. 9.0) and the means were compared using the LSD test at 5% percent levels. The results showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes on leaf number, shoot fresh weight, plant height, SPAD index, and leaf area were significant at the 1 percent level (p < 0.01), but branch's number, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, and water productivity was significant at the 5 percent level (p < 0.05). In this study, all of these parameters decreased significantly with irrigated by saline water. Subsurface irrigation has resulted in decreasing shoot fresh and dry weight by 14.4 and 17.2 percent, respectively. Alternate treatment has resulted in decreasing shoot fresh and dry weight 22.8 and 39.8 percent, respectively. So, results showed that Quinoa has good tolerance to elevated levels of salinity and it seems that a good stand establishment in saline soils and water conditions could be insured if proper management is exerted in farms

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetic water on the growth characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under dificit irrigation and partial root-zone drying (PRD) in greenhouse as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatments included three levels of magnetic water (normal water as a control treatment, magnetic water with an intensity of 0.3 Tesla, magnetic water with an intensity of 0.6 Tesla) and three levels of dificit irrigation (100% irrigation as a control treatment, dificit irrigation 50 % of water requirement, partial root-zone drying 50% of water requirement). The results show that the use of magnetic water increases the yield of basil, so that the results show a 5% increase in shoot fresh weight, 13% leaf area index, 28% root dry weight and 24% root volume in magnetic water with an intensity of 0.6 Tesla. The results also show that dificit irrigation reduced all the studied traits and the highest yield was observed in full irrigation treatment. The results of water use efficiency also showed the highest rate in 100% irrigation, but despite a 50% reduction in the volume of irrigation water in partial root-zone drying 50% of water requirement , only a 10% decrease in water use efficiency was observed. The results of comparing adjusted irrigation deficiency and partial root-zone drying also did not show a significant difference in the studied traits.

One of the major issues facing arid and semi-arid regions is the water crisis, which has been exacerbated by recent droughts. Limited water resources in these areas require the use of unconventional waters such as wastewater to irrigate urban landscape plants and the agricultural sector. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of raw and treated wastewater on some characteristics of landscape plants Lavandula in irrigation by using permeable tubes. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research site of Yazd Taft Wastewater Treatment Plant. Experimental treatments included type of irrigation water (well water, raw wastewater and treated wastewater) and irrigation method (subsurface using permeable tubes and surface irrigation). The results showed that the effect of interaction between irrigation water type and irrigation method on SPAD reading at 5% level and on ion leakage was significant at 1% level in Lavandula. Based on the results, SPAD reading and water use efficeincy in lavender were obtained by using raw wastewater by subsurface irrigation method. According to the results of this study, the municipal wastewater can be used in a subsurface method to irrigate landscape plants.

Current study was carried out by the aim of investigating the effect of rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizafungi on yield and micronutrients concentration on bean under different irrigation regimes in 2016 and 2017 years.In a split plots design, thethree regimes irrigation, S1= 95-100% available water(AW), S2= 75-80% AW and S3= 55-60 % AW were assigned to main plots and six bio-fertilizers, including T1= Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.  Strain of 177 and T2= Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.strain of 160 used for seed inoculation, T3= Arboscular mycorrizal (Funneliformis mosseaeand Rhizophagus irregularis) used for soil inoculation, T4= T1+T2, T5= T1+T2+T3 and T6= control were randomized to subplots. There were significant differences (p˂0.05) in yield and micronutrients concentration under irrigation regimes and bio fertilizers treatments. Highest grain yield (2371 kgha-1) was obtained in irrigation on 75-80 % available water and 160 Rhizobium inoculated treatment. The highest concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in seed plant were in irrigation on 75-80% available water and co-inoculated treatment. The addition of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations were, 21.4 %, 5.7%, 3.5% and 3.3% respectively than control treatment. These results suggest that inoculation of seed bean by Rhizobium and mycorrhiza, can improve yield and resistance to drought stress by increasing of micronutrients concentration in seed bean plant.

To investigation and careful study pottery parts, precise laboratory and field tools are needed, which to date has not been defined as a standard tool. The main purpose of this study was to construction and development of standard devices for measuring the emission of porous clay capsule. In this project, first, a twenty-unit percussion measuring device has been constructed, in compliance with the proposed ISO 6775 standard for drip testers. The amount of seepage from each unit of this device, at a hydraulic pressure of 2 meters, is about 0.1. To 0.5 Liters per hour. The maximum hydraulic pressure in the system is less than 5 meters and is selected from the hydrostatic type. The second device developed in this research is a single portable device in the field for measuring pottery seepage. With this device, seepage is measured in the field without removing the pottery from the soil. To test the accuracy of the mentioned devices, a fixed hydraulic head method using a marriott siphon was used to measure the seepage. At constant hydraulic head, a hydrostatic pressure generator equipped with a marriott siphon is used. The results of seepage tests with manufactured devices are compared with the results of fixed hydraulic head methods on twenty pieces of pottery. Comparison of the values obtained from the coefficient of change in laboratory and field devices with Marriott siphon shows that the difference between the coefficient of variation calculated in the mentioned devices with Marriott siphon is between 0.0039 and 0.00053, which is very small and negligible. Therefore, built devices can be used with complete confidence to measure the amount of emissions from emitters in laboratory and field conditions in research projects as well as testing emitters made by different companies.

One of the important goals of irrigation is maximum use of water volume unit in limited conditions of water resources. Subsurface drip irrigation allows the applied water in the garden to be stored in the root zone of the trees in the soil profile and the evaporation losses from the ground to be minimized. In these conditions, the water use efficiency as well as water productivity reaches the maximum possible value. Due to the many advantages such as high efficiency of water consumption in the subsurface irrigation system, this study was conducted to implement the idea of subsurface irrigation without applied dripper below the soil surface. The research plan was implemented in the apricot garden of the water and soil and industry deputy minister of Jehade-Keshavarzi at Alborz province, Karaj city. The age of the apricot trees was 10 years old and three irrigation systems namely surface drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation and subsurface sand column were compared with each other in this research project. Crop yield measurement and morphological traits of each treatment were determined separately and then statistical analysis was performed on them with MSTATC and SPSS software. The results showed that the root penetration into dripper in subsurface drip irrigation as well as root accumulation under conductor pipes in subsurface irrigation using sand columns and surface drip blocked water flow from dripper and conductors pipes to soil profile. However, water use efficiency in subsurface irrigation systems using sand columns, subsurface and surface drip irrigation were obtained 1.21, 1.09 and 0.58 kg / m3, respectively and the priority of subsurface irrigation compared to surface drip irrigation was obtained, but root penetration into drip emitters and conductor pipes in subsurface systems has failed the idea of subsurface irrigation.